Module No.

: 2
Lesson No.:
Title: Sanitary/Plumbing System
Reporter/s: Joanna G. Cortez
Rheymark Butron

Definition of Terms:
A. Plumbing- as the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to convey and
supply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge waste water.
B. Bituminous fiber sewer pipe- this type of pipe is light in weight, slightly flexible which could
take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out from its origin.
C. Galvanized steel pipe- is made out from mild steel, drawn through a die and welded, cast into
6.00 meters long.
D. Copper Pipe- A type of pipe commonly used for water supply lines due to its corrosion
resistance.
E. Brass Pipe- one of the metal pipe types used primarily in water lines and plumbing. The pipes
are also used in oil and gas, steam pipes and in hot water supply lines.

Keywords: Pipe, fittings, valve, vent, waste-pipe, waste-system

Introduction:
Plumbing works is one of the requirements that comprises in building design. This subject
is intended for sanitary purposes, drainage and flood control of the building construction.

Plumbing is defined as the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to
convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge waste water and other liquids,
gases and other substances out of buildings in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure
the health and sanitation of life and property.

Title 1: Cast Iron Pipe

For the past several decades, the most popular and generally specified material for drainage
system in buildings is the cast iron pipe. It is durable, conveniently installed and answers to the
most plumbing needs of all types of buildings less than 25 storey high. However, buildings taller
than 25 storey do not specify the use of cast iron pipe because of constant vibrations which causes
water leak of the pipe joints.

To a certain extent, cast iron pipe is also affected by corrosion caused by the action of carbon
dioxide, sulfur oxide and methane gases forming solutions of carbonic acid and sulfuric acid.
These acids attack the metallic material causing a slow chemical reaction or oxidation to take
place forming ferrous oxide called rust.

Cast Iron Pipes are of Two Types

1. The SV type which is generally used for building installation and,

2. The XV types classified as extra duty pipe used for underground installations.
Cast Iron Pipes has Four Varieties

1. Standard pipe
2. Single Hub pipe
3. Double hub pipe
4. Hubless pipe
Title 2: Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
It is made from alloy of cast iron and silicon. It is widely used in chemical laboratories, industries
and other installations where acid wastes are being discharge. Basically, this type of pipe is brittle
in character and requires stronger support for each pipe installed horizontally to prevent sagging of
joints.

Title 3: Asbestos Pipe

Asbestos pipe is made of asbestos fibers and Portland cement. The thickness of the pipe is twice as
that of the standard cast iron pipe. Asbestos pipe could be used as soil, waste, ventilation and
downspout. This kind of pipe is remarkably superior for embedment in concrete structure for
having the same material properties.
Title 4: Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe

Orangeburg pipes, whose name originated from Orangeburg, New York, were used more than 70
years ago and became famous in the years 1950’s to 1960’s when the demand for wood
fiber sewers was at its peak. They are also known as “no-corror” pipes, and in plumbing, they are
known as bituminous fiber pipes with coal-tar pitch or hot pitch made from layers of wood pulp.
Before, the sole manufacturer of this type of sewer pipe was the Fiber Conduit Company, also known
as Orangeburg Manufacturing Company. Back during World War II, iron and steel were essential
during the war. Eventually, this caused an iron and steel shortage. To compensate for this
shortage, these pipes were invented. Moreover, although this type of pipe is cheap, it is considered a
durable pipe, making its production proliferate, until the early 1970’s when PVC piping became
famous. Generally, these pipes have a life expectancy of almost 5 decades, as long as the
manufacturing company uses quality piping materials. Furthermore, this type of pipe increases its
chance to deform when it is pressured by the soil above it. This is the reason why plumbing experts
properly bed the pipe, especially when the pipe is located near a tree root.

