SOLID STATE

19 July 2021 20:23

1.CRYSTALLINE SOLID
• There is regularity and periodicity in arrangement. They are long range.
• They have sharp melting point.
• All crystalline solid except having cubic structure are anisotropic.
• Eg. Ice, NaCl, copper, diamond.

Diamond is naturally single formed crystal.

2.AMORPHOUS SOLID
• They are randomly arranged. They are short range.
• Don’t have sharp melting point.
• These are isotropic.
• Eg. Glass, plastic, metallic glass, tar, rubber.

ISOMORPHISM
Phenomenon by which two or more substances having same crystal structure.
Eg. i)NaF and MgO ii)NaNO3 and CaCO3.

POLYMORPHISM
Single substance exists in two or more forms.
Eg. i)Calcite and aragonite are two forms of calcium carbonate.
ii)α-quartz, β-quartz and cristobalite are three forms of silica.
TYPES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

1] IONIC CRYSTALS
• Constituent particles are charged ions.
• They have electrostatic force.
• They are hard, brittle and have high melting points.
• They are non-conductors when melted or dissolved in water.
• Eg. NaCl, KCl, K2SO4, CaF2, etc.

2] COVALENT CRYSTALS
• Particles are atoms.
• Linked by a continuous system of covalent bonds.
• They are very hard and have high melting and boiling points.
• Poor conductors of heat and electricity.
• Eg. Diamond, qaurtz, boron nitride, carborandum.

3] MOLECULAR CRYSTALS
• Particles are molecules.
• They have various intermolecular forces such as
• Weak dipole-dipole interaction : in polar molecules such as solid HCl, H2O, SO2, etc. which have
permanent dipole moment.
• Very weak dispersion or London forces: in non-polar such as solid CH4,H2, etc.
• Intermolecular hydrogen bonds : in solids such as H2O(ice),NH3, HF, etc.
• They are soft with low melting point.
• They are poor conductors..
• Eg. Ice, benzoic acid, etc.

4] METALLIC CRYSTALS
• Particles are metallic element held by metallic bond.
• Metallic crystals are array of positive ions immersed in sea of mobile electrons.
• Metals are malleable, they can be hammered into sheets.
• Metals are ductile, they can be drawn into wires.
• Metals have good electrical conductivity.
• Variable from soft to very hard.
• Wide range of melting point.
• Eg. Na, Mg, Cu, Au.

SOLID STATE Page 1