Module No.

: Two (2)
Lesson No.: Two (2)
Title: Steel
Reporter/s: BERGADO, IRISH JOY T.
GONZAGA, KING BRYLLE
Definition of Terms;
A. Bar Splice
B. Hook
C. Bend
D. Steel Reinforcement
E. Slab
F. Stirrups
Keywords:
Introduction:
Steel is an important material in quantity surveying, serving as a
fundamental material shaping construction projects all over the world. Its
versatility and strength make it indispensable in structural frameworks
ranging from skyscrapers to bridges. Quantity surveyors are skilled at
meticulously assessing, estimating, and managing steel allocation in
construction projects. Their in-depth knowledge of steel properties, sourcing,
price fluctuations, and efficient utilization ensures the best possible balance of
quality, cost-effectiveness, and structural integrity. In essence, quantity
surveyors' precise evaluation and management of steel is the foundation of
strong and long-lasting architectural achievements.
Steel's role in quantity surveying goes beyond mere material presence; it
is the backbone of construction, a critical component in erecting long-lasting
buildings, bridges, and infrastructure. Steel's importance in quantity surveying
stems not only from its physical properties of strength and versatility, but also
from surveyors' strategic orchestration. Their expertise in assessing,
estimating, and managing steel quantities ensures that this critical material is
seamlessly integrated into construction projects. Quantity surveyors play an
important role in balancing cost-effectiveness with structural robustness by
navigating pricing fluctuations, optimizing utilization, and ensuring compliance
with stringent standards. Finally, their meticulous handling of steel is a
cornerstone in the creation of enduring architectural marvels that demonstrate
both innovation and durability in the built environment.
Title 1: Steel Reinforcement
Steel reinforcement are steel
bars that are provided in combination
with plain cement concrete to make it
reinforced concrete. Steel
reinforcement is the incorporation of
steel bars into conventional cement
concrete to generate reinforced
concrete, which increases its strength
and longevity. These steel bars,
strategically placed inside the concrete
matrix, serve as the principal
reinforcement to offset tensile pressures against which plain concrete is
intrinsically weak. A synergistic interaction is produced by combining steel's
strong tensile strength with concrete's compressive strength. Steel bars, also
known as rebars, reinforce the concrete structure, reducing cracking and
increasing the building's ability to handle applied loads and environmental
pressures. Because of this symbiotic relationship between steel and concrete,
structures have enhanced durability, longevity, and structural integrity,
making reinforced concrete a crucial choice in modern construction for a wide
range of architectural and engineering purposes.
Steel is the most widely used reinforcing material for almost all types of
concrete construction. It is an excellent partner of concrete in resisting both
tension and compression stresses. Comparatively, steel is ten times stronger
than concrete in resisting compression load and hundred times stronger in
tensile stresses.
The design of concrete assumes that concrete and steel reinforcement act
together in resisting load and likewise to be in the state of simultaneous
deformation, otherwise, the steel bars might slip from the concrete in the
absence of sufficient bond due to excessive load.
In order to provide a high degree of sufficient bond between the two
materials, steel reinforcing bars with a surface deformation in various design
were introduced.
Title 2: Identification of Steel Bars
Steel reinforcing bars are provided with distinctive markings which
identify the name of the manufacturer with its initial and the bar size number
including the type of steel bars such as:

Steel reinforcing bars, or rebars, have specific marks that are critical for
identification and compliance with industry requirements. Imprinted along the
length of the rebar, these markings generally include unique symbols or letters
denoting important information. The markings are frequently comprised of the
manufacturer's recognized symbol or initials, which aids in traceability and
quality assurance. Furthermore, the bar size number is conspicuously marked,
showing the rebar's diameter in a defined numerical manner. These marks
serve as a guide for engineers, contractors, and inspectors, ensuring that
rebars are correctly selected and placed in accordance with structural design
criteria.

Title 3: Bar Splice, Hook, and Bend

In estimating the quantity of the steel reinforcing bars. One has to
consider the additional length for the hook, the bend and the splice whose
length varies depending upon the limitation as provided for by the National
Building Code.

