Sample Solution

Sketch FM and PM waves for the modulating signal 𝑚(𝑡) shown in Fig5.1 (a). The
constants 𝑘𝑓 and 𝑘𝑝 are 2𝜋𝑥 105 and 10𝜋, respectively, and the carrier frequency 𝑓𝑐 is
100 𝑀𝐻𝑧.

Figure 5.1 (a)

Given Data:
𝑘𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑥 105

𝑘𝑝 = 10𝜋

𝑓𝑐 = 100 𝑀𝐻𝑧
Solution
For frequency modulation the equation for instantaneous angular frequency 𝝎𝒊 is:

𝜔𝑖 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑚(𝑡) (1)
To find the instantaneous frequency 𝑓𝑖 in 𝐻𝑧 we have to divide the equation (1) by 2𝜋
because we know that

𝑓 = 𝜔/2𝜋
So,
𝑘𝑓
𝑓𝑖 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑚(𝑡) (2)
2𝜋

By using the values of 𝑓𝑐 = 100 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑘𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑥 105 in equation (2) we get:
 6
2𝜋𝑥 105
𝑓𝑖 = 100𝑥 10 + 𝑚(𝑡)
2𝜋
𝑓𝑖 = 108 + 105 ∗ 𝑚(𝑡)
From the figure 5.1 (a) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑖𝑠 maximum 1 and minimum -1. So
𝑚(𝑡)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1
𝑚(𝑡)𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −1
So the maximum value of instantaneous frequency is:
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 105 ∗ 𝑚(𝑡)𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 105 ∗ 1 = 100100000
100100000
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 100.1𝑀𝐻𝑧
1000000
So the minimum value of instantaneous frequency is:
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108 + 105 ∗ 𝑚(𝑡)𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108 + 105 ∗ (−1) = 99900000
99900000
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 99.9𝑀𝐻𝑧
1000000
From equation (2) we know that the frequency has the linear relation with𝑚(𝑡). As the
value of 𝑚(𝑡) increases the value of frequency increases and vice versa. Because m(t)
increases and decreases linearly with time, the instantaneous frequency increases linearly
from 99.9 to 100.l MHz over a half-cycle and decreases linearly from 100.1 to 99.9 MHz
over the remaining half-cycle of the modulating signal as shown in figure 5.1 (b).
 Figure 5.1 (b)

̇ . The instantaneous angular frequency 𝜔𝑖 varies linearly with the

PM for 𝑚(𝑡) is FM for 𝑚(𝑡)
derivative of the modulating signal. So the equation becomes:
𝑘𝑝
𝑓𝑖 = 𝑓𝑐 + ̇
𝑚(𝑡) (3)
2𝜋

̇ is given as:
Where 𝑚(𝑡)

Figure 5.1 (c)

By using the values of 𝑓𝑐 = 100 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑘𝑝 = 10𝜋 in equation (2) we get:
10𝜋
𝑓𝑖 = 100𝑥 106 + ̇
𝑚(𝑡)
2𝜋
̇
𝑓𝑖 = 108 + 5 ∗ 𝑚(𝑡)
̇ 𝑖𝑠 maximum 1 and minimum -1. So
From the figure 5.1 (c) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚(𝑡)
̇ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 20000
𝑚(𝑡)
̇ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −20000
𝑚(𝑡)
So the maximum value of instantaneous frequency is:
̇ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 5 ∗ 𝑚(𝑡)
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 5 ∗ 20000 = 100100000
100100000
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 100.1𝑀𝐻𝑧
1000000
So the minimum value of instantaneous frequency is:
̇ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108 + 5 ∗ 𝑚(𝑡)
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108 + 5 ∗ (−20000) = 99900000
99900000
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 99.9𝑀𝐻𝑧
1000000
̇ switches back and forth from a value of -20,000 to 20,000, the carrier
Because 𝑚(𝑡)
̇ as
frequency switches back and forth from 99.9 to 100.1 MHz every half-cycle of 𝑚(𝑡)
shown in Fig. 5.1 (d).
 Figure 5.1 (d)

Sketch FM and PM waves for the digital modulating signal m (t) shown in Fig. 5.2a.
Constants 𝑘𝑓 and 𝑘𝑝 are 2𝜋𝑥 105 and 𝜋/2, respectively, and the carrier frequency 𝑓𝑐 is
100 𝑀𝐻𝑧.

