Module No.

: Two(2)
Lesson No.: Two(2)
Title: Masonry
Reporter/s: Regan G. Gonzalez
Ruda-Liza L. Batiller
Definition of Terms;
A. Hollow Core- The empty space within a concrete block, designed to
reduce weight without compromising structural integrity.
B. Quantity- The amount or volume of cement mortar needed for a specific
construction project, usually measured in cubic meters or cubic feet.
C. Mix Proportions- The ratio of cement, sand, and water in the mortar mix.
Common mix ratios for plastering are expressed as parts by volume or
weight, such as 1:3 (1part cement to 3 parts sand)
D. Footing- is a structural element that supports the weight of a building
and its contents. It is typically located below the ground level and
distributes the load from the structure to the soil. In the context of a
concrete hollow block footing, it refers to the base or foundation upon
which the walls or columns are constructed.
E. Grout: A mixture of cement, sand, and water used to fill the voids
between masonry units, providing additional stability and cohesion to
the overall structure.
F. Course: A horizontal layer of bricks, stones, or other masonry units in a
wall, typically leveled to ensure a uniform and structurally sound
construction.
G. Coping: The protective cap or covering on the top of a wall, often made of stone or
concrete, designed to shed water and protect the wall from weathering.
H. Masonry: A construction technique utilizing individual units, such as bricks or stones,
bound together with mortar to create structures like walls, buildings, or other
architectural elements.
I. Mortar: A mixture of cement, sand, and water used to bind masonry units together,
providing cohesion and strength to the overall construction.
J. Lintel: A horizontal support structure, often made of concrete, steel, or stone, placed
above openings like doors and windows to distribute load and offer structural support.
Keywords:
Load bearing, Quantity, cement, sand, water, Concrete Hollow Blocks, beam
block, single end block, grout, course,coping, masonry, mortar, lintel.
Introduction:
 Masonry is an essential component of construction projects and plays a
crucial role in the field of quantity surveying. Masonry plays a big part in cost
estimates made by quantity surveyors, often known as construction
economists, who are in charge of overseeing and monitoring building project
expenses. Bricks, concrete blocks, or other comparable materials are used in
this ancient construction style. Careful planning and measuring are necessary
to achieve exact quantity take-offs. Proficient in masonry computations,
quantity surveyors are critical to project success because they support
accurate cost estimation, resource distribution, and overall construction
industry control.
For the purposes of Quantity Surveying, masonry analysis goes beyond
just material counts; labor expenses, mortar specifications, and related
overheads are all taken into account. Comprehending local variances in
material pricing, keeping up with industry advancements, and utilizing
sophisticated measurement methods are all necessary for mastery of quantity
surveying associated to brickwork. Delivering thorough and accurate cost
estimates, enabling efficient project management, and ultimately assisting in
the successful completion of construction projects all depend on the
incorporation of masonry expertise within the larger skill set of quantity
surveyors.
Title 1: Concrete Hollow Blocks
Concrete hollow blocks is popularly known as CHB. It is classified as
load bearing and non-bearing blocks. Load bearing blocks are those whose
thickness range from 15 to 20 centimeters and are used to carry load aside
from its own weight. Non-bearing blocks on the other hand, are blocks
intended for walls, partitions, fences, dividers and the like carrying its own
weight whose thickness ranges from 7 to 10 centimeters.
The standard hollow blocks has three voids and two half cells at both
ends having a total of four. These hollow cells vary in sizes as there are
different manufactures using different types of mold. Hence it is recommended
that concrete hollow blocks with bigger cells be consider in estimating for a
more realistic result. In estimating masonry works using hollow blocks is done
by the Fundamental method and Area method.
Title 2: Estimating Cement Mortar
Cement mortar is a mixture of cement, sand and water, it used as a
bonding materials in installing masonry blocks and other various plastering
works. Mortar is probably the most usually miscalculated masonry
construction material. Variables such as site batching versus pre-bagged
mortar, mortar proportions, building conditions, unit tolerances, and work
stoppages, when combined with numerous other variables, can result in
considerable differences in the amount of mortar required for equivalent tasks.
As a result, masons have evolved broad rules of thumb for estimating the
amount of mortar needed to install concrete masonry units.
Masonry cement is normally sold in bag weights of 70, 75, or 80 lb (31.8,
34.0, and 36.3 kg), while other weights may be available. If face shell bedding
is utilized, one 70 pound (31.8 kg) bag of masonry cement will typically lay
around 30 hollow units. For standard batching proportions, 1 ton (2,000 lb,
907 kg) of masonry sand is required for every 8 bags of masonry cement. If
more than 3 tons (2,721 lb) of sand is utilized, add 12 tons (454 kg) to allow for
waste. For lower amounts of sand, simply round up to account for waste. This
translates to around 240 concrete masonry units per ton of sand.Preblended
mortar mixtures might include portland cement and lime, masonry cement or
mortar cement, and dried masonry sand. The mortars are commonly packaged
dry in 60 to 80 lb (27.2 to 36.3 kg) bags or in bulk volumes of 2,000 and 3,000
lb (907 and 1,361 kg). Portland cement lime mortar if face shell bedding is
utilized, one 94 lb (42.6 kg) bag of portland cement, combined in proportion
with sand and lime to produce a lean Type S or rich Type N mortar, will lay
roughly 62 hollow units. This assumes a proportion of one 94 lb (42.6
kilogram) bag of portland cement to nearly half of a 50 lb (22.7 kg) bag of
hydrated lime to 414 ft3 (0.12 m3) of sand.
Title 3: Cement Mortar for Plastering
Plastering is a process of rendering mortar onto a surface to bond the
bricks and also to cover the same inside outside and ceiling mortar. There are
different grades and types of plaster mortars also ways of rendering the same
are different. Plastering material, often known as mortar, is composed primarily
of cement and sand with additional ingredients added according to
specifications. For instance, the mortar used to fix bricks has a different
composition than mortar used for walls, floors, or ceilings. For mortar that is
resistant to chemicals, heat, and water, a separate mortar is needed.
In estimating cement mortar for plastering is can be done by Volume
method and Area method. Also for quantity of cement and san for plastering
per square meter area.
Title 4: Concrete Hollow Block Footing
Concrete hollow block wall, is supported by a continuous wall footing of
various thickness and width, depending upon the size of the blocks and the
load it has to carry or as indicated in the plan. Footings should be a minimum
of twice the width of the concrete block (i.e., a typical 8x8x16 block would
require a 16-inch wide footing) and extend below the frost line. In estimating
the quantity of cement, sand and gravel for CHB footing per meter length we
can used the table

