A

Industrial Training

Report submitted
in partial fullfilment

for the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Department of Electrical

Engineering

Submitted To:- Submitted By:

Dr. Prabhat Kumar Divyanshu Sharma

Head of EE Dept. B. Tech,3rd Year

ACEIT., Jaipur RollNo.21EAREE014

Department of Electrical Engineering ARYA College of Engineering and

I.T., Jaipur

Rajasthan Technical University

 Certificate
This is to certify that the Industrial Training Report
“RAJASTHAN ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENT LTD.” submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical
Engineering training report work carried out by Divyanshu Sharma, Student of “Arya
College of Engineering & IT” Kukas, Jaipur affiliated to Rajasthan Technical
University, Kota under our supervision and that no part of work has been submitted for
any other degree.

Date:-
Place: - JAIPUR

Er. Avtar Singh Er. Balram Kasniya

Seminar Co-Ordinator Seminar Guide

Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering

Dr. Prabhat Kumar

Head of Department

Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering ARYA College of Engineering

and I.T., Jaipur
Rajasthan Technical University
Oct, 2023
COMPANY PROFILE

INTRODUCTION

REIL is Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Ltd. It is a public sector unit and it has a
prominent place amongst the electronics industry
of Rajasthan. It was established in 1981. It is situated at theKanakpura industrial area about
12 Km’s from Jaipur city. REIL has a joint venture between the Government of India & the
Government of Rajasthan, through their respective institutions. Government of India &
Government of Rajasthan holds 51% & 49 % share in this company respectively. REIL has
completed twenty-five years in service of the nation, especially the rural India, rendering
services and products in the technology areas of electronics, renewable energy, information
technology and industrial electronics. The products address needs of the dairy sector, rural
lighting energy, energy metering and e-governance
REIL subscribes to the belief that the path to social and economic progress of the country
liesthrough the villages and is committed to the upliftment of the rural economy by taking
technology to the villages. REIL is an ISO9001 public sector undertaking started as a
jointventure between RIICO (Rajasthan State Industrial Development & Investment
Corporation) andInstrumentation Limited, Kota. During my training period I have taken my
my training in four department of this organization. These are - Agro dairy
division, Renewable energydivision, Industrial electronics division and Quality a REIL aims
at retaining its primacy in thearea of Rural Electronics, Non-conventional Energy Systems
and Information Technology by developing, manufacturing and marketing quality products
and by offering quality services.The company was conferred the status of a "MINI RATNA"
by the Department of PublicEnterprises, Ministry of Industry, Government of India in 1997
on account of it's good all
round performance and excellent products. The company has added another
feather in it is cap byestablishing a Quality Management system for its operations and
has been certified as an ISO 9001firm w.e.f. 31st July, 1998. The area of business extends to
manufacturing and marketing ofelectronic products are Agro-Dairy division, Renewable
energy division or Industrial Electronicsdivision Information Technology. R

ecognition of REIL’
s achievements in the field of ruralelectronics has come in a variety of ways- in customer
satisfaction, in its prestigious establishmentof the Rural Electronics Technology Center
in 1990 and in an award of the Department ofElectronics for excellence in Electronic- now
named as department of Information Technologyunder Ministry of communication and
Information Technology, for the year 1991 and 2001

REIL’s remarkable performance in India and a

markets with are newed thrust. In more than two decades of its existence REIL has played a vital assurance
department. The Company, through its market driven in-house Research
&Development(R&D), (recognized by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government
of India), has developed and introduced a number of new products such as data processor
Electronic Milk Tester (DPEMT), Electronic Milk Weighed System, Automatic Milk
Collection Station, Data Processor Milk Collection Unit (DP-MCU),Raw Milk Reception
Dock (RMRD)Automation System, PC based Society Accounting & Management System,
Animal Database Management System, Smart Automatic Milk Collection Station (SAMCS),
Auto Zero EMT, Solar EMT in the diary sector.REIL is also in the business of Renewable
Energy through Solar PhotoVoltaic (SPV) Technologywhere It started its operations, in 1986,
with manufacture of SPV Modules and Systems. Sincethen it has supplied and installed
numerous SPV Stand alone Street Lighting System, SPV de-centralized Domestic Lighting
Systems, SPV Water drinking Systems, SPV Dusk Dawn SwitchingSystems, SPV Lanterns,
SPV powered Railway Signaling Systems, Microwave Repeater Stations,Satellite Ground
Terminals and Grid Interactive Power Plants etc. In this area Companyhas produced SPV
Modules of about 8 MW generating capacity
The company has a strong in-house Govt. recognized Research & Development Division
which hasenabled the company to effect considerable improvements in the initial adopted
technologies.Indigenisation of the Milk Testing equipment and incorporating the latest
State-of-the-Artmicroprocessor designs over the initial and older LSI designs has enabled
more features and newadd-on equipment has been developed to provide integrated system
solutions. A prestigiouscollaboration with the Department of Electronics (DoE) in 1990 for
the establishment of RuralElectronics Technology Centre and an award from DoE for
Excellence in Electronics in 1991,testify REIL's achievements in the field of Rural Electronics.
The Consistency in Excellence isrecognized with repeated award for Excellence in Electronics
for the year 2001, given by theMinistry of Communication and information theory

