Section 01 (History)

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Shah Waliullah
Introduction:
 Shah Waliullah was born in 1703 in Delhi (UP) during the reign of Aurangzeb.
 His real name was Qutub-ub-din.
 He was known as Shah Waliullah because of his piety.
 His father Shah Abdur Rahim was the founder of Madrassa Rahimiya in Delhi.
 His father was associated with the completion of the famous Islamic legal text, Fatwa-i-Alamgiria.
 He received his early education from madrassa e Rahimiya
 His father was died in 1718 and Shah Waliullah began teaching at Madrassa Rahimiya.
 In 1724 He went to Arabia for higher studies and to perform Hajj.
 In Arabia he was inspired by a famous scholar Sheikh Abu Tahir bin Ibrahim.
 He returned to Delhi in 1732.
 He had four sons: Shah Abdul Aziz, Shah Abdul Qadir, Shah Abdul Ghani, Shah Rafiuddin.
 He died in 1762.
Why Did he wish to revive Islam into Subcontinent?

 Muslims were disunited and moving away from Islam.
 Muslims were divided into sectarian groups i.e. Shias and Sunnis.
 They were ignoring Islam and teachings of Holy Quran because they were unaware of Arabic
 Muslims were unable to understand the teachings of Holy Quran and teachings of Islam.
 Muslims were becoming superstitious while living among other religions
 They were doing all the things which were done by Hindus and non-Muslims.
 So it was important to revive Islam.
 The enemies did not allow them to practice Islam freely
 So he decided to revive Islam to reunite the Muslims by removing sectarianism.
Works/Services:
 His depth knowledge of Quran, Hadith, Fiqqah and tasawwuf made him highly knowledgeable scholar.
 He translated Quran into Persian. It helped a large number of Muslims to understand because very few
Muslims spoke Arabic.
 Later, his two sons Shah Abdul Qadir and Shah Rafiuddin translated Quran into Urdu.
 He wrote 51 books on Fiqqah and Hadith.
 23 of them were in Arabic and 28 in Persian.
 He also wrote a pamphlet KHILAFA TUL KHULAFA on four Caliph that ended the rivalry between
Sunnis and Shias.
 His most famous books were Izalat ul Akhfah and Hujjatul Baligha.
 This improves the Islamic knowledge of Muslims. After these books were published, the Muslims got the
opportunity to learn more about Islam.
 He founded an organization of opposition to Marathas who threatening to over-run the Mughal Empire
from the south.
 Sikhs were attacking in the North.
 He wrote letters to all Muslim nobles to save the Mughal Empire.
 He also wrote Ahmed Shah Abdali of Persia, who defeated Marathas in the 3rd Battle of Panipat in 1761.
 He did efforts for economic Stability.
 He emphasized on principles of Adal and Tawazzun that is Justice and Equillibrium.
 He told peasants and craftsmen to develop habits of hardwork, efficiency and honesty in earning their
living.
 He also made effort for removing all forms of economic injustice.
 He urged traders and businessman to adopt fair principles of trade, to refrain from accumulating wealth.
By: Sir Jameel Akhtar
O’ Levels / Pakistan Studies / History / 2059/1 / Section 01
+92 341-3146747 jameelakhtar84@yahoo.com 0341-3146747
Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barailvi

Introduction:
 Syed Ahmed was born in a small town of Rai Baraili near Lucknow in 1786.
 His father died when he was young.
 In 1806, he moved to Delhi and studied at Madrassa Rahimiya.
 Since he was fond of military, he joined the Pathan military tribe under the leadership of Amir Khan in
1810.
 He was directed by Shah Abdul Aziz for military training.
 He returned to Delhi in 1817.
 He went to Arabia for Hajj and further studies in 1821.
 He came back in 1823.
 He was inspired by the teachings of sheikh abdul wahab (founder of wahabi movement)