In estimating the concrete hollow blocks footing there are two methods the
VOLUME METHOD and LINEAR METER METHOD.
Title 5: Other Types of Concrete Blocks
The standard common types of concrete hollow blocks are those with
three hollow cores as explain in Section 2-1. There are however various type of
blocks especially design for architectural and structural purposes such as; the
stretcher block, the L-corner block, the single end block, the half block and the
beam block. The purpose of making these types of blocks is to create a wider
core to accommodate concrete and steel reinforcement. The estimating method
is similar with the standard type of blocks using the constant value of 12.5
pieces per square meter and 25 pieces for the half block although this type
usually determined by direct counting.
Title 6: DECORATIVE BLOCKS
Decorative Blocks are manufactured from either cement mortar or clay.
Thee type of construction materials had been widely used for ventilation and
decorative purposes. In masonry refer to specially designed and crafted units
that serve both aesthetic and functional purposes in construction. These
blocks are often used to enhance the visual appeal of structures, adding
architectural detail and character to walls, facades, or other masonry elements.
Decorative blocks come in various shapes, sizes, and textures, allowing
architects and builders to incorporate intricate patterns and designs into their
projects. Common types of decorative blocks include those with raised
patterns, intricate carvings, or unique surface finishes that contribute to the
overall aesthetic of the building.
In addition to their visual appeal, decorative blocks may also provide practical
benefits. Some designs incorporate features that improve ventilation,
insulation, or acoustics, making them more than just ornamental elements.
The versatility of decorative blocks allows for creative expression in
architectural design, enabling the construction of structures with a distinct
and personalized appearance. As a result, these blocks are often chosen for
projects where aesthetics play a significant role, such as in residential homes,
commercial buildings, or public spaces seeking a unique and appealing look.
Title 7: ADOBE STONE
Adobe stone is commonly used for fencing materials as substitute to
concrete hollow blocks for economic reasons. Lately, however the used of adobe
stone was no longer limited to the ordinary zocalo and fencing work but also
extensively used as finishing and decorative materials for exterior and interior
of buildings and other related structure. The use of adobe stone for fences,
buttresses, cross footings, and stairs minimizes the use of mortar filler unlike
in working with concrete hollow blocks. Plastering sometimes not applied
specially when the design calls for exposure of the natural texture of the stone.
Adobe stone in masonry holds significant importance due to its unique
properties and historical relevance. While adobe is not a traditional stone, its
use in masonry provides structures with exceptional thermal mass, offering
insulation against extreme temperatures. The combination of mud, sand, and
straw in adobe bricks creates a sustainable and eco-friendly building material,
aligning with modern environmentally conscious construction practices. Adobe
structures, with their distinct appearance and natural aesthetics, not only
contribute to architectural diversity but also showcase a cultural heritage
rooted in ancient building techniques. The reliance on locally available
materials for adobe construction makes it a cost-effective choice in certain
regions, promoting sustainability and a connection to the surrounding
environment. Overall, the use of adobe stone in masonry reflects a balance
between functionality, environmental awareness, and a nod to historical
building traditions.
Title 8: RETAINING WALL
The practical use of gravity retaining wall is controlled by height
limitation. Indeed, the required wall cross section increases with heights due to
the effect of the triangular soil pressure distributed behind the retaining wall.
A Satisfactory Retaining Wall Design must Satisfy the Following criteria:
• The base and stem of the retaining must be capable of resisting the
internal shear and bending moments developing as a result of soil and
other loading.
• The wall must be safe against overturning.
• The structure must be safe against sliding.
• The bearing capacity of the foundation material supporting the wall must

