Module No.

: 2
Lesson No.:
Title: Concrete
Reporter/s: Pablo E. Llanes Jr
Caren Grace Baluran

Definition of Terms

Concrete

Concrete is characterized by the type of aggregate or cement used, by the specific qualities
it manifests, or by the methods used to produce it

Coarse Aggregate

Such as crushed stone, crushed gravel or natural gravel with particles retained on a 5mm sieve.

Fine Aggregate

Such as crushed stone, crushed gravel, sand or natural sand with particles passing on a 5 mm sieve.

Beam

Is defined as a strong horizontal piece of reinforced concrete for spanning and supporting weights.

Keywords: Concrete, Coarse Aggregate, Fine Aggregate, Beam

Introduction

Concrete is either Plain or Reinforced. By definition, Plain Concrete is an artificial stone as a result of
mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water. The conglomeration of these materials
producing a solid mass is called plain concrete.

Reinforced Concrete on the other hand, is a concrete with reinforcement properly embedded in such
a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.

Title 1 : DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE

The Different Types of Concrete Used in Construction are:

1. The Ordinary Portland cements.

refers to the hydraulic binding material ground by mixing Portland cement clinker, 6% ~ 15% blended
materials, and appropriate amount of gypsum, code-named P• O.

2. The Rapid Hardening Portland Cement

Which is preferred when high early strength concrete is desired.

3. The Blast Furnace or Sulfate Cement

Used on concrete structures designed to resist chemical attack.

4. The Low Heat Portland Cement

 Used for massive sections designed to reduce the heat of hydration.

5. The Portland Pozzolan Cement

With a low hardening characteristic concrete.

6. The High Alumina Cement.

The High Alumina Cement is sometimes called aluminous cement or cement fundu. Its chemical
composition is different from that of Portland cement for having predominant alumina oxide content of
at least 32% by weight. The alumina lime is within the limit of 0.85% to 1.3%.

This type of cement has a very high rate of strength development compared with the ordinary Portland
cement. Aside by sulfate and weak acids including sea water. It can also with-stand prolonged exposure to
high temperature of more than 1,000 C. Alumina cement however, is not advisable for mixing with any other
types of cement

The Main Composition of Cement are:

1.6 to 65% Lime

18.0-25% Silica

3.0 - 8% Alumina

3.0 - 5% Iron oxide

2.0- 5% Magnesia

1.0 - 5% Sulfur trioxide

AGGREGATES

Aggregates for concrete work are classified into two:

1. Coarse Aggregate such as crushed stone, crushed gravel or natural gravel with particles retained on a 5mm
sieve.

2. Fine Aggregate such as crushed stone, crushed gravel, sand or natural sand with particles passing on a 5
mm sieve.

Size of Aggregates. - For coarse aggregate (gravel), the maximum nominal size varies from 40, 20, 14 or
10-mm diameter. The choice from the above sizes depends upon the dimensions of the concrete member
more particularly, the spacing of the steel bars reinforcement or as specified.

Good practice demand that the maximum size of coarse aggregate (gravel) should not exceed 25%o of the
minimum thick- ness of the member structure nor exceed the clear distance between the reinforcing bars
and the form.

The coarse aggregate should be small enough for the concrete mixture to flow smoothly around the
reinforcement. This is referred to as workability of concrete.
THE PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE MIXING

The purpose in mixing concrete is to select an optimum pro- portion of cement, water and aggregates, to
produce a concrete mixture that will meet the following requirements:

1. Workability

Meaning, that fresh concrete could freely flow around the reinforcements to fill all the voids inside
the form.

2. Strength

That, the hardened concrete shall be strong enough to carry the design load.

3. Durability

That, hardened concrete could withstand the conditions to which it is expected to perform.

4. Economy

That, concrete should be economically produced.