PRODUCT IN WHICH REIL IS INVOLVED

(a) Electronic Milk Tester

(b) Automatic Milk Collection Station (AMCS)

(c) Data Processor- Electronic Milk Tester

(d) Electronic SNF Tested
(e) Solar Photo Voltaic Modules (SPV)
(f)Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
(g) Spot Billing Machine
During my training I have gone through the Renewable energy division, SPV division and
agrodairy division
AGRO DAIRY DIVISION

INTRODUCTION

The electronics division kicked off its operations in 1982, the year of formation of
the company and has notched up many credits in the last one and a half-decade. The
operations started with the electronics milk tester, under technical collaboration with FOSS
electric of Denmark and assembly of electronic milk tester (EMT), from kits supplied by the
collaborator initially. The company has rapidly absorbed and assimilated the technology,
successfully indigenized the product and in response to customer requirement (based on
micro-controller technology) to suit the needs of
the products into a more versatile system, developed in-house through its own developmen
t efforts,called the Milk Collection Station

ELECTRONIC MILK TESTER

During my training period the first division was agro dairy division and the main product of
agrodivision is electronic milk tester. It measures the fat content instantaneously on a digital

read out. It does not involve the use of corrosive chemicals. It works on light

It operates on AC-main as well as on battery within built battery charger & automatic switch
overto battery in case of power failure .Basic objective in the dairy development program is
to increasethe production of milk. Milk collection depends on prompt payment of fair and
correct price to encourage producers to increase milk production. The system of payment
based on quality (i.e. fatcontent) discourages adulteration and encourages producers to
increase production of high qualitymilk. it is further necessary that each sample of milk

should be tested of its quality and testingshould be completed within 2 to 3 hours time,
in order to make correct payment. Milk samplewould also get spoiled if not tested
immediately in the absence of facilities to preserve them,especially at village level.

Old traditional ‘GERBER’ method of testing milk by chemicals has many inherent
drawbacks,
suchas human error, multistep method, handling of corrosive chemicals and different type of
glassware.All these add to the cost and time to milk testing. A quicker reliable and
economical method ofmilk fat testing has therefore become inevitable and an immediate
problem to solve. In the light ofsome problems
faced by “GERBER”method of testing, it was felt prudent, to involve a systemwhich should
solve these problems. The process of fat measuring by EMT has involved basic principle,
diluents preparation, homonization, auto zero setting etc

FEATURES OF EMT

Auto zero facility

Performs 110-130 samples per hour
Instant measurement and display of milk fat
Instant calculation of amount payable
Facility to feed milk weight directly through keypad in absence of weighing machine
Operation with 4*4matrix hexadecimal keypad
Printing facility
Instant transmission of datas on remote display
7 segment LED
Suitable for interface with electronic weighing machine through serial port
Data storage up to 800 members for 30 days
Data transmission speed 2400 baud
Data storage on EEPROM
Built in battery charger
Runs on mains and battery both
Slip printout by 80 columns serial dot matrix printer.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF EMT
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF EMT

Electron railk tester is based on the photorsetric roeasureraent of light scattered by the railk
saruple The light is scattered by the fat globules, acting as srall prisros. Not only fat globules
to the light scattering but also the proteins raay affect the roeasurerent. To elirainate their
influence, it is necessary to dissolve thera. EDTA solution is used for this purpose.

