GRAMMAR

LINKING

1. Nối hai ý thành một câu

a) Bằng liên từ (conjunctions):

+ and, but, yet, or, so

S+V, từ nối + S+V

I am rich, and I am happy.

I am rich, but I am not happy.
I can be rich, or I can be happy (but not both).
I am rich, so I am happy.

+ although, though, even though Từ nối + S+V, S+V.

whereas, while
because, as, since S+V + từ nối + S+V.

Even though I am rich, I am not happy.

I am happy although I am not rich.
I am rich(,) while my sister is poor.
I am happy because I am rich.

before, after, when, as, while, until, as soon as

I will become rich before I turn 25.
When I become rich, I will be happy.
I want to be happy while I am working.
I was happy until I became rich.
As soon as I got rich, I became happy.

b) Bằng giới từ (prepositions):

+ in addition to Từ nối + noun/V-ing, S+V.

+ in spite of, despite S+V + từ nối + noun/V-ing.
+ because of, due to
In addition to being rich, I am (also) happy.
I am not happy despite my wealth.
Because of being rich, I am happy.

Phân biệt:

although (conjunction) và in spite of / despite (preposition)

because (conjunction) và because of / due to (preposition)

In spite of
Although it rained a lot, they had a good time the rain, they had a good time.
Despite

Because his uncle helped him, he could go to Because of

his uncle’s help, he could go to college.
college Due to
 2. Nối hai câu bằng adverbials
+ in addition, moreover, furthermore: ngoài ra, hơn nữa
Câu 1. Từ nối, câu 2.
+ also: cũng (vị trí linh hoạt)
+ as well, too: cũng (đứng cuối câu) Câu 1; từ nối, câu 2.
+ however, nevertheless, nonetheless: tuy nhiên
+ in contrast: ngược lại
I am rich. In addition, I am happy.
I am rich. I am also happy.
I am rich. I am happy as well.
I am rich; however, I am not happy.
I am rich. In contrast, my sister is poor.
I am rich. Therefore, I am happy.

+ first(ly), then, next, after that, afterwards, finally, at last, in the end: thứ tự các bước
trong một quá trình

+ first(ly), second(ly), next, finally, lastly: thứ tự khi nêu quan điểm
+ for instance, for example: ví dụ
+ in conclusion, in summary, to sum up: kết luận, tóm lại

EXERCISES
Exercise 1
Combine each underlined pair of sentences using the connectors and, but, or so. Remember to add a
comma before the connecting word. You may have to delete some words.

Exercise 2
Complete the sentence with one of the words in the box.

although as but so and

a) …………………… it was raining, I took an umbrella.

b) Ana couldn't go to the concert …………………… she didn't have any money.
c) …………………… I like football, I prefer to watch tennis on TV.
d) Dominic got fantastic marks, …………………… mine were awful.
e) We wanted to sunbathe, …………………… it rained all day.
 f) Maria didn't do any revision, …………………… she didn't pass the exam.
g) …………………… he was only 15, they offered him a place at the university.
h) I don't drink soft drinks …………………… no one really knows what's in them.
i) I didn't like the book …………………… I don't like the film.

Exercise 3
Complete the text with and, but, or, so, as, although and even though.
Hello Nina
This is just a quick e-mail (a) …because…. I'm going out soon. I hope you're feeling better (b) …..……….
will be back at college on Monday. I know you were worried about missing classes (c) ……………. here is
a list of homework.
- Maths: Finish page72 and 74 (d) …………… don't do page 73. Mr Carson said we'll do it next
lesson.
- Chemistry: Write a report on the experiment we did on Monday, (e) ……………….. the one on
Wednesday — you decide.
- Geography: (f) ……………….. we had a test last lesson, we still have homework! Write 100 words
about global warming (g) …………….. 100 words about what we can do about it.
- History: No homework (h) ………………… the teacher was away.
I didn't get very good marks last week (i) …………………. I'm going to study really hard this weekend,
there's a party tomorrow night!
Bye, Simone