Bituminous fiber sewer pipe is the cheapest among the sewer pipes. It is sometimes recommended
for house sewer and for septic tank installation. This type of pipe is light in weight, slightly
flexible which could take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out from its
origin. However, excessive hot water or chemical flow may soften or damage the pipe.
Title 5: Vitrified Clay Pipe

Vitrified clay pipe is one of the oldest materials used for sewer lines. It is made out from clay, cast
into length of 75 centimeters treated with glazing compound. The pipe is heated in a large kiln
under a temperature of 1370°C, making it impervious to moisture. Clay pipe is highly resistant to
most acid wastes. It is a durable material for underground installations like public sewer, house
sewer or storm drain. Being made of clay, its physical property is brittle. Hence, it should not be
laid on unstable ground base.
Title 6: Galvanized Steel Pipe

Galvanized steel pipe is made out from mild steel, drawn through a die and welded, cast into 6.00
meters long. This type of pipe is easily corroded by alkaline and acid water. The carbonic acid in
water, attack the zinc coating and ultimately the steel itself. It is subject to deposits of salt and
lime that gradually accumulate and finally choke the flow of water. Galvanized steel pipe
deteriorates faster when use as hot water supply line.
Title 7: Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe

Galvanized wrought iron pipe is better in quality than the steel pipe for plumbing installation.
Tests showed that wrought iron pipe is more resistant to acid waste than the steel pipe.
 Title 8: Brass Pipe

Brass Pipe is one of the metal pipe types used primarily in water lines and plumbing. The
pipes are also used in oil and gas, steam pipes and in hot water supply lines. Brass pipes are
produced in different shapes, sizes and standards. The Red Brass C23000 Seamless Pipe is cold
drawn and it has a composition of 85% copper and 15% zinc. It is used in potable water lines,
conduits and in architectural applications as well.
Brass pipe is one of the most expensive types of pipes. This pipe is made of an alloy or zinc
and copper mixed at 15% and 85% proportion respectively. Because of its smooth interior surface
and high resistance to acid, brass pipe become superior material for waste and water supply
installations. Brass pipe fittings are of the recessed type similar in design with galvanized steel
pipe.

Title 9: Copper Pipe

Copper pie is a durable and extremely corrosive resistant material. It is easy to install
compared with other types of pipes. Copper pipe is classified into three types, depending upon its
wall thickness.

1. The L type is lighter than the K type available in both the rigid and flexible form. It is
commonly used in residential water supply line and for radiant heating installations.
2. The type M is the thinnest and available only in a rigid form. This type of copper pipe is
specially designed for small water supply lines and for radiant heating installations.
3. The K type is the heaviest. It is suitable for underground installation.
Comparatively, copper pipe cost little more than the steel pipe, but its fittings cost lesser than that
of the steel pipe. And because of its very smooth interior surface, one size smaller pipe could be
used instead, without substantial reduction of liquid flow. For instance, where a 25 mm (1”)
diameter steel pipe is required, a 20 mm (3/4”) diameter copper pipe is equally sufficient.

Special Features of Copper Pipe

There are some special features of copper pipe that are worthy to mention. They are:

1. Brass pipe could be used as drains and vent pipe.

2. It could be used as cold-water supply line.
3. Copper pipe is remarkably excellent material for hot water lines.
4. It can replace rusted or choked-up sections of galvanized steel pipe.
5. No special tools required to install brass pipe nor is threading necessary.
6. It is bent easily. A flexible vertical line can offset existing structure. Underground lines
can be rerouted around an obstruction.
7. Measuring is less critical.
8. It needs fewer joints and fittings.
9. It comes in longer length.
10. Copper pipe may be used one size smaller than a steel pipe.
Title 10: Plastic or Synthetic Pipes

Plastic pipe is a new concept in the field of plumbing. It was introduced in the Philippines at the
early part of 70’s, although this type of materials was developed in Germany in the mid-year of
1935. Some codes however, are still apprehensive in approving its use. According to Dick Demske:
“Many Codes have not been updated since the days when plastic was still in the test tube stage,
and therefore do not make any mention of the type of plastic piping that are in widespread use
today . . . Building authorities have a reputation for hard headedness ant it is not unknown for
them to require the tearing down of an installation that does not conform to their codes.”
Plastic pipe has gained widespread acceptance after it has in many ways proven itself to be superior
as sewer and cold-water pipe line.