Estimating the quantity of the steel reinforcement, refers to the commercial

length of steel bars to be ordered as a summary of all the cut bars intended for
the different member of the structures. Under such condition the following
problems has to be anticipated.
 1. For main reinforcement of post, columns, beams, girders and the like, is
determined by the "Direct Counting Method" wherein the additional
length for hook, bend or lapping joints are often overlooked.
2. For other structural member such as lateral ties, stirrups, spirals,
dowels, cut bars and the like should be treated separately and carefully
determine the length of their cuts including the allowances for hook and
bend.
3. After knowing the length of the lateral ties, stirrups, etc. the next
problem is how to select the steel bars to be ordered from the various
commercial length of 5.00 meters to 13.50 meters avoiding extra cuts
which might be classified as junk unless they could be of service or used
on other structural members.
4. Tie wire for reinforcement joints is a big item of a large construction work
considering its cost. The cutting length of each tie wire should be to the
minimum required based from the diameter of the bars to be tied.

Title 4: Concrete Hollow Blocks Reinforcement

In our previous discussions of Masonry in Chapter 2, the concrete hollow
block work had been thoroughly discussed giving emphasis on how to
determine the quantity of the blocks, cement, sand and gravel except the steel
reinforcement which is necessary to complete the work. The size and spacing of
the CHB reinforcement depends upon the plan and specifications which is the
basis of the estimate. The number of steel bars required could be determined in
three ways:
1. By the Direct Counting Method
2. By the Unit CHB Method
3. By the Area Method
The Direct Counting Method could be done by counting directly the number
of vertical and horizontal bars plus the lapping, hook and bend from a detailed
plan. But, how many plans have presented a detailed drawing for steel
reinforcement?
The Area and Unit CHB Method this is the simplest method of computing
the steel reinforcement for CHB with the aid of Table 3-4 wherein the values
presented includes the allowances for splice and bend.
Example:
Title 5: Tie Wire for Steel Reinforcement
Reinforcement tie wire is made of annealed wire for reinforcing steel, and
there are various sizes of tie wire for concrete reinforcement for choice. Tie wire
is popularly used in the daily life and various industries for binding, tying,
fencing and other industrial uses to avoid frequent and repeated maintenance.
 Gauge number 16 galvanized wire is commonly used as tie wire for steel
bar intersections and splicing joints. The length of each tie wire depends upon
the size of the bars to be tied on. Tie wire is one item of the construction which
is always included in the bill of materials without the support of computations,
its quantity is mostly determined by the estimator through mere calculations
which is somewhat alright for a small work but not for a large construction
involving multiple floors.
CHB Reinforcement Tie Wire - The common size of steel reinforcement for
concrete hollow blocks are either 10 mm, 12 mm or 13 mm depending upon
the plan and specifications. For those particular size of reinforcement, a 25 cm.
or 30 cm. long tie wire folded at the center will be satisfactory.
Title 6: Independent Footing Reinforcement
In estimating for the reinforcement of an independent or isolated footing, the
following rules has to be observed:
1. Know the actual dimension of the footing as to its length and width.
2. Remember that the minimum underground protective covering of
concrete to the steel reinforcement is 7.5 cm
3. If the plan does not call for a hook or bend of the footing reinforcement,
the length of the bar is equal to the length or width of the footing minus
the protective covering at both ends.
4. If the plan calls for a hook or bend of the reinforcement the bar-cut
should include the allowance for hook and bend as presented in Figure
3-4 and 3-5.
5. Know the spacing distance of the steel bars both ways to determine the
exact number required, then as much as possible select the appropriate
steel bar length which is divisible by the cut length avoiding unwanted
extra cuts.
Title 7: Post and Column Reinforcement
The reinforcement of posts and columns to be considered in the estimates are:
1. The Main or Vertical Reinforcement
2. The Lateral Ties or
3. The Spiral Ties for Circular Column
The quantity and length of the main reinforcement is determined by the “Direct
Counting Method” giving special attention to the additional length for:
1. Lap-Joints of end splices
2. Allowance for bending and hook
3. Additional length for the beam depth and floor thickness if the height of
the building plan indicates from floor to floor.

