Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA-2021)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP21N67-ART; ISBN: 978-0-7381-4627-0
Digital Twin Technology: A Bird Eye View
Prarthana V, Lavanya P, Namana J Jain, Nagaditya L P, Nagavishnu H, Dr. Bhargavi K
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur-572103, Karnataka, India
prarthanaveerabhadraiah@gmail.com, lavanya.cs051@gmail.com, namanajjain@gmail.com, lpnagadithya@gmail.com,
nagavishnuh@gmail.com, bhargavi.tumkur@gmail.com
Abstract: Digital Twin is a leading-edge technology used to
build a virtual prototype of products. Starting from the
design, a Digital Twin helps to analyse the data available,
2021 Third International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA) | 978-1-6654-3877-3/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICIRCA51532.2021.9545020
predicting the possible effects of the data on the model,
thereby improving the performance of a device or a
process. It uses technologies like: Internet of Things, Data
Analysis, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence,
Computer Vision, Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality,
Cloud Computing and others. This paper addresses the
comparison of IoT and IIoT with Digital Twin. Our
research on this paper motivated us to develop a keen
interest towards this technology. This paper aims at
discussing some real-time problems that can be solved by
using Digital Twin. In addition to this, our paper discusses
some real-time applications of Digital Twin and helps the
reader to find a Twin-model solution for a problem that he
wants to address. Hence, our paper provides a complete
insight about this amazing technology to the reader.
Keywords: Digital Twin, Evolution, Virtualization, IoT,
IIoT, Connectivity, Security, Flowmeter
I. INTRODUCTION
The time booms up with very new technologies and
inventions often. The rapid growth of industries requires a
more agile approach towards development. With the help of
modern technology, organizations can make clever business
plans. It is nostalgic that a product is always built physically
and working with it is always possible only after the complete
development of it. Errors and defects can only be identified
once the product is built and worked in real life. This
chronical way must be eliminated to overcome these problems
by the introduction of a new technology which will provide
work and simulate the product for various tests before it is
being built physically. One of the possible ways is to work
with a virtual model of the product. This is where Digital
Twin comes into picture.
A Digital Twin serves as a bridge between the physical and
digital world, bringing data into both. Suppose a product
needs to be improved in case of failure. In that case, the twin
can provide feedback and become the site for testing to filter
before making changes to the physical product, making
troubleshooting more comfortable by safely working through
a problem in a test environment.
The concept of a Digital Twin is commonly known to be
developed in 2002, but it was in practice since the 1960s.
NASA used basic twinning ideas during this period for space
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programming. They created a replica of all the systems at
ground level to match the systems in space. An example of
this is the twin of Apollo 13. Digital Twin uses several
existing technologies like: IoT, Machine Learning [1], Data
Analysis [2], Artificial Intelligence [3], Virtual/Augmented
Reality and many more.
Building a physical prototype could cost a lot of money and
resources; on the other hand, a Digital Twin is cost-effective
with IoT. A Digital Twin can learn from the past data, work
on the present data and predict the possible outcomes for the
future [4]. This technology enhances efficiency, the rate of
production, and it reduces the risks concerning various factors.
It helps in better collaboration of the team as it offers real-
time remote monitoring. The model helps in making improved
financial decisions. The Digital Twin is implemented in
various domains such as construction, automotive, healthcare,
retail, manufacturing, supply chain, and many more.
Discussing the need of Internet of Things (IoT) in Digital
Twin would be of its sensors. The primary role of IoT sensors
is to collect and provide data to the virtual system. This data is
a need for the development of a Digital Twin. IoT provides
insights into the product lifecycle. Together, they offer better
maintenance and services.
Digital Twin can be shortly described in 5 phases as shown
in Figure 1. The first and most important step of the Digital
Twin is the creation of a Digital Twin model. Digital Twin
Model can be created by using various technologies like
Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality. Also, there are some
simulation softwares that helps in creating a virtual model of a
physical entity. A Digital Twin model is important as it gives
a complete overview of the corresponding physical model.
The next step is to analyse, integrate and visualise the
historical data on to the created twin model. Historical data
refers to the data collected by the observation of the
previously existing physical model by IoT Sensors. The third
step is the simulation of the model. In this phase, working of
the model will be checked for various inputs and conditions.
In the next step, the twin is tested for various conditions.
Based on these tests, in the last step, the behaviour of the
model is studied and the same will be implemented in the
physical model. However, these phases are iterative in nature
and can be applied any number of times for a model.