 The Muslims were suffering from cruelties of Sikhs and other non-Muslims
 They were not allowed to practice Islam freely, tax on beard, ban on Azaan and mosques were converted
into temples.
 Syed Ahmad Barailvi believed that there was a need to end the difficulties facing Islamic society and
having identified Sikh rule as the dominant force in the Punjab targeted them at first.
 Wanted to create political awareness among the Muslims.
 Wanted to struggle against the non-Muslim forces and work against the British.
Works/Services:
Jihad Movement:
 Before going for Hajj in 1821, he travelled across India and held meetings in order to spread his beliefs
about Jihad.
 When he returned from Arabia in 1823, he was ready to take action.
 Muslims were not allowed to practice Islam freely, tax on beard, ban on Azaan and mosques were
converted into temples.
 Syed Ahmed thought that it was intolerable and decide that Punjab was the place to launch his JIHAD
against Non-Muslim rulers.
 He traveled through Rajhastan, Sindh, Balochistan and Afghanistan to raise mujahedeen forces in order to
gain support against Ranjit Singh.
 He established his headquarter in Noshehra, Peshawar in 1826.
 In 1826 battle of Okara and Hazara took place and Mujahedeen won control over these areas.
 In 1830, the Muslims were successful against the Sikhs in capturing Peshawar.
 His servant tried to assassinate him by poisoning but he survived.
 A commander of his, Yar Muhammad Khan bribed by Sikhs and deserted the battlefield along with his
men.
 He had no other option but to move his headquarter to the safety of Panjtrar near Kashmir.
 Although Yar Muhammad Kahn was killed by Mujahedeen.
 This constant campaigning against him forced him to move his forces to Balakot.
 He moved his forces to Balakot because he wanted to liberate Kashmir and Hazara also.
 Another local leader Sultan Muhammad Khan played the role of a traitor.
 Sikhs made a surprise attack on the forces of Syed Ahmed in 1831.
 600 Mujahedeen soldiers including Syed Ahmed were killed at the battle of Balakot in 1831.
Failure of Jihad Movement:

 The main problem was that the Muslim army was Consisted of different communities who disagreed
amongst themselves on military matters.
 The Pathan tribesman as, independent natured, they did not like a large army over which they had little
control.
 In addition to this, the taxes imposed by Syed Ahmed caused resentment, as the tribesman had never paid
this kind of taxes before.
 A very important reason of the failure was his way of preaching Islam. He had studied Islamic thought
under Sheikh Abdul Wahab, the founder of Wahabi Movement during his stay in Arabia. Therefore, the
Pathans saw small doctrinal differences of thoughts of thought within the army, suspiciously, as they were
used to a rigid Islamic practices.
 Most importantly, the treachery in N.W.F.P even by the governor of Peshawar and on attempt to assassinate
him proved to be a big blow for him.
 Many of the officers were in Syed Ahmed’s army were college professors and spiritual leaders without
former military training who were fighting bravely against the much stronger enemy.
 The Sikhs on other hand were tough and organized. They recently united under the control of political and
military genius Ranjit Singh and were respected even by the British.
 In short, movement failed not through a lack of belief or enthusiasm, but through disorganization, limited
funds and poor military training.
Haji Shariatullah
Introduction:
 Haji Shariatullah was born in 1781 in Faridpur (District in East Bengal)
 His father was a farmer.
 He received his early education from his local village.
 He went to Arabia to complete his further studies and to perform hajj in 1799 and stayed there for the next
17 years.
 There he was deeply influenced by Sheikh Abdul Wahab.
 He came back in 1818.
 His mission was carried on by his son Mohsin-ud-din.