All the fat globules do not have the saree size. The raeasuring systera requires a Constant
globule size to provide a roixed relation between the arcourt of light scattered to the far
comment The range of globule size is liroited in the railk tester to a very narrow region
outside the natural range. This is achieved by hornogenizing and bringing the globule size
into the range of 0.5 to 1.5

Light rays frore a photo larap pass through the layer of fluid in the cuvette and are scanered
according to the saruple of fat globules in the saruple More is the aroount of fat present in the
cvente, racre is the light scanered and less light scattered and less light passes through the
cuvette The rays that do pass through the cuvette strike photocell, producing a currere
proportional to the light intensity. The current is fed to a digital read our unit which gives
direct fat percentage read
Different asseroblies of EMT are as follows-

Photometer

The photorpeter consists of a larop, larop housing and detector asserably. The detector
asserably includes the cuvette and photocell.

Cuvette

It is roade of two hundred glass dises. One has a ground depression of 0.4 rare the other has
two sroall holes to provide inlet and outlet to the cuvette
Photocell

It is a seleniuro barriers/ silicon detector photocell. Care should be taken not to expose this
photocell to light when not in operation

Temperature testing (thermo block)

Tereperature of the therreo block is set with the help of power PCB Maxiraura teraperature is
50.1 to 50.2 degree Celsin and rainiroura

tereperature is 49.1 degree Celsius. All roeasureruent are done with the help of
electronic theroo roeter.

PREPARATION OF DILUENT

(a) Diluent is used to dilute the railk saraple and dissolve the proteins.

(b) Cherticals required to prepare 10 liters of diluent are as follows: EDTA sacher-52.6 gra
containing EDTA powder 45.0gras disodiura Hydroxide - 7.6gram
Dilvent

Triton-x-100-05ral (10 drops) (Eraulsifier)

Antifoara-0 Sral (10 drops)

Procedure

Take a clean 10 liter plastic container and add one liter clean water. Add contents of EDTA
sachet, containing diluents' powder for 10 liter solution add 0.5 ral of triton X-100 and 0:5 ral
antifoara Put the lid on the container and shake it until all the cheraical are dissolved, then
add liter clean water to prepare 10lt of solution and shake again to raix the solution

The PH of this solution should be between 9.5 to 10.1 diluents before the artisoar becoraes
inactive. Diluents can be kept longer if antifoars is added to the solution frora tirse to tire
(0.5ral for every 2 weeks) warrs up before starting rocasurersent. This is done by switch on
the EMT half an hour to one hour before reassure
SUB ASSEMBLIES
Cable assembly

In this all cables are assembled for different purposes use in EMT.

Charging regulator

It has two functions When battery has been discharged it liraits charging current to 5 arops,
and other is When barry has been fully charged and reaches 14. ID charging regulator turns
offcharging current entely.

Control pacel

Output of power is given to reasure PCB where current frors photocell is led to 3 position
switch to IC where current is converted to voltage

Power supply (power PCB)

This is a serial regulator with no current lirait Base current goes to ground viaresistor

Thermo block

It is used for troper ure control it consists of Heater resistance, theroo fine NTC, steel coil. An
NTC resister sensor is located in a hole at rear of thetroo block. Temperature control of
power supply PCB contains a bridge circuit which is adjusted to balance when NTC is
50degree

Dispenser coit

It consists of EDTA powder (dissolves protein except f) + distilled wa+siromax (lubricant)

+afoam (reduce foma)

Homagesizer Unit

It uniforms fim globules solution enters and a filra is reade of saruple If the fat is of high
scurt fire is thick so light is ruore saturated thus voltage decremes. If far is less filra is thin,
voltage increase
TECHNICAL FAULTS IN EMT

Rear pacel checking

All couponers of the rear panel are checked using a raillirocter. It is a part of final quality
conmel Continuities of the circuit are checked

PCB calibration

Measure PCB

PCBs are progrararsed as per need and requireraents and fat content REPEAT and ZERO
buttons we checked for functionality

Power Supply PCB

It has two operations, Teruperature control and Voltage level supply(Low 5.9 V to 9.9V) both
are
Charger PCB

It is checked for charging 14.1 V for a5 arupere battery

Valve testing

There are three types of valve which are classified on the basis of the pressure at which they
workThese are

Red valve makes diluents to dispenser unit frors inlet

Green valve dispenser to dispenser again

Blue valve outlet of checked saruple (waste).