The rest of the paper is organized as, Section II describes
the evolution of Digital Twin. Section III will list various
differences between IoT and Digital Twin. Section IV
contains the comparison of IIoT and Digital Twin. Section V
brings out the advantages of Digital Twin over IoT. Section
VI states several challenges in Digital Twin. In Section VII,
applications of Digital Twin are discussed. Section VIII has a
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IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP21N67-ART; ISBN: 978-0-7381-4627-0
list of open issues and problem statements. The future trends
in Digital Twin are discussed in Section IX. The conclusion is
presented in Section X.
Figure 1: Phases of Digital T win
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Research paper [5] discusses various applications on IoT
such as medical, manufacturing, industrial, transportation,
education, and others. It also briefs about the blemishes of the
implementation of IoT and gives a few suggestions for
improvement. This sheds light on the importance of having a
standard protocol for better global governance. It has also
informed us about the definitions, characteristics,
architectures, and basic requirements of the Internet of Things.
Research paper [6] has briefed about the digital twin in
industry. Beginning with the history of digital twin it
discusses the current development in the industries such as
surveys infrastructure and data fusion. It also informs the
reader about the industrial applications of digital twins. It talks
about the product life cycle, related patents, and applications
by industry leaders and has a few observations and
recommendations about the same.
This inspired us to research more about the matter as it has
the potential to change the way businesses are being
conducted. The digital twin technology can revolutionize the
way of building products and give an optimal solution to a
problem statement.
III. EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL TWIN
Researches are being carried on new and challenging
technologies in order to improve man’s comfortability by
trying to overcome the demerits present in the existing
technology. The problem with many of the sectors including
manufacturing, developing, constructing is that, once the
product is designed and developed, it can’t be easily modified.
In other words, a fully completed product is not flexible
enough to make changes. If a change has to be made, the one
and only possibility would be to re-manufacture the product
once again,
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wasting many resources used for the existing product.
Figure 2: Evolution of Digital T win
This problem sometimes used to cause huge losses to the
industry, and those people were in need of a solution, which at
least reduces this problem, if it couldn’t be solved completely.
As a result, the concept of virtualizing things digitally before
implementing them actually came into practice. The major
advantage with this approach is that, it could be possible to
visualize things in the virtual environment itself and thereby
adopt required changes so as to improve their performance
and thereby conserving huge amounts of resources including
time. This was in practice since 1960. In 1980, the CAD
model of paper design was considered as a virtual model of
that paper design. Later, the concept of virtualizing things
emerged as Digital Twin in 2002. This was the actual start of
the Digital Twin and this evolution is shown in Figure 2.
In 2003, for the first time, the word Digital Twin was
mentioned by a well-known scientist Michael Grieves in his
book Product Life Cycle Management. Rapid development of
technology, IOT, Big Data Analytics helped in rising Digital
Twin from 2003 to 2011 and the first journal article related to
DIGITAL TWIN was published in 2011, in which how Digital
Twin is useful in the present world is elaborated. NASA
formalized the definition of Digital Twins in 2012 and applied
the same in its Aerospace industry. Then onwards, research
related to Digital Twin started widely and in 2014, the first
white paper was published which mainly specified how one
conceptual idea i.e., Digital Twin can be applied to many
practical applications. In 2017, Digital Twins were classified
as one of the top ten most promising technological trends in
the next decade [7]. Now, in 2021, the concept of Digital
Twin has been applied to many real-world applications and
also, a wide number of researches are going on.
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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA-2021)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP21N67-ART; ISBN: 978-0-7381-4627-0

2. Lack of Robustness: As all the connections are physically

IV. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN IOT AND DIGITAL made, if a single connection is lost, the whole system gets
TWIN affected.
3. Time-consuming and expensive: Implementation of IoT is
Even though Digital Twin is said to be evolved based on very expensive and needs a lot of devices to implement a
IoT, many differences exist between them. A prominent system. Building and installing the system takes a lot of
difference can be seen in the name itself. Digital Twin is a time.
completely virtual connection of devices whereas IoT is the
physical connection of devices. Other differences along with Due to these cons, Digital Twin emerged in such a way that
the properties like interaction, security and many more are it overcomes all those by possessing some main advantages
which are pointed as:
1. Tracing of Digital Model: Helps in knowing the complete
T ABLE I.
DIFFERENCES BET WEEN DIGIT AL T WIN AND IOT overview of the model information from requirements to
testing and the actual behaviour of the model in the field.
addressed in Table 1. 2. Optimising Product Design: The Digital Model helps to
Prope rty IoT Digital Twin
understand its performance for real-world data and informs
simulation models, thereby helping to improve the quality
Interaction Physical Digital and development of designs.