 Haji Shariatullah called the India is Dar-ul-Harb.
 They were ignoring Islam and teachings of Holy Quran because they were unaware of Arabic
 Muslims were unable to understand the teachings of Holy Quran and teachings of Islam.
 At that time most of the Muslims were farmers and their landlords were non-Muslims.
 To make their landowners happy they were involving themselves into their culture.
 Muslims were not paid properly of their hard work.
 Wanted to convince the Muslims about their rights to improve their condition.
Faraizi Movement:

 He started a movement named Faraizi movement in which the followers were given the name of Faraizis
(Islamic Duties)
 Faraizi movement supported the idea of Jihad against the Non-Muslims.
 It laid emphasis on fulfilling the obligations in Islam like performing the daily 5 prayers, paying the annual
zakat and fasting in the month of Ramadan
 His ambition was to guide the Muslims on the straight path so he also told his followers to adopt Tauba in
order to have their sins forgiven.
Works/Services:
 He brought the Muslim peasantry together against the cruel exploitation by the Hindu Zamindars, infused a spirit
amongst the Peasants.
 This confidence and awakening of the Bengalis from their slumber prepared the grounds for future works of his
successors like Titu Mir and Dadu mian.
 The landlords did not want Haji Shariatullah creating difficulties for them.
 They drove Haji Shariatullah out of the region to Nawabganj in Dhaka.
 His son Mohsin-ud-din continued his mission to improve the position of Muslims in Bengal.
 Mohsin-ud-Din introduced some important economic measures.
 He divided East Bengal into areas called Circles.
 Each circle was under the control of Khulafas.
 Khulafas helped peasants to oppose excessive taxes imposed by the Hindu and British Landlords.
 Mohsin-ud-Din declared Jihad against the British government.
 The British arrested him and put him into prison.
 After the death of Mohsin-ud-Din (Dadu Mian) Faraizi Movement declined.

War of Independence 1857

Introduction:
 In 1857, the British faced a serious challenge to their control in India.
 War started on 10th may 1857.
 This war was fought between Indians and British.
 It was originally started from Meerut and spread in all over Indian region.
 It was led by many leaders but Bahadur Shah II was a symbolic figure for Muslims.
 The event is known by many names, including the Sepoy Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny, the Great Rebellion, the
Revolt of 1857.
 War was officially ended in August 1858.
Causes of War:
 There were many causes of the war, the major causes are as under:
Agrarian Policy:
 It was a British policy introduced by Lord Dalhousie in 1852.
 It was a documents verification policy.
 Under this policy if the landowner did not have the documents of the land, the land would be confiscated by British.
 The British checked the validity of the land documents. If the land documents are invalid. Then the land would be
confiscated by British.
 This caused resentment amongst Indian because most of the peasants had no documents of their lands.
Doctrine of Lapse:
 It was also introduced by Lord Dalhousie in 1852.
 According to this policy, if the landlord did not have a male heir to be in charge of the land after he died, the land
would be confiscated by British.
 Adopted sons were not allowed as legal heir.
 Due to this law many states like Jhansi, Satpara, Nagpur and Oudh fell under the british control.
 This also caused resentments.
Language Issue:
 In 1834, English was given the status of official language of India.
 Persian was the official language of Muslims and Sanskrit was the official language of Hindus.
 In 1835, English education act was passed. Under this act the English was introduced in education.
 Western curriculum was established with English in Indian schools and colleges.
 English become the language of administration and of the higher law courts.
Religious Issues:
 Christian Missionaries made schools, taught Christianity, expected locals to give up their own religion. Employers
sometimes offered incentives for this.
 They were also forced to abandon purdah which had been an Indian custom for centuries.
 Suttee was banned which was the rituals of Hindus.
 Remarriages were also allowed for widows, which angered the Hindus.
 Co-Education was started that angered Muslims.

