SEPARATION AND

CLASSIFICATION
OF SOLIDS
Tomas Matuguinas Jr.
Jerome Matugas
SEPARATION OF SOLIDS
 Techniques used to separate one
material from the other is called
separation. Separations are
extremely common in chemical
manufacture. In fact, much
processing equipment is devoted to
separate one phase or one material
from the other.
TYPES OF SEPARATION
 There are two types of separation:
1. Diffusional and,
2. Mechanical separation
DIFFUSIONAL SEPARATION
 Is a technique used for the separation of
homogeneous mixtures. This separation
includes the transfer of material between
the phases including distillation,
crystallization and absorption.
 Heat conduction or transfer also occurs
through diffusion. Heat is transferred from
higher temperature to lower temperature.
MECHANICAL SEPARATION
 Is used for the separation of
heterogeneous mixtures. These are
based on the physical differences
between the particles such as size,
shape or density. It can be applied
for separating solids from solids,
solids from liquids and also solids
from gases.
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
 Sieves, or sifters, are devices for separating wanted elements from unwanted
material or for characterizing the particle size distribution of a sample,
typically using a woven screen such as a mesh or net or metal.
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
 A strainer is a form of sieve used to
separate solids from liquid. Sieving
is a simple technique for separating
particles of different sizes. Coarse
particles are separated or broken up
by grinding against one-another
and screen openings.
MECHANICAL SCREENING
 Is the practice of taking granulated
ore material and separating it into
multiple grades by particle size. A
screening machine consist of a
drive that induces vibration, a
screen media that causes particle
separation, and a deck which holds
the screen media and the drive and
is the mode of transport for the
vibration.
MAGNETIC SEPARATION
 Is a process in which magnetically
susceptible material is extracted
from a mixture using magnetic
force. This separation technique
can be useful in mining iron as it is
attracted to a magnet.
LEACHING
 Is the process of extracting
substances from a solid by
dissolving them in a liquid, either
naturally or through an industrial
process. In the chemical processing
industry, leaching has a variety of
commercial applications, including
separation of metal from ore using
acid, and sugar from sugar beets
using hot water.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
 The constituent particles of solid material are kept together by strong forces of
attraction, and as a result, the particles of solids are packed in appropriate
order or symmetry.
 Solids are categorized into the following groups based on their crystal
structures:
1. Crystalline solids
2. Amorphous solids
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
 Crystals or crystalline solids are solids with sharp edges and well-defined
planes. True solids are another name for crystalline solids. Crystalline solids
include sodium chloride, quartz, gold, copper, and iron.
PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE
SOLIDS:
1. Long-range order exists in crystals.
2. Crystalline solids have a sharp and distinct melting point.
3. When a crystal is sliced with a sharp-edged instrument, it splits into two
parts, and the freshly formed surfaces are flat and smooth.
4. Crystalline solids are Anisotropic. Along various planes of the same crystal,
they exhibit varied electrical and optical characteristics.
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
 Amorphous solids are solids that lack a well-defined structure and form. Super
cooled liquids and phantom solids are other names for amorphous solids.
Amorphous solids include glass, rubber, and plastics.
PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS SOLIDS:

1. Short-range order exists in amorphous substances.

2. When heated, amorphous solids either break down or gradually transform
into liquids across a wide temperature range.
3. The cleavage of amorphous substances results in uneven cracks.
4. Amorphous materials are isotropic, meaning they have the same electrical
and optical characteristics in all directions.
CLASSIFICATION OF
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
 On the basis of the binding forces between their constituent particles,
crystalline solids are divided into four major groups.
1. Ionic Solids
 The component particles of an ionic solid are cations and anions. These ions
are grouped in three dimensions in a regular manner. The binding force in an
ionic solid is the strong electrostatic force of attraction between cations and
anions. In the crystal, the ions are organized alternately. In three-dimensional
space, this sort of organization is repeated.
 Ionic solids include sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and
lead bromide (PbBr2).
CONTINUE…
Characteristics of Ionic
1. Ionic solids have the following features due to the strong electrostatic force of
attraction:
2. Ionic solids are rigid and brittle, with high melting temperatures and enthalpy of fusion.
3. Ionic solids are solid-state insulators. However, they conduct electricity when molten
and in aqueous solutions.
2. Metallic Solids
 At room temperature, metals such as iron, copper, gold, silver, sodium, and potassium
exist as solids. The atoms in a metallic crystal are bound together by a strong force of
attraction known as metallic bonding. Metal occupies permanent locations in metallic
crystals, although their valence electrons move.
CONTINUE…
Characteristics Of metallic:
 They’re tough but malleable and ductile.
 They are excellent conductors of both heat and electricity.
 They are gleaming.
 Their melting and boiling points are both very high.
3. Covalent Solids
 Covalent solids are solids in which covalent connections connect the atoms throughout
the crystal. Covalent solids are also referred to as Atomic solids or Network solids or
Macromolecular crystals or Giant molecules.
 Macromolecular crystals include asbestos, silicon carbide, mica, graphite, and diamond.
CONTINUE…
Characteristics Covalent:
1. They are quite hard. Diamond, for example, is the hardest naturally
occurring material (except graphite is soft).
2. They have extremely high melting points.
3. They are poor conductors of both heat and electricity (except graphite which
is an atomic solid and is a good conductor of electricity).
4. They have a high fusion heat.
4. MOLECULAR SOLIDS
 These are solid substances in which the component particles are molecules. Molecular
solids include iodine (I2), ice (H2O), dry ice (solid carbon dioxide), and naphthalene.
 Nonpolar molecular solids, polar molecular solids, and hydrogen-bonded molecular
solids are the three subgroups of molecular solids:
1. Non-Polar Molecular Solids
 Nonpolar molecules are component particles in these sorts of materials. Van der
Waals’ force of attraction, also known as the London dispersion force, is responsible
for binding these molecules together. This molecular attraction force is weak.
 Dry ice (solid (CO2)), iodine (I2), solid hydrogen (H2), naphthalene, and wax are
among the examples.
CONTINUE…
Properties:
 Nonpolar molecules have the following features due to the weak intermolecular
force of attraction:
1. They are soft.
2. They also have a low melting point.
3. They have a low fusion enthalpy.
4. They are bad conductors.
5. They are very flammable and have electrical insulators.
6. Some nonpolar compounds solidify and emit a distinctive odor.
CONTINUE…
2. Polar Molecular Solids
 Polar molecules with permanent dipole moments are component particles in such materials. The
force that holds polar molecules together is known as dipole-dipole interaction, and it is
significantly stronger than dispersion forces.
 Solid ammonia and solid sulfur dioxide are two examples.
Properties:
1. These solids are flexible.
2. They are poor heat and electrical conductors.
3. Their melting points are greater than those of nonpolar compounds.
4. Their melting values are lower than those of ionic solids.
5. Some molecular solids sublime and emit a distinct odour.
CONTINUE…
3. Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Solids
 This sort of bonding is feasible in any solids that have hydrogen atoms bound to
extremely electronegative atoms such as F, O, or N. Because the crystals’
components are molecules, these solids are known as molecular solids.
 Many organic molecules containing hydroxyls (OH) groups, such as phenols,
alcohols, and carboxylic acids, crystallize via hydrogen bonding.
Properties:
1. They are solids with a high melting point.
2. They are poor heat and electrical conductors.
3. They have a low melting point.