Types of Plastic Synthetic Pipes

a. The Rigid type

b. The Flexible type
The Rigid Type of Plastic Pipes are:

1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

2. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
4. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
5. Polypropylene (PP)
6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
The Flexible Types are:

1. The polyethylene (PE)

2. The Polybutylene (PB)
The PE and PB tubes are in coil form available at 30 meters long. The PB tube is manufactured
with special length up to 150 meters long in coil form.
Recently, the plastic pipe being used for hot water lines are the Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
(CPVC), the Polyvinyl Dichloride (PVDC), and the Polypropylene (PP). It seems to be all right,
but whether it could withstand hot water at 180°F or higher temperature, plus the pressure of hot
water for years without any amount of substantial collapse or damage to itself, is still a matter of
facts to be proven. Thus, extensive research is still going on to develop plastic pies suitable for hot
water.

Advantages of Plastic Pipe

1. Plastic pipe is more resistant to rust and corrosion.

2. Water conveyed by plastic pipe has no pipe tastes.
3. The extreme smooth interior surface prevents the build-up of scale, rust, and foreign
material that often impedes flow through metallic pipes.
4. There is no turbulence of water and therefore, has a minimum resistance to flow.
5. PVC pipe and fittings weighs about 1/5 of the metal pipe. They are easily and quickly
installed through solvent cementing.
6. Plastic pipes are cast in longer length and easy to cut as well as to install.
7. The Polyethylene (PE) pipe is flexible material that weighs about 1/8 as much as the steel
pipe. For instance, a 100 meters 25 mm diameter coil plastic pipe could be easily carried
by one individual compared with metal pipes having the same length and diameter which
could be hardly carried by 5 persons.
8. PVC pipe can be connected to existing metal pipe using a threaded adapter.
9. PVC is virtually acid proof to any chemical used in recommended strengths around the
home.
10. No special tools are needed for installing PVC except a rule to measure and a saw to cut.
Selecting Your Plastic Pipes

Although plastic pipe is considered superior material for drainage and water supply system, not all
plastic pipes that are being sold in the market are suitable for plumbing installation. Reputable
manufacturers of good quality plastic pipes are simply honest with their customers. The physical and
mechanical properties of their manufactured pipes such as the specific gravity, hardness, impact
strength, compression, shearing and tensile strength are published including the test results and the
characteristic value of the materials. Not until such technical data is published for the user’s
information, the use of said pipe is doubtful and risky for plumbing use.
Support
PVC and CPVU installation must be supported when hanging from the ceiling, rafters or floor joist.
The distances recommended between hangers are presented in the following table.

The Model Codes that Approved the Use of Plastic Pipe for Plumbing Systems are:

1. The National Standard Plumbing Code

2. Building Officials and Code Administrations International
3. National Associations of Plumbing, Heating, Cooling, Contractors
4. Southern Standard Plumbing Code
5. Southern Building Code Congress
6. Uniform Standard Plumbing Code
7. International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials
Title 11: USE DRAWING LEGENDS AND PLUMBING SYMBOLS
An important part of building construction is the ability to read and understand the
information shown on a construction drawing or a set of construction drawings. The drawings
show what plumbing facilities are required by using symbols and abbreviations to identify the
real material items. The symbols and abbreviations on the construction drawing tell the
plumber the location of water and waste pipelines, the type and size of pipe, the type of
fittings for pipeline connections, and the location of all the fixtures required.
Once you can read and understand the information on a construction drawing, you can
determine the lengths of pipe required by type and size, the number of different types of
fittings by size, and the number of different types of fixtures. You will be able to make a list
of plumbing materials needed to install any part of or all of the plumbing system.

b. The scale of a drawing can be either a graphic or ratio scale. In figure 1-2, each segment of
the line equals one foot in the building. In figure 1-3, 1/4 inch on the drawing equals one foot
in the building.