The proportion that will be finally adopted in concrete mixing has to be established by actual trial and
adjustment processes to attain the desired strength and quality of concrete required under the following
procedures:

1. The water cement ratio is first determined at the very first hour of mixing to meet the requirements of
strength and durability.

2. The cement-aggregate ratio is then chosen and established to satisfy the workability requirements.
Workability, means the ability of the fresh concrete to fill all the voids between the steel bars and the forms
without necessarily exerting much effort in tamping.

Concrete mixtures in a paste form, is preferred than those mixtures which are flowing with water.

Concrete Mixture may be classified as either:

a. Designed Mixture

b. Prescribed Mixture

Designed Mixture. Where the contractor is responsible in establishing the mixture proportion that will
achieve the required strength and workability as specified in the plan.
Prescribed Mixture. Where the designing engineer specify the mixture proportion. The contractor's
responsibility is only to provide a properly mixed concrete containing the right proportions as prescribed in
the plan.

THE UNIT OF MEASURE

Prior to the worldwide acceptance of Metrication, otherwise known as System International (SI),
materials for concrete structures were estimated in terms of cubic meter although, the components thereof
like; cement, sand, gravel and water, are measured in pounds, cubic foot and gallons per bag respectively.

Lately however, under the SI measures, the 94 pounds per bag cement equivalent to 42.72 kilograms was
changed and fixed at 40 kilograms per bag. The traditional wooden box used to measure the sand and gravel
is 12 inches wide by 12 inches long and 12 inches high, having a net volume of 1 cubic foot.

Today, instead of the traditional measuring wooden box, the empty plastic bag of cement is popularly
used to measure the volume of sand and gravel for convenience in handling aggregates during the mixing
operations.

The values presented in Table 1-1 could be useful in:

1. Finding the accurate conversion of length from English to Metric measure.

2. Determining the approximate value to be used generally in our simplified methods of estimating.
For Instance:

a) In solving problems, the probability of committing error is substantially high when several digit
numbers are being used.

Example:

It is easier to use .10 meter, the approximate equivalent of 4inches than .1016 its exact equivalent, be it by
multiplication or by division processes.

To memorize the values given in Table 1-1 is a waste of time and not a practical approach in estimating. A
simple guide will be adopted so that one could easily determine the equivalent values from English to Metric
or vise versa.

Example:

1. To convert Meter to Feet: Divide the length by .30

6.00
Say .30
meters = 20 ft.

2. To Convert Feet to Meters: Multiply by .30

Say, 30 feet x .30 = 9.00 meters

3. To convert Inches to Meter, just remember the following values of equivalent.

Take note that all length in inches is divisible by one or any combination of these five numbers. Thus, it could
be easily con verted to meters by summing up their quotient equivalent.

Example:

a. What is the meter length equivalent of 7 inches? By simple analysis, 7 inches could be the sum of 4
and 3, therefore:

4 inches = .10 meter

3 inches = -075 meter

Answer = .175 meter

a. How about 21 inches?

5 x 4 inches = 20 + 1 = 21 inches

Since 4” = .10m and

1” = .025; multiply

5 x .10m = .50 + .025 = .525 m

CONCRETE PROPORTION

Proportioning concrete mixture is done in two different ways: by weight or by volume method. The
most common and convenient way is by the volume method using the empty plastic bag of cement, or by a
measuring box for sand and gravel as explained in Section 1-3. Measuring the aggregates and water
ready-mix concrete or as specified in the plan.
 Proportioning concrete by volume method had long been practiced in almost all types of concrete
construction. Time has proven it to be effective and successful. However, on construction where space for
materials stock piling and mixing does not permit, ready-mixed concrete is the most practical solution.

It is interesting to note in Table 1-2 that the volume of sand and gravel for all classes of mixture is constant at
.50 and 1.0 cubic meter respectively. It is true, on the assumption that the cement paste enters the void of
the sand and at the same instance, the composition of these two materials fill the voids of the gravel and
thereafter, form a solid mass called concrete equivalent to one cubic meter.