Exercise 4
Join the two sentences using the word in brackets.
a) It's an old computer. It works okay. (although)
……Although it’s an old computer, it works okay..………………………………………….
b) There weren't enough students. They closed the village school. (as)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c) Some students came to school as usual. Others stayed at home. (but)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
d) There was no snow. We couldn't go skiing. (because)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
e) Cycling is fun. It can be hard work. (although)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
f) Nobody wanted to go. They cancelled the school trip. (so)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
g) Do you want to go out tonight? Have you got to study? (or)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Exercise 5
Circle the correct word.
1. Although / Despite the water was cold, we still went summing.
2. Although / Despite my mum's got a mobile, she never uses it.
3. Although / Despite looking for hours, I couldn't find a nice pair of jeans.
4. Although / Despite taking a map, we still got lost.
5. I don't like sweets, although / despite I do like chocolate.
6. We enjoyed the picnic although / despite the bad weather.
Exercise 6
The words in the boxes are all nouns. Make sure you know them. Then change the sentences.

heat hunger illness rain snow unhappiness

…because of the snow.
➢ We drove slowly because it was snowing……………………………………………………………….
In spite of her illness, ….
➢ Although she was ill, she went on working……………………………………………………………...
1. Because I was unhappy, I didn't want to see anybody…………………………………………………
2. Although she was hungry, she didn't eat anything………………………………………………………
3. We had to drink a lot because it was hot…………………………………………………………………
4. We had to stop playing because it was raining…………………………………………………………..

cold interest (in something) thirst tiredness work

unhappiness
5. She kept all the windows open although it was cold. …………………………………………………..
6. I couldn't go away last week because I was working. ………………………………………………….
7. Although he was interested in the lesson, he went to sleep. ………………………………………….
8. I couldn't understand her because I was tired. ………………………………………………………….
9. Although I was thirsty, I didn't drink anything. …………………………………………………………...

Exercise 7

Exercise 8
Exercise 9
Look at the pictures of two stories. Put sentences a) - i) in the correct order to tell the stories.
a) We had a great night out.
b) First, we met in a bar in town.
c) Finally, when we arrived, the hotel didn't have our reservation.
d) After the meal, we went dancing.
e) Then, our taxi broke down on the way to the hotel.
f) First, the flight was cancelled.
g) The holiday was a disaster.
h) Then we went out for a pizza.
i) We waited, and after a while we had to fly to a different airport.

Exercise 10
Choose the correct answer.

1. Bananas are healthy. __________, they are easy to eat.

a. In addition b. However c. For example d. Firstly e. Therefore
2. University can cost over $20,000 per year in the United States. ________, many people cannot
afford it.
a. Finally b. Next c. For example d. Nevertheless e. Therefore
3. The company's owner was extremely rich. ________, most of her employees were quite poor.
a. So b. Although c. In contrast d. Because e. Despite
4. There are several sports you can play in winter in Canada. ________, many people enjoy skiing.
a. Secondly b. However c. For example d. Whereas e. Also
5. The participants were asked to sit down. ________, they were given a form to complete.
a. Finally b. Next c. For instance d. And e. In contrast
6. ________ being a good nurse, she’s also a mother of three children.
a. Moreover b. Despite c. In addition to d. Because e. Due to
7. I can play the piano. I can play the violin ________.
a. lastly b. as well c. but d. therefore e. and
8. We have a lot of things to do in Vung Tau; ______, we can swim.
a. In contrast b. As a result c. For example d. To sum up e. Nevertheless
9. We have already finished our trip to London. ______, it’s a memorable trip.
a. Finally b. Furthermore c. For instance d. To sum up e. In contrast
10. He made a lot of mistakes; ______, he was fired.
a. So b. Therefore c. However d. Also e. Lastly
Exercise 11
Complete the email below with the linkers in the box

but also finally as well because then or so too first

Exercise 12
Complete the text with suitable adverbials.
The internet has many benefits for people and society. (1) ________, it lets us find out lots of
information and knowledge from anywhere in the world. (2) ________, we can learn new things, research
topics, or find answers to our questions online. (3) ________, it allows us to talk and work together with
other people from far away. We can use email, social media, or video calls to keep in contact with our
friends, family, and colleagues. (4) ________, it is a good source of entertainment and creativity. (5)
_________, we can watch videos, play games, or listen to music on the internet. (6) ________, the internet
is a great tool that makes our lives better in many different ways.