FIGURE 1-2. LEGEND, GRAPHIC SCALE

FIGURE 1-3. LEGEND, RATIO SCALE

2. The diagram is the part of the drawing that uses symbols to show the location of the water
system, waste system, and fixtures. See figure 1-4.

IDENTIFY WATER SYSTEM PIPELINES

3. Cold, hot, and tempered water lines are identified by symbols.
a. Figure 1-5 shows water pipeline symbols.
FIGURE 1-5. WATER PIPELINE SYMBOLS

b. The arrows on the diagram in figure 1-6 show the location and direction of the cold-water
line.
c. The arrow on the diagram in figure 1-7 shows the location and direction of the hot water
line.
d. The arrows in the diagram in figure 1-8 show the location and direction of the tempered
water line.

4. Fittings connect and change the directions of water line

pipe runs. These fittings are identified by symbols.
a. Figure 1-9 shows water-pipe-fitting symbols.
b. Figure 1-10 shows water-pipe-fitting symbols used on a diagram.

5. Valves control the flow of water. Gate valves turn water flow on or off.
Globe valves control flow of water. Faucets turn water on and off at a fixture such as lavatory
or sink.
b. Figure 1-12 shows valve symbols used on a diagram.

IDENTIFY FIXTURE SYMBOLS

6. The fixture symbols in a construction drawing show the type of fixture and its location.
a. Figure 1-13 shows fixture symbols.
b. Figure 1-14 shows fixture symbols used on a diagram.

IDENTIFY WASTE SYSTEM PIPELINES

b. The arrows in the diagram in figure 1-16 show the location and direction of the waste
pipeline.

8. Fittings connect and change the direction of waste line pipe.

These fittings are identified by symbols.
c. Figure 1-18 shows waste-pipe-fitting symbols used on a diagram.
d. FIGURE 1-14. DIAGRAM SHOWING TYPES OF FIXTURES
 FIGURE 1-16. ARROWS SHOWING DIRECTION-WASTE PIPELINE

9. Vents are used in the waste system to keep foul odors caused by waste disposal from
entering the building. The types are drain waste vents (DWV) and vents through the
roof (VTR).
 FIGURE 1-14. DIAGRAM SHOWING TYPES OF FIXTURES FIGURE 1-16. ARROWS
SHOWING DIRECTION-WASTE PIPELINE

Title 12: MEASURE PIPE RUN LENGTHS

1. A plumber is often required to make a list of plumbing materials from a construction
drawing or a set of construction drawings. The list must contain all the materials by
type, size, and length to install a part of or the complete plumbing system.
2. Horizontal pipe run lengths are measured using either graphic or ratio construction
scales.
a. To make graphic scale measurements with a divider, first spread the divider from the
center of one fitting to the center of the next fitting to get the length of the pipe run
(fig 2-1). Then place one end of the divider on 0 (fig 2-2). Where the other end falls
on the scale is the pipe run length.

b. To make graphic scale measurements with the straightedge of a piece of paper, place
the straightedge along the pipe run and mark the center of each fitting (fig 2-3) on the
paper. Then place one mark on 0 (fig 2-4). Where the other mark falls on the scale is
the pipe run length.
c. To make ratio scale measurements with a ruler, place the zero of the ruler at the center
of one fitting and the measuring edge along the pipe run. Read the ruler mark at the
center of the other fitting. See figure 2-5. If the ratio scale is 1/4 inch = 1 foot, the
reading of 1 5/8 inches on the diagram means 6 feet 6 inches of pipe.