Figure 5.2
Solution
Frequency modulation by a digital signal (Fig. 5.2b) is called frequency shift keying
(FSK) because information digits are transmitted by keying different frequencies.
For phase modulation we have:
𝑘𝑝
𝑓𝑖 = 𝑓𝑐 + ̇
𝑚(𝑡)
2𝜋
𝜋/2
𝑓𝑖 = 100𝑥 106 + ̇
𝑚(𝑡)
2𝜋
1
̇
𝑓𝑖 = 108 + 𝑚(𝑡)
4
The derivative 𝑚(𝑡)̇ (Fig. 5.2c) is zero except at points of discontinuity of 𝑚(𝑡) where
impulses of strength ±2 are present. This means that the frequency of the PM signal stays
the same except at these isolated points of time! It is not immediately apparent how an
instantaneous frequency can be changed by an infinite amount and then changed back to
the original frequency in zero time. Let us consider the direct approach:
𝜑𝑃𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡)]

𝜋
𝜑𝑃𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡)]
2

𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚(𝑡) = −1

=(
−𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚(𝑡) = 1

This PM wave is shown in Fig. 5.2d. This scheme of carrier PM by a digital signal is called
phase shift keying (PSK) because information digits are transmitted by shifting the carrier
phase. Note that PSK may also be viewed as a DSB-SC modulation by 𝑚(𝑡).

The amount of phase discontinuity in 𝜑𝑃𝑀 (𝑡) at the instant where 𝑚(𝑡) is discontinuous is
𝑘𝑝 𝑚𝑑 , where 𝑚𝑑 is the amount of discontinuity in m(t) at that instant. In the present
example, the amplitude of 𝑚(𝑡) changes by 2 (from - 1 to 1) at the discontinuity. Hence,
𝜋
the phase discontinuity in 𝜑𝑃𝑀 (𝑡) is 𝑘𝑝 𝑚𝑑 = ( 2 ) ∗ 2 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 which confirms our earlier
result.

When 𝑚(𝑡) is a digital signal (as in Fig. 5.5a), 𝜑𝑃𝑀 (𝑡) how’s a phase discontinuity where
𝑚(𝑡) has a jump discontinuity. We shall now show that to avoid ambiguity in
demodulation, in such a case, the phase deviation 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡) must be restricted to a range
(- 𝜋 , 𝜋 ) . For example, if 𝑘𝑝 were 3 𝜋 /2 in the present example, then
3𝜋
𝜑𝑃𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡)]
2
 1
In this case 𝜑𝑃𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) where 𝑚(𝑡) = 1 𝑜𝑟 − 3 this will certainly cause
ambiguity at the receiver when 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) is received. Specifically, the receiver cannot
decide the exact value of m (t). Such ambiguity never arises if 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡) is restricted to the
range (−𝜋 , ).

(a) Estimate BFM and BPM for the modulating signal 𝑚(𝑡) in Fig. 5.1a Constants 𝑘𝑓 and
𝑘𝑝 are 2𝜋𝑥 105 and 5𝜋, respectively, Assume the essential bandwidth of the periodic
𝑚(𝑡) as the frequency of its third harmonic.
(b) Repeat the problem if the amplitude of 𝒎(𝒕) is doubled [if 𝒎(𝒕) is multiplied by 2].
Solution:
a)
The peak amplitude of 𝑚(𝑡) is unity. Hence𝑚 𝑝 = 1. We now determine the essential
bandwidth B of 𝑚(𝑡). It is left as an exercise for the reader to show that the Fourier series
for this periodic signal is given by
𝑚(𝑡) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 cos(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡)
𝑛
Where the value 𝜔0 can be calculated as:
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜔0 = = = 104 𝜋
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 2𝑥10−4
Also the value of 𝐶𝑛 is given as:
8
𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝑛 = (𝜋 2 𝑛2
𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
0