Based on actual concreting work, one cubic meter of gravel plus one- half cubic meter sand mixed
with cement and water will obtain a little bit more than one cubic meter solid concrete. The small excess
over one cubic meter will be considered as contingency.

In actual concreting and masonry work, there are several factors that might affect the accuracy of the
estimate. Some of which are enumerated as follows:

1. Inaccurate volume of delivered aggregates which is very common. Delivery truck should be measured to
check if the volume of aggregates being delivered is exactly as ordered.

2. dumping of aggregates on uneven ground surface and grass areas reduces the net volume of aggregates.

3. Improper measuring of the aggregates during the mixing operation. This is common practice when the
work is on its momentum where laborers fails to observe the right measuring of aggregates being delivered
to the mixer.

4. The cement and fine aggregate for grouting concrete joints are mostly overlooked in the estimating
processes.

5. Cement waste due to reckless handling and hauling.

6. The pure cement powder used by mason in plastering operations to prevent the plaster from sliding
downward is not considered in estimating.
7. Pilferage of materials. This could be avoided with an effective system of construction management

Ordering of Coarse Aggregate must be Specific as to:

a. Kind of gravel, either crushed stone or natural gravel from the creek.

b. The minimum and maximum size of the stone must be specified. It should be free from mixed sand
because sand is cheaper than gravel.

c. Natural gravel from the creek requires screening to obtain a well-graded coarse aggregate. Take note
that screening of aggregates means additional cost of labor and reduction in the net usable volume of gravel.

CONCRETE SLAB

ILLUSTRATION 1-1

A proposed concrete pavement has a general dimension of 10 cm. thick, 3.00 meters wide and 5.00 meters
long. Determine the quantity of cement in bags, sand and gravel in cubic meters required using class "C"
mixture.
ILLUSTRATION 1-2
A rural road 6.00 meters wide after base preparation re-quires concreting of one kilometer long. Find te
number of bags cement, sand and gravel required using class “A" concrete if the slab is 6 inches thick.
Take note that the thickness was first converted from inches to meters using the approximate values in
Table 1-1.

ESTIMATING CONCRETE SLAB BY THE AREA METHOD

Estimating concrete slab by the "Area Method" is much easier than the Volume Method as explained
in Sec. 1-5. However, this could be done with the aid of Table 1-3 which readily offer the quantity of cement,
sand and gravel per square meter de-pending upon the required thickness of the slab.
Solving the problem of Illustration 1-1 and 1-2 by the Area Method we have the following solutions:
SQUARE CONCRETE COLUMN

Estimating the quantity of materials for concrete post or column can also be done in two simple ways:

1. By Volume Method and

2. By Linear Meter Method

LLUSTRATION 1-7

A reinforced concrete square column is 5.00 meters long with a cross sectional dimensions of 16 by
16 inches. Deter-mine the quantity of cement, sand and gravel using class A concrete.
 ILLUSTRATION 1-8

A concrete column is 7.00 meters high with a cross sectional dimensions of 20 by 20 inches. Determine the
quantity of cement sand and gravel content of the column if there are 8columns in the row using class "A”
concrete.
 ESTIMATING SQUARE CONCRETE COLUMN BY LINEAR METER METHOD

Under this method, the length of the column is first deter- mined. With the aid of Table 1-4, the
materials required are found by multiplying the length by the corresponding values of cement, sand and
gravel given in Table 1-4.

ILLUSTRATION 1-9

Solving the problem of Illustration 1-8 where there are 8 columns at 7.00 meters high each, we have:
 TITLE 2: POST AND FOOTING

Structurally, post is always supported by slab called footing or foundation. Estimating the quantity of
materials for these types of structures could be done by:

1. The Volume Method or

2. The Area and Linear Meter Method combined for post and footing.

ILLUSTRATION 1-10

A concrete post 4.00 meters high with cross sectional dimensions of 40 cm. x 40 cm. is supported by
a footing slab 20cm. thick by 1.20 m. square. Using class “A” concrete, find the quantity of cement, sand and
gravel if there are 12 posts of the same size.
 RECTANGULAR COLUMN

The procedure in estimating rectangular column is practically the same as that of the square column.
It could be either by volume method or by the linear meter method as previously explained. The choice of
the method however, depends upon the convenience and preference of the estimator.