3. Vertical water-pipe lengths are computed using simple math. The pipe run can come
 down from the ceiling level or up from below the floor level.
a. To determine a pipe run length from the ceiling level, use the floor-to-ceiling
measurement, the distance the pipe hangs from the ceiling, and the fixture's rough-in
measurements. To find the length of pipe X in figure 2-6, make the following
computation:
Floor to ceilings -- 7 feet 11 inches.
Pipe hangs from ceiling -- 0 feet 2 inches. Fixture rough-in measurement -- 4 feet 6 inches.
7 feet 11 inches minus 0 feet 2 inches = 7 feet 9 inches.
7 feet 9 inches minus 4 feet 6 inches = 3 feet 3 inches. The length of pipe X is 3 feet 3 inches

b. To find a pipe run length from below floor level to ceiling, use the
floor-to-ceiling measurement, the distance the pipe hangs from the ceiling, and the
distance the pipe is below the floor. To find the length of pipe Z in figure 2-7, make
the following computation:
Floor to ceiling -- 7 feet 11 inches.
Pipe hang from ceiling -- 0 feet 2 inches. Pipe below floor -- 0 feet 4 inches.
7 feet 11 inches minus 0 feet 2 inches -- 7 feet 9 inches.
7 feet 9 inches plus 0 feet 4 inches -- 7 feet 13 inches or
8 feet 1 inch.
The length of pipe Z is 8 feet 1 inch.
 c. To find a pipe run length from below floor level to a fixture, use the distance the pipe
hangs below the floor and the fixture's rough-in measurements. To find the length of
pipe Y in figure 2-8, make the following computation:
Pipe hangs from floor -- 3 inches.
Fixture rough-in measurement -- 11 inches. 11 inches plus 3 inches = 14 inches.
The length of pipe Y is 14 inches.

4. Vertical waste-system-pipe lengths are computed in the same way as vertical water pipe.
a. To find a waste-pipe-run length from below the floor level to a fixture, use the distance
from the center of the bend to the floor and the fixture's rough-in measurements. To find the
length of pipe needed in figure 2-12, make the following computation:
Bend to floor -- 6 inches.
Rough-in measurement -- 17 inches. 6 inches plus 17 inches = 23 inches.
The length of pipe required is 23 inches.

b. To find a waste-pipe length from below the floor up through the roof, use the total of all
measurements from the bend below the floor to-VTR. To find the length of pipe needed in
figure 2-13, make the following computation:
Bend to floor 8 inches
Floor to ceiling 7 feet 11 inches Ceiling to roof 2 feet 2 inches
Roof to top of VTR 1 foot 0 inches Total 10 feet 21 inches
The length of waste pipe required is 10 feet 21 inches or 11 feet 9 inches.
LIST WATER AND WASTE LINE FITTINGS
5. Fitting sizes are determined by the sizes of the pipe going to and from the fitting. This
holds true for all water and waste line fittings.
a. Water line elbows are listed with the largest opening first. See figure 2-15.

b. Water line tees are listed with the run first, starting with the largest opeaning, and then the
outlet. See figure 2-16.
c. For waste fittings, list bend sizes with the largest opening first. See figure 2-17. List Y
branches with the run first, starting with the largest opening, and then the outlet,

6. Obtain a list of water line fittings from the construction

drawing diagram, rough-in information for each fixture and any other information indicated
on the drawing.
a. The type and size of some fittings can be taken directly from the drawing. Fitting sizes are
shown by the sizes of pipe going to and from a fitting. See examples in figure 2-18.
b. List the number of fittings by type and size. TEES
one 2 x 3/4 x 3/4 inch one 2 x 3/4 inch
three 2 inch
ELBOWS
Two 2 inches one 3/4 inch
c. Find some fitting sizes from the rough-in information for a fixture. See figure 2-19. Note:
The water closet rough-in diagram is furnished by the manufacturer.

d. Find some fitting sizes from other information indicated on the drawing. In figure
2-20, the breakout in 11-C shows the method of installing one water closet. This
installation includes the water pipe and fitting going down to the flush tank. Note:
This type of information is normally found on drawings for theater of operations (TO)
buildings. The list of fittings by type and size required for the eight water closets is as
follows:
ELBOWS
eight 3/4 x 3/8 inch two 3/4 inch
TEES
one 3/4 x 2 x 3/4 inch five 3/4 inch