Real-time Data Analysis Slow Analysis Fast Analysis 3. Usage-Based Requirements: This helps to know the most
Model Build-T ime T akes more time T akes less time frequently used features and functions of the model and
First-T ime-Fix Rate Less Efficient More Efficient thereby helps for the better fit of the model in the market
and enables value-added services.
Cost Costlier Less Costly
4. Integrating Operational Intelligence among different
Security T hreat Identification At Later Stages At Initial Stages devices: Digital Twin can combine, analyse and integrate
various types of devices that the model has in reality. This
helps in real-time visibility and operational performance of
V. IIoT VS. DIGITAL TWIN the model and better decision-making.
5. Quality Checking and Verification: Digital Twin helps
IIoT stands for Industrial Internet of Things. A lot of validate the physical model’s design and requirements by
confusion is seen among people between IIoT and Digital comparing it with the designed and configured Twin
Twin. The main reason for this is the software tools that we model.
use for the synchronization of a large number of machines that 6. Remote Access and Service: Digital Twin provides remote
are connected using IoT. But this is not the same when the access to the model to increase product uptime and reduce
picture of Digital Twin comes up. IIOT helps in monitoring site visits. As the system of the model is combined
the lighting, energy consumption, fire protection and others, digitally, the first-time fix rate of the model will be
whereas Digital Twin helps in data analysis and provides a efficient.
platform to check their performance before applying to the
physical world, thereby giving a solution to the problem. IIOT VII. CHALLENGES IN DIGITAL TWIN
is a combination of industrial things, cloud platforms,
connectivity, data, analytics dashboard but Digital Twin needs
Although Digital Twin has emerged largely over the years,
the data of an object to create a virtual model.
many organizations are yet to implement it in their production
In IIOT, connecting devices to a greater extent gives a way process. With its various advantages, there are a few concerns
for malicious actors who are continuously looking forward to
to be considered too. The following are some of the
trapping an organization. Internet connectivity plays an
challenges to look into:
important role in the success of twin technology. IIOT works 1. Affordable Infrastructure: The available technologies and
by connecting a large number of machines with the use of
the things that they are capable of are astonishing. The
softwares and IOTs whereas Digital Twin works by
developers may get carried away with building a more
considering the past, present and future data. accurate and high-performing model without considering
what it would cost when constructed physically. Therefore,
VI. ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL TWIN OVER IOT the company and developers need to assess the
infrastructural requirements before building a Digital Twin
Though it is said that Digital Twin is developed from IoT as thoroughly [8].
its backbone, some disadvantages are still identified in IoT 2. Unstructured data: Data must be of high quality,
which are listed as: structured and continuous for the model to perform at its
1. Data Breach: Data must be protected at all costs. best. However, this is not always the case. The data
Protecting data might become difficult with IoT, as it available are stored in various locations; they are not
provides data in maximum detail, sometimes without the linked to a single database. Hence, it is not easy to
consent of the user.

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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA-2021)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP21N67-ART; ISBN: 978-0-7381-4627-0
integrate the live data into a single module. The resulting
source of data should be in a form that is understandable
by the twin model [9].
3. Connectivity: As the Digital Twin is an entirely virtual
product, developers should be able to access it from any
part of the world. This is still not possible as connectivity
around the globe is not the same everywhere. Data is a
necessity for the model. The quality and number of IoT
signals used will determine the condition of the data. Any
compromise in the connectivity could result in loss of data,
or unstructured data might be delivered due to the exact
cause. This results in an unstable model. Hence,
connectivity must be considered while building a model.
4. Privacy and security: Privacy and security is an essential
factor that has to be ensured. As data accumulation is a
behaviour of the Digital Twin, the values of the
organization must be protected at all costs. A solution for
this could be the implementation of advanced security
regulations in data analytics and IoT [10].
VIII. APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL TWIN
Before talking about the applications of Digital Twin,
working of Digital Twin in the physical world along with a
conceptual idea (can be referred to as Digital World) need to
be discussed and can be easily studied in Figure 3. The
physical world can be combined with the digital world by the
main 5 phases that have been already addressed in Section I.
These phases become an integral part of the physical and
digital world and thereby helping to solve many of the
problems in various sectors [11-12].
Figure 3: Interaction of Physical and Digital world by means of Digital T win
After gaining the idea of how Digital Twin will integrate
the conceptual idea in the physical world, many applications
of Digital Twin were discovered which can be used in almost
every industry for various purposes. Some of them can be
pointed along with their sectors as:
1. Health care: Digital Twin in the healthcare industry would
significantly benefit hospital management, patients, and
many more health sectors. This gives a virtualized
healthcare experience that would help us optimize patient
care, treatment fare, and overall performance as it reduces
the time required to test in humans.