Title 8: Beams and Girders Reinforcement

The “Direct Counting Method” is the best method in determining the
main reinforcement for beams and girder. Provided that in the selection of the
length of steel bars, the following physical condition of the beam in relation
with its support should be considered.
1. Verify from the plan if the span of the column where the beam is to rest
measures from center to center, outer to center, or outer to outer side of
 the column. This has to be considered in determining the length of steel
bars to be ordered.
2. Verify the position of the reinforcement splicing if it is adjusted to the
commercial length of steel bars. “The lesser the splice the lesser the
expense.”
3. Identify the bars with bend and hook, for adjustment of their length in
ordering the steel bars.

Title 9: Lateral Ties

These ties are typically U-shaped or closed-loop steel bars that encircle
the longitudinal reinforcing bars within the concrete column. Their primary
function is to prevent the longitudinal bars from buckling or spreading apart
due to applied loads or seismic forces. Lateral ties enhance the column's ability
to withstand lateral pressures, such as those encountered during earthquakes,
by confining the longitudinal bars tightly together. This confinement ensures
that the vertical reinforcing steel remains in its intended position, maintaining
the structural integrity and load-bearing capacity of the column. The spacing,
size, and configuration of lateral ties are meticulously determined based on
engineering specifications, ensuring optimal reinforcement and compliance
with safety standards to bolster the resilience of concrete columns against
various external forces.
Tied column has reinforcement consisting of vertical bars held in a
position by lateral reinforcement called lateral ties.

The ACI Code so provides:

“All non-prestressed bars for tied column shall be enclosed by lateral ties
of at least No.3 in size for longitudinal bars No. 10 or smaller and at least No. 4
in size for No. 11 to 18 and bundled longitudinal bars.”

The spacing of the ties shall not exceed:

1. 16 x the longitudinal bar diameter
2. 48 x lateral tie bar diameter or
3. The least dimension of the column
Title 10: Stirrups for Beams and Girders

Stirrups in construction,
particularly for beams and girders,
are vital elements of reinforced
concrete structures designed to
enhance their load-bearing
capacity and structural integrity.
These are U-shaped steel bars,
often referred to as lateral ties or
ring-shaped reinforcements,
arranged perpendicular to the
longitudinal bars along the length
of beams and girders. Their primary function is to confine and support the
longitudinal reinforcement, preventing buckling or excessive deformation of the
main bars when the structure is subjected to loads. By encircling the
longitudinal bars, stirrups effectively resist shear forces, enhance the ductility
of the structure, and help in maintaining the proper spacing between the main
reinforcing bars. The spacing, size, and configuration of stirrups are
meticulously calculated and integrated into the design to ensure optimal
structural performance and adherence to safety standards, reinforcing the
beams and girders to withstand the stresses imposed upon them during their
service life.
Stirrup is the structural reinforcing member that holds or binds together
the main reinforcement of a beam or girder to a designed position.
Title 11: Spiral and Column Ties
The spiral reinforcement consists of evenly spaced continuous spirals
held firmly in place by at least three vertical bar spacers. The center to center
spacing of this spiral should not exceed 6th part of the diameter core. The clear
spacing between the spirals should not exceed 7.5 cm. nor less than 5.00 cm.
or one- and one-half times the biggest size of the coarse aggregate or gravel.
Title 12: One Way Reinforced Concrete Slab
The one-way slab
has reinforcements
which help resisting
bending moments from
bending along the slab’s
long direction. One-way
slab deforms under load
into a cylindrical
surface. The direction
that is normal to
support on opposite
sides of the rectangle is
the structural action
present in the one-way slab. The designs of the one-way slab include ribbed
slabs and corrugated slabs.
Steel bars known as tension or bottom bars run along the primary
bending direction, typically the shorter span, to counteract bending forces
caused by loads in one-way slab reinforcement. These spaced-apart bars bear
the brunt of tension, preventing cracks and ensuring structural integrity.
Perpendicular bars—distribution or top bars—complement these by supporting
the main reinforcement and distributing loads across the slab's surface. This
steel reinforcement configuration, when carefully planned and placed in
accordance with structural design requirements, effectively strengthens the
one-way slab, allowing it to withstand bending stresses and maintain stability
under imposed loads.
Example:
Illustration
From Figure 3-19. Determine the number of steel bars required including
the tie wire.
Title 13: Two Way Reinforced Concrete Slab
This type of slab has a reinforcement that resists moments in both
directions. One of the most important aspects of two-way slabs is the ratio
between two horizontal spans. If ly:lx < 2, where lx is shorter dimension and ly
is longer slabs dimension, then it is considered as a two-way slab. Moments
from both of the directions are important for design development.
 When a slab is reinforced in two ways, usually in a square or nearly
square arrangement, the structure is made to withstand bending in two
perpendicular directions. This kind of slab uses steel reinforcement arranged in
a grid-like pattern to strengthen against bending in both directions. The main
reinforcing bars are positioned in both directions and are meant to cross
across to form a network resembling a mesh in order to withstand the
fundamental bending stresses. To uniformly distribute weights and support the
slab's surface, extra steel bars, also known as top or distribution bars, are put
perpendicular to the main reinforcing network. The well-planned arrangement
and accurate positioning of these steel reinforcing elements guarantee that the
two-way slab efficiently handles bending stresses in both orientations,
supporting its robustness, ability to support loads, and adaptability within the
structural structure.