Westernization:
 British Westernized India.
 They interfered in roads, communications and railways which offended Indians.
 British interfered in social services, hospitals as well as in education.
Posting of Soldiers Far Off Places:

 Most of the soldiers in British army were Indian, known as Sepoys.
 British started posting of soldiers to far off places.
 This indicates Indians that British were trying to send Indians far from country so they can easily take control over
India.
Greased Cartridge:
 It was the most immediate reason.
 In January 1857, British introduced a new rifle with paper cartridge covered in grease to keep the powder dry.
 The end of cartridge had to be bitten off before use.
 The cartridge was made from the fat of pig and cow.
 Cow is sacred animal for Hindus while Pig is prohibited in Islam.
 This created disruption among the troops.
 Sepoys refused to use.
 British officers punished the Indians who resisted using them.
 This caused great resentment as it was contrary to religious beliefs for both Muslim and Hindu communities and
united them against the British.
Social Issues:
 Sale laws and excessive taxation ruined the landlords and peasants alike.
 There was corruption in collection of taxes.
 The salaries of sepoys were very low.
 Difference in salaries among the British and Indians.
 In civil services Indians were given less jobs.
 Most of the high posts were given to the British.
Educational Reforms:
 Macaulay introduced schools across the country to teach Western ideas and English language.
 He believed that British ideas were far better than anything that came from India and that it would impose Western
values and help the British to govern India more effectively.
 Indians had to send their children to coeducational schools, which was unpopular, since it appeared to impose the
British system on the Indians without due regard to their religious and cultural feelings.
Further Oppressions:
 Sale laws and excessive taxation ruined the landlords and peasants alike.
 There was corruption in collection of taxes.
 The salaries of Sepoys were very low.
 Difference in salaries among the British and Indians.
 In civil services Indians were given less jobs.
 Most of the high posts were given to the British.

The Events:
 In January 1857, the British announced that they were introducing new rifle with a paper cartridge cover in greased
to keep the powder dry.
 In march, a Sepoy named Mangal Pandey defied his British Officers and was executed.
 In May, the Sepoys in Meerut refused to touch the new Cartridges. They were court martialed and put in prison but
their fellow soldiers broke into the prison and freed them.
 Meerut was sacked and British Officers and other Europeans were put into death. Then, the soldiers marched to
Delhi and captured it.
 The Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II became the unifying symbol for the uprising, and wining the support of both
Muslims and Hindus.
 The war spread quickly and British lost control of Mathura, Kanpur, Jhansi and Allahbad as well as Delhi. Lucknow
was also taken and British rule ceased to Exist throughout Uttar Pradesh.
 However, the British proved to be too powerful and to be defeated by an uncoordinated uprising across many areas.
 In September 1857, Delhi was regained. Bahadur Shah II surrendered peacefully, but his sons Mirza Mughal, Mirza
Sultan and Mirza Abu Bakar were brutally murdered. Their heads were then presented to the Emperor as a lesson.
Lucknow was also regained by the British in September 1857.
 After the fall of Lucknow, the main center of opposition was Jhansi. Here, the sepoys were led by Lakshmibai, the
Rani of Jhansi. She was assisted by Tatya Topee. An Indian General of great ability. But in June 1858, the British
Killed Lakshibai. Although Tatya Topee escaped, he was later captured and executed.
Reasons for Failure:

Lack of Unity:
 There was disunity among the rebels.
 They lacked a common purpose and everyone fought for personal interest, often refused to fight unless they were
harmed.
 Nana Sahib, only interested in getting doctrine of lapse reversed and was ready to come to terms if this demand was
accepted.
 Thus, Muslims lacked a common cause from the Indians, weakening them.
 There had been a great deal of vandalism in the war, thus the local population was harmed and became displeased
with the rebel’s nefarious activities.
 Instead, they sympathized with the British who stood for law and order.
 Hence the British strength increased even further, rebels weakened.
Lack of Leadership:
 No military genius, politician and statesman.
 General Bakht Khan was a brilliant officer but was not in the charge of all forces.
 British had military geniuses like Sir Henry Lawrence and Sir Colin Campbell.
 Bhadur Shah was not accepted by most Hindus.
 Many people at that time thought Bhadur Shah did not have strong leadership skills and that he was more of a
figurehead.
 Rani of Jhansi and Nana Sahib were only a capable ruler.
 Muslims were headed by incompetent and und unwilling Mughal princes.
 The leaders of Indians worked alone and neither
Lack of Communication:
 No spirit and patriotism amongst Indians.
 No planning and were having different aims because they were coming from different areas.
 Due to inconvenient transport and system of communication they could not communicate.