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Creating a twin model of an organ would help the
surgeons study the organ’s defect more efficiently. The
twin Model also helps the surgeons to test the organ for
various surgeries to study the success percentage of the
surgeries. Further, this study would help them to operate
the patient with a higher success rate. Digital Twin Model
would help the pharmaceutical companies study the model
for various purposes such as, to study the new genome
code and study the patients’ lifestyle to prepare unique
drugs for each patient.
2. Manufacturing Sector: Digital Twin gives an efficient
approach in the manufacturing industry as implementation
cost, time, performance check of any product in physical
form would be saved by creating Digital Twins. Twins
help in product development by reducing the risk of a
product by testing it before making it a feasible release.
Digital Twins help in the maintenance by providing the
downtimes of the machine and thereby help the
technicians take action before a failure occurs.
Twins help in the booming Aerospace sector, as already
discussed in the introduction context with an example of
twin for Apollo 13 developed by NASA. In addition to
this, Digital Twins also help in the Automotive sector.
Building a car and developing it, in reality, would be very
costly. Hence, developing a car would be done virtually
where Digital Twins can be used most of the time. An
astonishing fact is that the Digital Twin model helps in
self-driving car development by simulating and visualizing
data from various sensors.
3. Construction: Digital Twins provide a replica of the actual
physical assets. Twin helps to know a better overview of
the entire building. Hence, this helps to optimize
efficiency and increase the performance of a building.
Thus, data collected can be used in the planning and well-
designing of the upcoming buildings.
4. Logistic Industry: Digital Twins are very useful in logistic
industries as it contributes from packaging phase till
shipment phase. A product can be packed virtually and can
be tested for errors. It gives us information about the
material of the product. Logistic companies can analyse
and plan warehouse layout to build efficient warehouses
and analyse shipment environments using Digital Twins.
IX. OPEN ISSUES AND PROBLEM STATEMENTS
There might be many differences between virtual and real-
world implementations. After doing all the necessary
modifications, the performance obtained in Digital Twin
implementation might not be the same as when it is
implemented, performance may reduce when it is
implemented. Virtual implementation of any real-world
scenario must require a high-end special kind of software that
might not be available everywhere.
Excellent knowledge and experience must analyse things
virtually and decide the required modifications to achieve
higher performance. Few of the functions in a system may not
be implemented virtually, and even if it is implemented, it
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IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP21N67-ART; ISBN: 978-0-7381-4627-0
may not be possible to visualize the things going on. Digital
Twin Technology can be applied to many fields. Some of
them are:
1. Virtual Commission for Discrete Manufacturing: Instead
of working in a manufacturing unit, in the beginning,
during the design phase, we can save time and much of
the other resources by simulating a duplicate factory
environment in the virtual 4-D realm. All technical and
other issues can be solved by including automation in the
simulated model. Approximately 25% of the total
manufacturing time can be saved.
2. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Equipment:
Manufacturing medicines in the pharmaceutical industry
require massive equipment and involve lots of
installation processes. If any change is to be made, that
equipment must be reinstalled again, which requires a
huge amount of energy and time. Instead, we could
install Digital Twin Modelling Interface onto the existing
equipment. Running the program in the digital world and
testing it thoroughly, helps in making changes if needed,
thereby, making the implementation in the real world
more effective.
3. Electromagnetic Flowmeter Digital Twin: Electro-
magnetic flow meters detect flow by using Faraday’s
Law of Induction. They consist of a coil that generates a
magnetic field, and electrodes capture voltage (emf). If it
is designed in the real world and any changes are to be
made, it would be challenging since most construction
will be completed already. Digital Twin in this scenario
helps design the flowmeter virtually, and performance
could be predicted under certain field conditions, and
measures could be taken to improve its performance.
Once the design is finished with all modifications, it
could be implemented in the real world, whose
performance will be much higher than the one with
direct implementation.
4. 3D-modeling of vessels in steel industries: Vessels are
manufactured in the steel industry on a vast scale. The
weight of the vessel, amount of the metal to be used,
size, and the vessel’s capacity - all these factors are to be
estimated for a particular vessel before its manufacturing
process begins. Later, if any of these values need to be
changed, it is somewhat impossible or possible with
enormous wastage of resources. Digital Twin helps
handle and manage this problem efficiently by running a
virtual copy of the system on a server and making it age
according to the vessel operating at sea. It also plays a
crucial role in monitoring critical equipment and control
systems.