It can be seen that the harmonic amplitudes decrease rapidly with n. The third harmonic is
only 11 % of the fundamental, and the fifth harmonic is only 4% of the fundamental. This
means the third and fifth harmonic powers are 1.21 and 0.16%, respectively, of the
fundamental component power. Hence, we are justified in assuming the essential
bandwidth of 𝑚(𝑡) as the frequency of its third harmonic, that is,
104
𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝐵 = 3 ∗ = 15𝑘𝐻𝑧
2
For phase modulation we get:
1
∆𝑓 = 𝑘 𝑚
2𝜋 𝑓 𝑝
1
∆𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑥 105 (1)
2𝜋
∆𝑓 = 100
And we can calculate 𝐵𝐹𝑀 as:
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝐵) = 230𝑘𝐻𝑧
Alternatively, the deviation ratio 𝛽 is given by
∆𝑓 100
𝛽= =
𝐵 15
We also know from above equation that
∆𝑓
𝛽= → ∆𝑓 = 𝛽 ∗ 𝐵
𝐵
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝐵) = 2(𝛽𝐵 + 𝐵)
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2𝐵(𝛽 + 1)
Putting all the values in this equation we get:
100
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2 ∗ 15 ( + 1) = 230𝑘𝐻𝑧
15
̇ is 20,000 and
For PM: The peak amplitude of 𝒎(𝒕)
1
∆𝑓 = 𝑘 𝑚 ̇ = 50𝑘𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 𝑓 𝑝
And we can calculate 𝐵𝐹𝑀 as:
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝐵)
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(50 + 15) = 130𝑘𝐻𝑧

Alternatively, the deviation ratio 𝛽 is given by

∆𝑓 50
𝛽= =
𝐵 15
We also know from above equation that
∆𝑓
𝛽= → ∆𝑓 = 𝛽 ∗ 𝐵
𝐵
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝐵) = 2(𝛽𝐵 + 𝐵)
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2𝐵(𝛽 + 1)
Putting all the values in this equation we get:
50
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2 ∗ 15 ( + 1) = 130𝑘𝐻𝑧
15
 b) Doubling 𝑚(𝑡) doubles its peak value. Hence, 𝑚𝑝 = 2. But its bandwidth is
unchanged so that𝐵 = 1 5 𝑘𝐻𝑧.
For phase modulation we get:
1
∆𝑓 = 𝑘 𝑚
2𝜋 𝑓 𝑝
1
∆𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑥 105 (2)
2𝜋
∆𝑓 = 200𝑘𝐻𝑧
And we can calculate 𝐵𝐹𝑀 as:
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝐵)
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(200 + 15) = 430𝑘𝐻𝑧

Alternatively, the deviation ratio 𝛽 is given by

∆𝑓 200
𝛽= =
𝐵 15
We also know from above equation that
∆𝑓
𝛽= → ∆𝑓 = 𝛽 ∗ 𝐵
𝐵
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝐵) = 2(𝛽𝐵 + 𝐵)
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2𝐵(𝛽 + 1)
Putting all the values in this equation we get:
200
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2 ∗ 15 ( + 1) = 430𝑘𝐻𝑧
15
̇ is 40,000 and
For PM: The double 𝒎(𝒕)
1
∆𝑓 = 𝑘 𝑚 ̇ = 100𝑘𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 𝑝 𝑝
And we can calculate 𝐵𝐹𝑀 as:
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝐵)
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(100 + 15) = 230𝑘𝐻𝑧
Alternatively, the deviation ratio 𝛽 is given by
∆𝑓 100
𝛽= =
𝐵 15
We also know from above equation that
∆𝑓
𝛽= → ∆𝑓 = 𝛽 ∗ 𝐵
𝐵
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝐵) = 2(𝛽𝐵 + 𝐵)
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2𝐵(𝛽 + 1)
Putting all the values in this equation we get:
100
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2 ∗ 15 ( + 1) = 230𝑘𝐻𝑧
15
Observe that doubling the signal amplitude [doubling𝒎(𝒕)] roughly doubles frequency
deviation ∆𝑓 of both FM and PM waveforms.