ILLUSTRATION 1-12

A series of 8 rectangular concrete columns with typical cross sectional dimensions of 40 x 60 cm. is
supporting a beam. The column has a clear height of 5.00 meters from the floor line to the bottom line of the
beam. Specifying class “A” concrete, determine the quantity of cement sand and gravel required.
Plastering

If the post will be plastered with class “A" mortar mixture, the solution will be as follows:
RECTANGULAR BEAM AND GIRDER

A Beam is defined as a strong horizontal piece of reinforced concrete for spanning and supporting
weights. On the other hand, a beam that is carrying or supporting another beam is called girder. Similarly,
estimating the materials for these types of structures is either by the volume or the linear meter method.
ILLUSTRATION 1-13

From Figure 1-17, using class "A" concrete, list down the materials required.
CIRCULAR COLUMN

Estimating the materials for circular column is typically the same as the volume method for the
square and rectangular columns with the aid of Table 1-2. However, Table 1-5 was also prepared for circular
column problems to avail of the linear meter method of estimating.

ILLUSTRATION 1-14

A circular concrete column has a diameter of 60 cm. by 6.00 meters high. Find the concrete materials
required if there are 5 columns of the same size in a row.
CONCRETE PIPE

Concrete pipe is much in demand for small and medium drainage construction. The use of concrete
pipe as drainage structure materially save cost of forms, time and labor costs as well.

Procedures in Estimating the Materials for Concrete Pipe.

1. Find the net volume of the concrete pipe. That is, by subtracting the volume occupied by the hole from the
gross volume of the pipe.

2. Knowing the net volume of the concrete, refer to Table 1-2, under 40 kg. cement and class of mixture
specified, multiply by the net volume found for cement, sand and gravel or

3. Use Table 1-6 for final result

ILLUSTRATION 1-15

A road construction requires 12 pieces of 90 cm. diameter concrete pipes for drainage purposes.
Determine the quantity of cement, sand and gravel needed to manufacture said pipes using class "A"
concrete. (excluding reinforcement which will be discussed later in chapter 3).

SOLUTION (By Volume Method)

1. Solve for the gross volume of the concrete pipe.
SUMMARY:

Concrete is a composite substance created by combining cement, water, aggregates (such as sand or
gravel), and occasionally admixtures or additives. Due to its robustness, longevity, and adaptability, it is one
of the most extensively employed building materials. When water is mixed with cement, it functions as a
binding agent, creating a paste that covers the aggregates and solidifies gradually.

REFERENCES:

file:///C:/Users/Acer/Downloads/Simplified-Construction-Estimate-by-Max-Fajardo-3rd-Edition%20(1).pdf

https://www.britannica.com/technology/concrete-building-material

Question:

1. It is strong horizontal piece of reinforced concrete for spanning and supporting weights.

a. Girder

b. Column

c. Beam

d. Square Column

2. It is a fresh concrete that could freely flow around the reinforcements to fill all the voids inside the form.

a. workability

b. strength

c. durability

d. economically

3. It is where the contractor is responsible in establishing the mixture proportion that will achieve the
required strength and workability as specified in the plan.

a. Designer Mixture

b. Prescribes Mixture

c. Designed Mixture

d. Prescribed Mixture

4. It is where the designing engineer specify the mixture proportion. The contractor's responsibility is only to
provide a properly mixed concrete containing the right proportions as prescribed in the plan.

a. Designer Mixture

b. Prescribes Mixture

c. Designed Mixture

d. Prescribed Mixture