7. Obtain a list of water line valves by type and size from the construction drawing diagram
and any other information indicated on the drawing. Valves are used in water lanes to start,
control, and stop the flow of water. The water line going to and from the valve determines the
size of the valve. A detailed breakout will show what is needed for installation. See detail 1 in
figure 2-21. List valves and other fittings by type and size.
VALVES
three 2-inch gate valves
one 2-inch thermostatic mixing valve OTHER FITTINGS
two 2- inch gate valves
one 2 1/2 x 2-inch bushing
8. Obtain a list of waste system fittings by size from the construction drawing and any other
information indicated on the drawing.
a. Some waste system fitting sizes by type can be taken directly from the
drawing. See figure 2-22.
b. List the number of fittings by type and size.
LATERAL Y
one 4-inch 45 degree regular
two 4 x 2-inch 45 degree reducing BENDS
one 4-inch 1/8 regular
one 2-inch 1/8 regular P-TRAPS
three 2-inch P-traps
one 4-inch P-trap DRAIN
one 4-inch SD
9. Prepare a plumbing takeoff list for all the materials needed by type, size, and length for
water supply service from point Z to all water closet tanks. Use the graphic scale (fig 2-23),
construction drawing (fig 2-24), and the water closet breakout 11-C in figure 2-24. Make all
measurements using the straightedge on a piece of paper. When you have completed your
takeoff list, check it with the information below.

10. The takeoff list from point Z to the water closet tanks is as follows:
STEEL PIPE
47 1/2 feet (approximately) TEES
one 2 x 1 1/2 x 3/4 inch
one 3/4 x 1 1/2 x 3/4 inch five 3/4 inch
ELBOWS
two 3/4 inch
eight 3/4 x 3/8 inch
Title 13: 22 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE PLUMBING CODE

1. All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply
of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor
subject to backflow or back- siphonage.
2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in
sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without
undue noise.
3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water
consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to
prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.
5. Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall
connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system.
6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen type
sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of
sanitation and personal hygiene.
7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from
concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.
8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard
against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so
arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED materials, free from
defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers
to ensure satisfactory service.
10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a
water-sealed trap.
 11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate
circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under
ordinary use.
12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and
the return of foul air to the building.
13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks
and defects in the workmanship.
14. Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the
pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewagedisposal process shall not
be allowed to enter the building drainage system.
15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water,
sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the
fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building
drainage system.
16. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly
lighted and ventilated.
17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the
disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.
18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage,
suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered
Master Plumbers.
20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their
intended use.
21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of
structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces
through fixture usage.
22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface
or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any
waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable
form of treatment.

Summary:
It provides a detailed overview of quantity surveying in the context of sanitary and
plumbing systems. It emphasizes the critical role of understanding construction drawings,
including legends and symbols, to identify the location, type, and size of pipes, fittings,
valves, and fixtures. By being able to interpret these drawings, individuals can determine the
lengths of pipe required, the number and types of fittings needed, and the materials necessary
for installing plumbing systems. It also covers the measurement of horizontal and vertical
pipe run lengths, as well as the listing of water and waste line fittings based on the sizes of
the pipes.

Furthermore, it also delves into the practical aspects of preparing a plumbing takeoff
list, which involves identifying the materials needed for water supply service from a specific
point to water closet tanks. It provides practical examples and illustrations to demonstrate the
methods for measuring pipe run lengths and determining the types and sizes of fittings
required for water and waste systems. Overall, it serves as a valuable resource for individuals
involved in construction, plumbing, and quantity surveying, offering detailed insights into the
interpretation of construction drawings and the practical aspects of plumbing system
installation.