Repeat Example 5.1 if 𝑚(𝑡) is time-expanded by a factor of 2: that is, if the period of
𝑚(𝑡) is4𝑥 10−4.
Solution:
Recall that time expansion of a signal by a factor of 2 reduces the signal spectral width
(bandwidth) by a factor of 2. We can verify this by observing that the fundamental
frequency is now 2.5 kHz, and its third harmonic is 7.5 kHz. Hence,𝐵 = 7.5 𝑘𝐻𝑧 which
is half the previous bandwidth. Moreover, time expansion does not affect the peak
amplitude and thus𝑚 𝑝 = 1. However, 𝑚 ̇ 𝑝 is halved, that is, 𝑚 ̇ 𝑝 = 10000.
For frequency modulation we get:
1
∆𝑓 = 𝑘 𝑚
2𝜋 𝑓 𝑝
1
∆𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑥 105 (1) == 100𝑘𝐻𝑧
2𝜋
∆𝑓 = 100𝑘𝐻𝑧
And we can calculate 𝐵𝐹𝑀 as:
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝐵)
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(200 + 7.5) = 215𝑘𝐻𝑧
For PM:
1
∆𝑓 = 𝑘 𝑚 ̇ = 25𝑘𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 𝑝 𝑝
And we can calculate 𝐵𝐹𝑀 as:
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝐵)
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(25 + 7.5) = 65𝑘𝐻𝑧
Note that time expansion of 𝒎(𝒕) has very little effect on the FM bandwidth, but it
halves the PM bandwidth. This verifies our observation that the PM spectrum is strongly
dependent on the spectrum of (𝒕) .

An angle-modulated signal with carrier frequency 𝜔𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑥 105 i s described by the

equation:
𝜑𝐸𝑀 (𝑡) = 10cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 5 sin(3000𝑡) + 10sin(2000𝜋𝑡)
a) Find the power of the modulated signal.
b) Find the frequency deviation ∆𝑓
c) Find the deviation ratio 𝛽
d) Find the phase deviation ∆∅
e) Estimate the bandwidth of 𝜑𝐸𝑀 (𝑡)
The signal bandwidth is the highest frequency in 𝑚(𝑡) (or its derivative). In this case
𝐵 = 2000𝜋 /2𝜋 = 1000 𝐻𝑧.
Solution
a) The carrier amplitude is 𝐴𝑐 = 10, and we can calculate the power of carrier as:
𝐴𝑐 2 102
𝑃𝑐 = = 50𝑊
2 2
b) To find the frequency deviation∆𝑓, we find the instantaneous frequency 𝜔𝑖 given
by
𝑑
𝜔𝑖 = 𝜃(𝑡) = 𝜔𝑐 + 15000 cos(3000𝑡) + 20000𝜋cos(2000𝜋𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
Where the deviation of carrier signal is 15000 cos(3000𝑡) + 20000𝜋 cos(2000𝜋𝑡). the
two sinusoids will add in phase at some point, and the maximum value of this expression
is15, 000 + 20, 000𝜋 . This is the maximum carrier deviation ∆𝜔. Hence,

∆𝜔
∆𝑓 = = 12387.32𝐻𝑧
2𝜋
 c) Alternatively, the deviation ratio 𝛽 is given by
∆𝑓 12387.32
𝛽= = = 12.387
𝐵 10000
d) The angle
𝜃(𝑡) = 5 sin(3000𝑡) + 10sin(2000𝜋𝑡)
The phase deviation is the maximum value of the angle inside the parentheses, and is
given by ∆∅ = 15 𝑟𝑎𝑑.

e) 𝐵𝐹𝑀 is:
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(∆𝑓 + 𝐵)
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2(12387.32 + 1000) = 26774.65 𝐻𝑧