X. FUTURE TRENDS OF DIGITAL TWIN
Innovation is an endless journey; technologies are emerging
with ground-breaking innovation to tackle world issues. The
concept of making a duplicate or twin of a physical entity into
a virtual prototype in real-time is such a unique thought that
makes a Digital Twin stand on the list of future trending and
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most promising technologies. These digital replicas enable us
to visualize what can optimize process performance, reduce
physical effort, and cost-effectively make it possible to use in
fields like Construction, Manufacturing, Agriculture,
Automotive and Transport, Health care, Energy, and utilities,
and other areas. The massive rate of data generated every day
seems to be the enormous growth potential of twin
technology. The graph is assumed to go up drastically in the
next few years, as shown in Figure 4; as the research is going
on in the R&D sector, the fruitful results of Digital Twin
inspire other fields to adopt this technology in their business.
Mapping of physical to virtual entities enables industries and
companies to make predictions before building an actual
model and allows checking the correctness and the
performance in the real world makes the work easy. This will
help us to avoid costly mistakes (like spending time and
money) on actual test runs and prototypes. Digital Twin
allows companies to optimize their production performance
and customer service, achieve better business res ults and
explore new business opportunities. Let's give a glimpse of
examples to get an idea of how Digital Twin will rule in the
next generation.
● Digital Twin in Communication: In the field of
communication, research is going on the invention of
6G(sixth-generation), a wireless network that has features
like fast data transfer, low latency, high reliability, low
energy consumption; these things are not physically
developed yet; thanks for the Digital Twin, that plays a
critical role by creating a virtual workspace to test the
planned model before implementing it [13].
● Digital Twin in Automobile Industry: Global warming is a
threat for humans, and burning fossil fuels is one reason
for this threat. On the other hand depletion of non-
renewable resources, all these situations make us switch to
electric vehicles as an alternative which has low 0%
emission of harmful gasses that reduces pollution [14].
Self-driving cars and Flying cars are fascinating words
nowadays; these thoughts are possible only because of the
facilities given by Digital Twin to imagine and build a
future model virtually.
● Digital Twin in Healthcare Sector: For humans, health is
the most crucial thing in life; that's why the proverb health
is wealth was composed to tell its importance. The
advancement of technologies in Artificial intelligence,
Blockchain, Virtual reality, chatbots made it easy to treat
patients. With this technology, doctors can explore the
patient's body and detect the problem and the future
transformation in the body. The replication of human body
parts makes students and surgeons study the organs well
and research the disease. One example is Lung Cancer
[15]. Again, the Digital Twin comes into the picture here:
it's starting from examining the patient, giving treatment,
and the reaction of drugs in his body. All these steps can
be viewed virtually by making use of twin.
● Digital Twin in Agriculture: Agriculture is an essential
source of livelihood; growing grains in the farmland is not
such an easy task. It needs techniques, methods, and steps
to process from seeding plants to a finished crop. Farmers
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IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP21N67-ART; ISBN: 978-0-7381-4627-0
have to take care of the quality of soil, type of fertilizers to
use, and grow an economic yield, thanks to Digital Twin
that helps farmers find solutions for these through
computer vision algorithms to detect plant diseases, weed
clusters, and plant nutrient deficiencies. A framework was
created using a Twin Model called AgriLoRa [16] for
smart agriculture to make it easy for farmers to buy the
hardware at a low cost. It also helps in the creation of
hybrid plants.
Today, Digital Twin became a part of every industry. With
this technology, we can build virtual model and a workspace
to
Figure 4: Future Trends of Digital Twin
create the physical model. This versatile nature of Digital
Twin made companies apply this technology in their
production and business management. This allows
accelerating risk management, real-time remote monitoring,
better team collaboration, better financial decision making.
The scope remains the same in the future, making the Digital
Twin evergreen [17].
XI. CONCLUSION
Digital Twin provides various opportunities to explore the
problems in various fields by virtualizing things and working
with them and thereby eradicating most of the problems faced
by the industries. As time goes, Digital Twin is also spreading
every year in all aspects of the world. This type of continuous
connection helps the Digital Twin to improve more in the
future. This paper addressed various domains where the
Digital Twin is helpful and gives a clear-cut comparison of the
Digital Twin with IoT and IIoT. Several challenges and the
problem statements of various sectors where Digital Twin is
used, are discussed. This paper also covers the future trends
of Digital Twin. Digital Twin will be a boon for the entire
mankind, if it is used in an effective manner.
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