PCB cleaning
PCBs are cleaned with the cheraicals roeant for the sarue. All the dust gets rerooved and
PCB is ready for installation after this
Mechanical testing

Mechanical connection and joints we checked. Attachroents are tightened to provide strength
to the reachine

Life test

It is done to check mechanical faults and leakage after overall testing to see how the device
is working in practical situation.

Dispenser test

Leakage of the milk and diluents charabers is checked. If found, dispensers are sent back for
repairing

PROCESS OF MEASUREMENT

(a) Set power switch at ON

(b) Set battery switch at LINE/BATTERY

(c) Fill bonle with diluents

(d) Empty bucket for waste

(e) Do not start procedure three until EMT has been switched ON at least half an hour.

(f) Sening display at 0.00.

(g) Place milk beaker under milk intake

(h) Push milk in, rak ou

(i) Move raix beaker to raix intake

(1) Raise and lower handle & tires.

(k) Push repeat button so display blinks

(1) Push arro buttons to display reads 0.00

(2) Push repes so display doesn't blink (one deciraal)

After drying and zero setting measurment can begin First result after zero check /zero setting
should not be recorded as it will be little low. Therefore measure the first sample after zero
check twice and record only second result. Turn the milk sample gently upside down a few
tires. Place the sample under rail, intake and fully press' MILK IN button. Slowly remove the
sample without touching the milk intake tube
Place clean milk under milk intake so that it fills into notch on the side of EMT Press
"MIXOUT button in all way and diluent into raix beaker, Move raix beaker to raix intake
tube and position it so that it rest in notch operaer horoogenizer handle up and down 3 tiroes
in a steady roeasurer when the handle is pressed down and the third tirae let it test in bottore
position and result will soon appear on the display crapty the roix beaker coropletely and in
ready for the next saruple
AUTOMATIC ELECTRONIC MILK TESTER
Autorastic Electronic Milk Tester (Auto EMT) manufactured by REIL is siruple, econoruical
and accurate railk far testing instraroent Manual operation has been autoramed by uning high
torque AC synchronous rootor to ranke roore reliable, rugged and to ensure proper
horaogenization for higher fat saraple. Percentage of fat content is displayed quickly and
accurately on a digital readout

Working Principle
Autoraatic Electronic Milk Tester works on the photoroetric roeasurercent of light scattered
by thefat globules present in the railk saruple. The rocasuring procedure follows the
autoraated systers of dilution, roixing, horoogenization and photorerric

Technical Specifications

Features

 Auto intake of milk sample

 Auto horoogenization
 Auto zeroing
  Process indication
 Quick and instant read-out
 Runs on mains
 Measures up to 13% fat
 Requires small quantity of milk
 Perkorras 150Min -180Max, test per hour
 Inexpensive roethod of resting
 SPV & RENEWABLE ENERGY DIVISION

INTRODUCTION
The REIL entered into the solar photovoltaic industry in 1985 It started its operation by
setting up a reanufacturing facility for SPV roodules and has expanded its area of operations
through reanufacture of balance of systeras for large nuruber of applications, utilizing its
electronics product Yamufacturing facility. The coropany products are result of its own in-
house developruent efforts. The corapany has a capacity of 2MW per year on single shift
basis Solar photovoltaic based application products, sub-systeros roost of which were
developed in-house, in SPV segruent, the corapany roanufacture SOV roodules and
application systeros including doroestic lighting systero, street lighting systeru, chargeable
power packs for the rural, telecoro, railway & defence sectors.

SILICON
Silicon is important part of solar cell. Solar cell is roade up of silicon. It has sorge special
cheruical properties, especially in in crystalline forra. An ators of silicon has 14 electrons,
arranged in three different shells. The first two shells, those closest to the center, are
corapletely full. The outer shell is only half full, having only four electrons. A silicon atore
will always look for ways to fill up its last shell (which would like to have eight electrons). To
do this it will share electrons with four of its neighbour silicon atoros. It's like every atoro
holds hands with its neighbours, except that in this case, each atorns has four hands joined
to four neighbours Pure silicon is poor conductor of electricity because none of its electrons
are free to roove about, as electrons are in good conductors such as copper. Instead, the
electrons are all locked in the crystalline structure