Lastly, it is a comprehensive guide to reading and understanding construction

drawings for plumbing systems. It covers the use of legends and symbols, identifying water
and waste system pipelines, measuring pipe run lengths, listing water and waste line fittings,
and preparing a plumbing takeoff list. It emphasizes the importance of understanding
symbols and abbreviations to identify the location, type, and size of pipes, fittings, valves,
and fixtures. It also explains how to measure horizontal and vertical pipe run lengths and lists
the types and sizes of fittings needed for water and waste systems.

References:
a. Dey, A. (n.d). Copper Pipes and Tubes: Types, Applications, Sizes (PDF). Retrieved
from https://whatispiping.com/copper-pipes-tubes/.

b. Espartero, S., (n.d.). Plumbing Installation Materials - Plumbing Installation Materials

Cast iron and Asbestos Pipe - Studocu. Retrieved from https://www.studocu.
com/ph/document/caraga-state-university/structural-layout-and details/plumb
ing-installation-materials/45361070.

c. Godoy, B., (2021). Quantity Surveying - Sanitary & Plumbing Works. Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/526764081/Quantity-Surveying-sanitary-
Plumbing-Works.

d. Home, P. I. (2022). What is an Orangeburg Pipe? (History, benefits & risks). Pip’s
Island Home. Retrieved from https://www.pipsisland.com/what-is-an-orange
burg-pipe/.

e. Malabanan, G., (2020). An Overview of Common Plumbing Materials Used in

Drainage and Water Supply Systems. Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/
document/458723048/LECTURE-2-BD2-LEC-docx.

f. Noarch, T., (n.d.). Chapter 1 Lesson 1, 2 and 3 - Plumbing AC 312 Engineering

Utilities. 2. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/61894766/Chapter_1_
Lesson_1_2_and_3_Plumbing_AC_312_Engineering_Utilities_2.

g. Studocu, (n.d.). Chapter 1-4 - Engineering Utilities 2. Retrieved from https://www.

studocu. com/ ph/ document /ramon-magsaysay-memorial-colleges/civil-
engineering/chapter-1-4-engineering-utilities-2/36374860/download/chapter-
1-4-engineering-utilities-2.pdf.

Questions:
1. The pipe that deteriorates faster when as hot water line
a. Cast Iron Pipe
b. Galvanized Steel Pipe
c. Lead Pipe
d. Vitrified Clay Pipe
2. What pipe has a special length up to 150 m?
a. Polyethylene
 b. Polybutylene
c. Polyvinyl Chloride
d. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
3. It could be used as soil, waste, ventilation and downspout. This kind of pipe is
remarkably superior for embedment in concrete structure for having the same
material properties.
a. Cast Iron Pipe
b. Galvanized Steel Pipe
c. Asbestos Pipe
d. Vitrified Clay Pipe
4. It is made out from clay, cast into length of 75 centimeters treated with glazing
compound. The pipe is heated in a large kiln under a temperature of 1370°C, making
it impervious to moisture
a. Cast Iron Pipe
b. Galvanized Steel Pipe
c. Lead Pipe
d. Vitrified Clay Pipe
5. This pipe is made of an alloy or zinc and copper mixed at 15% and 85% proportion
respectively.
a. Brass Pipe
b. Copper Pipe
c. Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
d. Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
6. It is often required to make a list of plumbing materials from a construction drawing
or a set of construction drawings. The list must contain all the materials by type, size,
and length to install a part of or the complete plumbing system.
a. Plumber
b. Plumbing
c. Painter
d. Mason

7. in water pipe fitting symbols what does it mean?

a. Elbow
b. Flanged
c. Screwed
d. Tee

8. in water pipe fitting symbols what does it mean?

a. Elbow
b. Flanged
c. Screwed
d. Tee
9. It is intended for sanitary purposes, drainage and flood control of the building
construction.
a. Plumbing
b. Fitting
c. Plumber
 d. Pipes
10. Its lengths are computed using simple math. The pipe run can come down from the
ceiling level or up from below the floor level.
a. Vertical water-pipe
b. Horizontal water-pipe
c. Waste line fitting
d. Waste-system pipe