Example:
Illustration
From Figure 3-20. determine the number 13 mm 𝝓 steel bar and tie wire
required.
Title 14: Concrete Pipe Reinforcement
A Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP) is a type of piping made from precast
concrete, reinforced with steel rebar for added strength and durability.
Available in an array of sizes, ranging from 300mm to 2100mm in diameter,
Reinforced Concrete Pipes are used to direct the flow of stormwater runoff (and
other liquids) beneath the surface of the earth. Most commonly used as in
stormwater or sewer settings, RCP can also be used for large-scale irrigation
projects, as culverts or in a range of other pipeline projects.
Reinforced Concrete Pipes (RCP) are a strong pipeline construction
solution made of precast concrete reinforced with steel rebar to increase
resilience and endurance. Their varied size range, ranging from 300mm to
2100mm in diameter, meets a variety of infrastructural requirements. These
pipes, which are often installed underground, serve as conduits for rainwater
runoff and other liquid flows. RCP's versatility extends beyond stormwater and
sewer systems, finding use in significant irrigation schemes, acting as culverts
to aid water flow, and contributing to different pipeline projects. RCP is a
trustworthy solution for guiding and managing fluid movement beneath the
earth's surface, assuring longevity and structural integrity in essential
infrastructural networks due to the combination of concrete's durability and
the added strength from steel reinforcing.

Example:
Illustration
From Figure 3-21, solve for the steel reinforcement using 10 mm and
number 16 TieWire
Summary:
Steel reinforcement is a crucial component in modern construction,
providing increased strength and longevity by incorporating steel bars into
concrete. These rebars offset tensile pressures against plain concrete,
enhancing structural integrity and durability. Steel is widely used in concrete
construction due to its ability to resist tension and compression stresses.
Estimating the quantity of steel reinforcement bars depends on the National
Building Code and the size and spacing of concrete hollow block reinforcement.
Estimating the reinforcement of independent or isolated footings requires
knowledge of the footing's dimension, minimum underground protective
covering, and spacing distance.
References:
A. https://tribby3d.com/blog/one-way-slab-and-two-way-slab/
B. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor
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urce=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCICNv8KQm
oMDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
C. Fajardo Jr. Simplified Construction estimates
D. Lew, H. S., Leyendecker, E. V., & Dikkers, R. D. (1971). Engineering
aspects of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake.
https://doi.org/10.6028/nbs.bss.40
E. https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/sites/default/files/webform/civil_work
s/advertisement/23cj0065_plan_2.pdf
F. https://theconstructor.org/building/steel-reinforcement-types-propertie
s/24437/
G. https://www.reinforcingmesh.org/reinforcing-mesh/reinforcement-tie.ht
ml