Silicon in Solar Cell

A solar cell has silicon with iropurities other moros raixed in with the silicon atorus. Consider
silicon with an ators of phosphorous here and there, ruay be one for every raillion silicon
atores Phosphorous has five electrons in its outer shell, not four. It still bonds with its silicon
neighbour zorus, but in a sense, the phosphorous has one electron that doesn't have anyone to
hold hands with. It doesn't forru part of bond, but there is a positive proton in the
phosphorous nudeus holding it in place
When energy is added to pure silicon, as in the forms of heat, it can cause a few electrons to
break free of their bonds and leave their atores. A hole is left behind in each case. These
electrons then wander randordly around the crystalline lattice looking for another hole to fall
into. These elections we called free carriers, and can carry electrical currere There are so few
of thers in pure silicon, however, that they aren't very useful. It turns out that it takes a lot less
energy to knock loose one of our extra phosphorous electrons because they aren't ned up in a
bond their neighbours aren't holding the back. As a result, roost of these electrons break
free, and we have a ler rocre free carriers then we would have in pure silicon. The process of
adding iropurities on purpose is called doping and when doped with phosphorous, the
resulting silicon is called N. type because of the prevalence of free elections N-type doped
silicon is a rauch better conductor than pure silicon
That is only one part of solar cell is N-type the other part is doped with Boron; which has
only three electrons in its outer shell instead of four, to becoroe P-type silicon. Instead of
having free electrons, P-type
silicon has free holes. Holes carry the
opposite (positive) charge, they roove around just like electrons do.

N-Type Plus P-Type Silicon

In photovoltaic roodule both N-type silicon and P- type silicon
Photovoltaic cell always has at least one electric field. Without an
electric field, the cell wouldn't work and this electric field is forras
when the N-type and P-type silicon are in contact. The free electrons
in the N side locks all holes to fall into, the free holes on P side, and
there's a road rush to fill thera in. Silicon was all electrically neutral.
The extra electrons were balanced out by the extra protons in the
phosphorous and the raissing electrons (holes) were balanced out by
the raissing protons in the Boron. When the and electrons raix at the
junction between N- type and P- type silicon, however, that
neutrality is disrupted At the junction electrons and protons are mix
and forra a barrier, raaking it harder and harder for electrons on the
N side to cross to the P side

TYPES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

PV systeras are categorized into three types: autonoruous, hybrid
and grid-connected.Autonomous system Autonoroous systeras are
corapletely independent of other power sources. These type of
systeros are generally used to power reroote hores, cottages or
lodges as well as inapplications such as reroote rocnitoring and water
puroping.In roost cases, an autonoraous systern will require batteries
for storage. Such systeras areparticularly useful and cost-effective for
suraroer applications, when access to a site is difficult orcostly, or
when roaintenance needs to be rainiraized.

Hybrid system
Hybrid systeros receive a portion of their power from one or raore
additional sources. In practice, PV roodules are often paired with
wind generator or a fuel-fired generator. Such systeras usually
require batteries for storage. They are roost appropriate when
energy deraand is high (in the winter or year-round), when power
raust be available on deroand.

Grid-connected System
It allows you to reduce your consuraption frors the electricity grid
and, in sorge instances, to feed the surplus energy back into the grid.
Since power is normaally stored in the grid itself, batteries are not
necessary unless you want sore forro of autonomous power during
outages. These systeros are used in buildings, horses or cottages

SOLAR PHOTO VOLTAIC CELL

Solar cells, also called photovoltaic's (PV) by solar cell scientists,
convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar cells are often used to
power calculators and watches. They are made of seraiconducting
romterials sirailar to those used in coraputer chips. When sunlight is
absorbed by these raaterials, the solar energy knocks electrons loose
frora their atorus, allowing the electrons to flow through the
roaterial to produce electricity. This process of converting light
(photons) to electricity (volmage) is called the
photovoltaic (PV) effect.