Weak Army:
 The British had experienced the Industrial Revolution and were technologically much more superior.
 Thus they had advanced weaponry, giving them an edge over the Mughal/Indian forces who had traditional and
outdated weaponry.
 The British were a superpower at that time and had well trained, confident soldiers led by outstanding generals such
as Edwards and Neil.
 Who fought with devotion and loyalty to the British Queen.
 The rebel leaders in comparison were indecisive and short sighted and hence were easily defeated by the British.
Lack of Funds:
 Due to which various requirements could not be fulfill.
 Educated people were unaware of war techniques and did not support Indians.
 British have funds and were having support from British and from some of Indians as well.
 So they were well equipped and were far better than Indians.
 The Punjab was uninterested in helping the rebellion, sending men and supplies to help the British.
 Some of the Indian princes were more interested in restoring their own powers and this often depended upon the
support of the British.
British Policy:
 Lord Canning, the Governor General, adopted a conciliator policy towards the rebels.
 He allowed many concessions for them.
 Announcing the rebels who gave up their arms were to be forgiven.
 He also bribed some freedom fighters.
 Thus, quite a few leaders left the battlefield to join in negotiations with the government.

Consequences of War (1857)

Negative Effects:
 British got control of the sub-continent in August 1858.
 The violence and bloodshed on both sides was dreadful.
 British used various methods to kill the prisoners as: hanging, shot out of mouths of cannons burned alive and some
were sewn into pig skins and hanged.
 The Mughal rule totally declined.
 Bahadur Shah Zafar II, who was the last Mughal Emperor, was exiled to Rangoon.
 He was a puppet ruler.
 The sons of Bahadur Shah Zafar were killed and their head were presented to him.
 Muslims were blamed for the revolt.
 Muslims were deprived of their rights
 Muslims were not given opportunity for education or high posts in the government.
 Muslims were not allowed to sit in the competition exams for civil services.
 An arms act was introduced so that Indians could own no weapons.
 Business remained suspended for almost one year.
 British stopped the annexation.
 Conflicts between the Muslims and Hindus started.
 British Crown Rule started in 1857.
 Lord canning, the last governor-general of EIC was made the 1st viceroy of the sub-continent.
Positive Effects:
 Urdu and English were made official languages.
 New reforms and constitutional changes were introduced.
 An act for the better government of India was passed and introduced.
 It involved a Secretary of State with a council of 15 members to help him.
 the Doctrine of Lapse was abandoned and Indians could now inherit ancestral lands with ease.
 Greased Cartridge supply was stopped.
 Indians were relieved of a very sensitive Religious issue.
 Railways were introduced.
 Telegraph, postal and police system was introduced.
 Roads were made.
 Taxes were reduced.
 Hindus and Sikhs who helped British were given better jobs.
 In 1877, Queen Victoria became the Empress of India.
 In 1878, British imposed Vernacular Press Act, which banned all publications against them.
 The British became powerful and formed Indian National Congress in 1885.


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Section 01 (History)

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+92 341-3146747 jameelakhtar84@yahoo.

Why Did he wish to revive Islam into Subcontinent?

Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barailvi

Why Did he wish to revive Islam into Subcontinent?

Failure of Jihad Movement:

Why Did he wish to revive Islam into Subcontinent?

By: Sir Jameel Akhtar

By: Sir Jameel Akhtar

War of Independence 1857

By: Sir Jameel Akhtar

Posting of Soldiers Far Off Places:

By: Sir Jameel Akhtar

Reasons for Failure:

By: Sir Jameel Akhtar

By: Sir Jameel Akhtar

Consequences of War (1857)

By: Sir Jameel Akhtar

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