not be exceeded.

Title 9: RIP-RAP AND GROUTED RIP-RAP

Rip-Rap is either with or without grout, with or without backing. Stones
intended for rip-raping shall consist of rocks which are nearly rectangular
section as possible. The stone shall be tough, durable and dense. It shall be
resistance to the action of air and water and suitable of all aspects for the
purpose intended. Adobe stone shall not be used unless specified.
CLASS OF STONE FOR RIP-RAPING
• Class-A – Stone ranging from 15 to 25 kilograms with at least 50% of the
stones weighing more than 20 kilograms.
• Class-B – Stone ranging from 30 to 70 kg. With at least 50% of the
weighing more than 50 kilograms.
• Class-C – Stones ranging from 60 to 100 kg. With at least 50% of the
weighing more than 80 kilograms.
• Class-D – Stones ranging from 100 to 200 kg. With at least 50% of the
weighing more than 150 kilograms.

Title 10: CONCRETE RETAINING WALL

An existing stable earth slope can experience significant movement called
slope failure or landslide due to changes its natural condition or man-induced
changes. There are instances where the materials in cut bank slip down to the
roadway or carrying portion of the shoulder of the road. The pattern of failure
is common in fills or cut slopes homogenous non-granular materials.
A concrete retaining wall in masonry is a structure designed to hold back
soil and prevent erosion in a specific area. Typically employed in landscaping
and civil engineering projects, these walls are constructed using concrete, a
durable and versatile material. The design of concrete retaining walls involves
creating a barrier against the lateral pressure of soil, especially on elevated or
sloping terrains. Reinforcement techniques, such as steel bars, are often
incorporated to enhance the structural integrity of the wall. Concrete retaining
walls not only serve a functional purpose by preventing soil movement but also
contribute to the overall aesthetics of a landscape. They are commonly utilized
to create leveled spaces on uneven terrain, provide stability to embankments,
and offer long-lasting solutions for erosion control in various construction and
landscaping contexts.

Title 11: GABIONS AND MATTRESS

Gabions and Mattresses are use to give permanent protection and
support to sea walls, river banks, culvert, reservoirs, road and many other
structures in civil engineering works. Gabions are box shaped containers made
of tough woven hexagonal netting strengthened by selvedges of heaver wires.
To further strengthen the container, diaphragms are added to divide the gabion
into 1 m compartments.
Recommended Uses When filled with quarried stone on site, Gabions and
Mattresses prove to be excellent materials for construction of retaining and
anti-erosion structures. Major application includes:
• Slope stabilization of embankment and cutting.
• Prevention of erosion in river embankments.
• Coastal protection in sea walls and sand dunes
• Construction of river weirs and channel linings.
• Groynes projecting into rivers, inland waters and sea
• Protecting of bridge support and surroundings etc.

