Vibration Analysis of Air Compressor Under Applications of

Harmonic Force

Fore vibration analysis of air compressor under applications of harmonic force we fallow our basic
four steps, as fallow;
 Model
 Mathematical Equations
 Solution of Mathematical Equations
 Interpretation

I. Model

The actual model of our problem is;

 Now the free body diagram of the model is;

II. Mathematical Equations

If the forcing function is given by F(t) = Fo cos ꞷt, the equation of motion becomes
mẍ + cẋ + kx = F0 cos ꞷt (1)
The particular solution of Eq. (1) is also expected to be harmonic; we assume it in
the form
Xp(t) = X cos (ꞷt - Ø) (2)
where X and Փ are constants to be determined. X and Փ denote the amplitude and phase angle
of the response, respectively. By substituting Eq. (1) into Eq. (2), we arrive at
X[(k - mꞷ 2) cos (ꞷt - Ø) - cꞷ sin (ꞷt - Ø)] = F0 cos ꞷt (3)
Using the trigonometric relations
cos (ꞷt - Ø) = cos ꞷt cos Ø + sin ꞷt sin Ø
sin (ꞷt - Ø) = sin ꞷt cos Ø - cos ꞷt sin Ø
in Eq. (3) and equating the coefficients of cos ꞷt and sin ꞷt on both sides of the resulting
equation, we obtain
X[(k - mꞷ 2) cos Ø + cꞷ sin Ø] = F0
X[(k - mꞷ 2) sin Ø - cꞷ cos Ø] = 0 (4)
Solution of Eq. (4) gives
F0
X= (5)
[(k − mꞷ^2) + c^2ꞷ^2]^1/2

And
cꞷ
Ø = tan-1 (k − mꞷ^2) (6)

By inserting the expressions of X and from Eqs. (5) and (6) into Eq. (2), we
obtain the particular solution of Eq. (1). Figure 1(a) shows typical plots of the forcing
function and (steady-state) response. The various terms of Eq. (3) are shown vectorially
in Fig.1(b). Dividing both the numerator and denominator of Eq. (4) by k and
making the following substitutions,
we obtain

𝑘
ꞷn = √ = undamped natural frequency,
𝑚

𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
ᶓ= = = ; = 2ᶓꞷ n
Cc 2𝑚ꞷ𝑛 2√𝑚𝑘 𝑚
𝐹𝑜
ϭst = = deflection under the static force F0, and
𝑘
ꞷ
r= = frequency ratio
ꞷ𝑛

we obtain
 ..(7)

Figure: 1 Representation of forcing function and response.

And
ꞷ
2ᶓ 2ᶓr
-1 ꞷ𝑛
Ø= tan { ꞷ } = tan-1 ( ) (8)
1−( )^2 1−𝑟^2
ꞷ𝑛

As stated that, the quantity M = X/ ϭst is called the magnification factor, amplification

factor, or amplitude ratio. The variations of X/ ϭst and Ø with the frequency ratio
r and the damping ratio ᶓ are shown in Fig. 2.
The following characteristics of the magnification factor (M) can be noted from
Eq. (7) and Fig. 2(a):
1. For an undamped system (ᶓ = 0), Eq. (7) reduces, and M → ∞ as r → 1.
2. Any amount of damping (ᶓ > 0), reduces the magnification factor (M) for all values
of the forcing frequency.
3. For any specified value of 𝑟, a higher value of damping reduces the value of M = 1.

4. In the degenerate case of a constant force (when r = 0), the value of

5. The reduction in M in the presence of damping is very significant at or near resonance.
6. The amplitude of forced vibration becomes smaller with increasing values of the forcing

frequency (that is, as M → 0 r → ∞).

Figure: 2 Variation of X and Ø with frequency ratio r.

1
7. For 0< ᶓ < the maximum value of M occurs when
√2
r = √1 − 2ᶓ^2 or ꞷ = ꞷ n √1 − 2ᶓ^2 (9)
which can be seen to be lower than the undamped natural frequency ꞷ n and the damped natural
frequency

ꞷd = ꞷ n √1 − ᶓ^2

8. The maximum value of X (when r = √1 − 2ᶓ^2 ) is given by

𝑋 1
( ) max = (10)
ϭst 2ᶓ√1−ᶓ^2

and the value of X at ꞷ = ꞷ n by

𝑋 1
( ) ꞷ = ꞷn = (11)
ϭst 2ᶓ
or

1
(X)max = ϭst
2ᶓ√1−ᶓ^2

III. Solution of Mathematical Equations

Let, we assume a problem that;

An air compressor of mass 100 kg is mounted on an elastic foundation. When a harmonic force of
amplitude 100 N is applied to the compressor, the equivalent stiffness and damping constant of the
foundation 100.7024994 kN/m & 633.4038 N/m respectively. If its frequency is 300 rpm and its
damping ratio is 0.0998. Then determine the maximum steady-state displacement of the piston.

Solution:
Given data:
m = 100 kg, Fo = 100 N , ꞷ = 300 rpm = 3.416 rad/sec, C = 633.4038 N/m
k = 100.7024994 kN/m = 100702.4994 N/m ᶓ = 0.0998
From equation no. (11) & (12) yield:

1
(X)max = ϭst (A)
2ᶓ√1−ᶓ^2

As

𝐹0
ϭst =
𝑘

= 100/100702.4994 = 0.000993024 m

Now putting the values in equation (A);

1
(X)max = (0.000993024)
2(0.0998)√1−(0.0998)^2

(X)max = 0.005 m Ans

IV. Interpretation

As we can absorb that when spring stiffness has value of 100.7024994 kN/m then the vibration
produces in the engine is of 5mm. If we increased the value spring stiffness (k) then the vibration
will be reduces as spring stiffness and system’s vibrations are inversely proportional to each
other’s.

(X) max =F0/k *

1
2ᶓ√1−ᶓ^2

Let suppose, if we increased the value of stiffness from 100.7024994 kN/m to

150.7024994 kN/m the vibration of the system will be reduces from 0.005m to 0.003m.