To utilize this resource of energy, REIL use solar cells, which convert
Solar Energy into Electrical Energy A solar generates approximately
0.5 volts. Higher voltage and current are obtained by connecting
these cells in series or in parallel.
Types of Cell
Solar cells can be categorized into five classes, depending upon their
crystal structure.
(a) high Efficiency Silicon Cell
The purification of Si in this type of cell is very high. Hence its
efficiency is high. It is used forlaboratory devices having efficiency up
to 30% Example cadratura telluride deficiency is 28%
(b) Crystalline silicon Cell
It has high roechanical strength and these are less degraded with
tirae. This is roade using crystallization of Si around one Si crystal;
hence it is called Single Crystalline Si Cell. It is bes suited for general
purpose application Floar zone-efficiency is 23% CZ (coraraercial) +
efficiency is 13%

(e)Multi-Crystalline Silicon Cell

It is roade by crystallization of Si around rummy crystals of silicon. It
has less reechanical strength than single Crystalline Silicon raaterial,
efficiency of this cell is 12%
(f) Amorphous Silicon Cell
This cell doesn't have any Si crystal. Siruply spreading a layer of p-
type Si powder, and then N- Siptype Si powder over it. Its roechanical
strength is very low Efficiency is 20%

(e) Thin Filme Silicon Cell

It is roade by very thin filra of Si p-type and n-type romerials and is
used for special purpose Efficiency is 25%

TYPES OF DIFFERENT MODULES USED

There is different type of solar roodule which I saw in REIL during roy
sururuer Vocational training period A group of cells connected in
series or in parallel and then properly larainated over a glass after
curing is known as roodule. These roodules are then fitted onto the
areas receiving sunlight. More often these are placed so that upper
part of the roodule is in the South Direction. Solar roodules of
different wattage and roade as per orders and requirerents. These
are all designed to charge a 12-V battery. The approxiruation op
voltage of a roodule is 16V-18V Modules are raade of following
powers.
(a)18 Watt Module
For raaking this, a total of 36 cells are connected in series. The op
voltage is approximately 0.45Vto 0.5V and the op current is approx
2.2A This 36 cell series is called a string the op of this string, when
illusinated by the sunlight is found to be approx. 38warts. It has 4
rows, each containing 9 cells

(b)75 Watt Module

Here also, a total of 36 cells are connected in series, which is called
string But the cells used are Suido-Square having op voltage).45V-
0.5V &op current 4.5A. The op power of the string is found to be
approx. 75 watts. It also has 4 rows, each containing 9 cells

(c)150 Watt Module

These are also designed by Suido-Square cells A total nuruber of 72
cells are connected in series.The roodule has 6 rows and each row
contain 12 cells Thus a total of 126-72 cells are used. The op voltage,
current and power of each cell is the sare as that of 75-watt roodule.
The total power obtained is approx. 150 watts

CONSTRUCTION AND PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR CELL

Solar cell is a siruple pn junction. It is raade up of silicon, since in Si,

the rainority cartier concentration is low, hence they do not disturb
the flow of electrons and holes, generated by the solar energy. Less
charge carriers can get recordbined due to low rainority carrier
concentration and we get higher value of cument and power For
rasking pn junction it is doped with gaseous Boron (p-type) from one
side and solid phosphorous (n-type) from other side. The doping
concentration is taken sarge for both the iraparities. Due to different
doping state difference of impurities (ie gaseous and solid), a ene
side shifted pn junction is formed This junction is shifted towards the
n-side. Hence, the light is always roade so incident at the n-side, so
that the photons can reach the junction. When the high-energy
photons reach the depletion region, they impart sufficiere energy to
an electron to break in covalent bond. This electron corses in
conduction band and begins to behave free electron At the saroe
instant, a hole is also generated due to broken coutent bond

Manufacturing Process of SPV Modules

Processes during manufacturing of SPV modules:-

Part I Part II

1. Tabbing of Cells 1. Lamination

2. Curing 2. Row Making

3. Stringing 3. Trimming

4. Testing 4. Lay up
5. Terminal Box
Fitting & Soldering

Manufacturing Process

1. Tabbing of Cells
 Process of making terminals of a bare cell by soldering copper
strips to the bus bar.

Manufacturing Process
2.Row Making

A row of cells is made by connecting positive surfaces of one cell to

the negative surface of another cell.
Manufacturing Process

3. Stringing
 The rows of SPV cells are connected in series to get
desired power rating.

CONCLUSION

The summer training in REIL played an important role to develop

myself. It was a golden opportunity for me to get the practical
knowledge and hands-on experience from the things about which I
had theoretical knowledge from the course curriculum.

As the organization follows the ISO 9001 standards, everything is

done in a particular way following the documents. In addition 1
gained knowledge about the working principle of solar cells and the
various applications in which they are used.