Summary:
Masonry is the technique in construction using the typically materials
such as concrete hollow blocks, bricks, stones, and other similar materials.
This will bond together using mortar that mixture of cement, sand and water.
By using the different method it will helps to make faster in estimating the
cement, sand, gravel that use in masonry. Masonry is used in various
construction projects, including residential buildings, commercial structures,
retaining walls, bridges, and more, in addition masonry is a construction
technique that has been used for centuries, offering durability, strength, and
aesthetic versatility in the creation of diverse structures.

References:
A. Handyman, F. (2023, March 7). How to build a concrete retaining wall.
Family Handyman.
https://www.familyhandyman.com/project/how-to-build-a-concrete-blo
ck-retaining-wall/
B. Gabion mattress for river bank and slope protection. (n.d.).
https://www.gabion-cage.com/gabioncage/gabion-mattress.html
C. Fajardo Jr. Simplified Construction estimates
D. Lew, H. S., Leyendecker, E. V., & Dikkers, R. D. (1971). Engineering
aspects of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake.
https://doi.org/10.6028/nbs.bss.40
E. https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/sites/default/files/webform/civil_work
s/advertisement/23cj0065_plan_2.pdf
F. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Masonry | Materials,
Techniques, & History. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/masonry
G. Heydet, H. (2021, December 27). Say goodbye to grouted Rip rap | Synthetex blog.
Synthetex. https://synthetex.com/blog/say-goodbye-to-grouted-rip-rap/
H. June, U. (2020, June 26). Concrete retaining walls - How to build poured walls. Concrete
Network.
https://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/poured_concrete_retaining_walls/how-to.
html
I. China monolithic refractory suppliers factory - Buy good price monolithic refractory for
sale - JUCOS. (n.d.).
https://www.jucosrefractory.com/monolithic-refractory/?gclid=CjwKCAiA-P-rBhBEEiwAQ
EXhH3VQvLzx9djmWepouOfQMo8I9hjH0qzFXUJbyidAr22pVGO_tpfo6xoCAoYQAvD_BwE
J. Hulangamuwa, C. (n.d.). 1. Introduction to Masonry. Scribd.
https://www.scribd.com/document/311865220/1-Introduction-to-Masonry

Question:
1) It is classified as load bearing and non-bearing blocks.
a) Bricks
b) Stone
c) Concrete hollow blocks
d) None of the above
 2) Blocks on the other hand, are blocks intended for walls, partitions,
fences, dividers and the like carrying its own weight whose thickness
ranges from 7 to 10 centimeters.
a) Load Bearing
b) Non Bearing
c) CHB
d) Bricks
3) Is a process of rendering mortar onto a surface to bond the bricks and
also to cover the same inside outside and ceiling mortar.
a) Masonry
b) Cement Mortar
c) Plastering
d) none of the above
4) Is a mixture of cement, sand and water, it used as a bonding materials in
installing masonry blocks and other various plastering works.
a) Cement Mortar
b) Plastering
c) Masonry
d) none of the above
5) What is the primary purpose of mortar in masonry?
a) Provide insulation
b) Create decorative patterns
c) Bond masonry units together
d) Enhance structural height
6) Which term refers to the protective cap or covering on the top of a masonry
wall?
a) Course
b) Lintel
c) Coping
d) Efflorescence
7) These blocks are often used to enhance the visual appeal of structures,
adding architectural detail and character to walls, facades, or other masonry
elements.
a) Stone
b) Concrete blocks
c) Half block
d) Decorative block
8) It is commonly used for fencing materials as substitute to concrete hollow
blocks for economic reasons.
a) Adobe stone
b) Decorative block
c) Stone cold
d) none of the above
9) In rip-rap and grouted rip-rap what class is stone ranging from 15 to 25
kilograms with at least 50% of the stones weighing more than 20 kilograms.
a) Class A
b) Class B
c) Class C
d) Class D
10) Are use to give permanent protection and support to sea walls, river
banks, culvert, reservoirs, road and many other structures in civil engineering
works.
a) Gabions and Mattres
b) Gabions
c) Mattres
d) none of the above