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Convergent Divergent Nozzle

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 Chapter Four

Convergent Divergent Nozzle

(a) The pressure is the same throughout
the nozzle pe = pb = p0 (there is no
flow).
(b) If the back pressure slightly reduce,
a mass flowrate passes the nozzle and
the pressure decreases in the convergent
portion and reaches its maximum
velocity at the throat. Then the flow
decelerate in the divergent portion and
the flow totally subsonic and like the
conventional venture. pe = pb
(c) More reduction in back pressure,
and the mass flowrate accelerated such
that the velocity decreasing while the
rate of mass density of air increasing
more till the flow is chocked at the
throat. While the revers case in the
divergent portion, the flow is maximum.
pe = pb = pb max the pressure at which the
flow is chocked at the throat and the
flow is subsonic at the divergent portion
of the nozzle.

(d) since the flow is chocked at the throat, any reduction in the back pressure makes the
flow supersonic in the divergent section of the nozzle and the flow leaves the exit plane
at pressure which is called ‘Design pressure’. pb = pdesign = pe

(e) If pb < pdesign = pe some expansion and

compression waves “under expansion”.
(f) When pb > pdesign = pe an oblique shock occurs
outside the nozzle “over expansion”.

1
Problem (1) isentropic flow of air in convergent nozzle is supplied from a large reservoir
in which the pressure and temperature are 650 kpa and 350 k respectively. At a section in
the nozzle where the area is 26 cm2, the Mach is found to be 0.5, if the is nozzle discharged
to a back pressure 270 kPa. Find the exit area.
ANS: 19.4 cm2
Solution
Enter table with M = 0.5
p1 / p 0  0.8430  p1  548kPa

T 1 / T 0  0.9523  T 1  333.5k

p  / p 0  0.528  p   343.2kPa

A / A   1.339  A   19.4cm 2

pb / p 0  270 / 650  0.4155

enter table with it  M  1.195

the nozzle is chocked Ae  A   19.4cm 2

Problem (2) Air flow isentropically through a converging nozzle attached to a large tank,
where the pressure is 171 kPa and temperature is 27 C̊. At the inlet to the nozzle the Mach
number is 0.2, the nozzle discharge to the atmosphere. The discharge area is 0.015m2.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the force that must be applied to hold the nozzle
in place.
ANS: 1560N
Solution

2
 p1A1  pe A 2  pb (A1  A 2 )  R x   (v 2 v 1 )
pe  pb
p1A1  pb A1  R x   (v 2 v 1 )
R x  ( p1  pb )A1   (v 2 v 1 )
Enter table with M=0.2
p1 / p0  0.9725  p1  171 0.9725  166.3kPa
T1 / T 0  0.99206 T1  300  0.99206  297.6k

p1 166.3 103
1    1.947 kg / m 3
RT1 287  297.6
A1
 2.9635
A
c1  kRT  1.4  287  297.6  345.8 m/ s
v1  M 1c1  0.2  345.8  69.159m / s
enter tablewith pe / p 0  101.3 /171  0.5923
M e  0.9 ;T e / T 0  0.8605 ;T e  300  0.8605  258.15k
 A1 / A  2.9635
A 2 / A  1.009  A1  
 A2   0.015  0.04405m 2
A2 / A 1.009

v 2  M e  kRT  0.9  1.4  287  258.15  289.8m / s

1  1A1v 1  1.947  0.04405  69.15  5.931kg / s
R x  (166.3  101.3) 103  0.04405  5.931 (289.8  69.159)  1566 N
Problem (3) Air flow isentropically through a converging nozzle discharges to
atmosphere. At the section where the pressure is 179 kPa, the temperature is 39 Co and the
velocity is 177 m/s. determine the nozzle throat pressure.
ANS: 112 kPa
Solution

v2 1712
T0 T   312   327.2k
2c p 2 1005
k
3.5
p 0  T 0  k 1  327.6 
    p 0  179     212.3kPa
p T   312 
p
 0.528  p   0.528  212.3  112kPa
p0

3
Problem (4) Air flow isentropically through converging nozzle discharges into reservoir
where the pressure is 227 kPa. If the pressure is 343.75 kPa and the speed is 152 m/s at the
nozzle location where the Mach number is 0.4. Determine the pressure, speed and the Mach
number at the nozzle exit plane.
ANS: 227 kPa, 323 m/s, 0.9
Solution
Enter isentropic table with M = 0.4
p 343.75
 0.8965  p 0   383.82kPa
p0 0.8956

c 2 / kR 152 / 0.4  /1.4  287

2
T T
 0.96899  T 0     370.8k
T0 0.96899 0.96899 0.96899
p
 0.528  p   217.2kPa the nozzle not chocked
p0
pe 227
enter table with   0.5914
p 0 383.8
T
M  0.9;  0.86058  T  370.8  0.86058  319.1k
T0
c  kRT  1.4  287  319.1  358.1m / s
v  M  c  0.9  358.1  322.2m / s
Problem (5) Air flow through a converging- diverging nozzle isentropically, from a large
tank where the pressure is 138kPa and temperature is 4 C0. If the exit area is 1300 mm2 and
the back pressure is the atmospheric pressure (i.e. 101.3 kPa). Find the mass flowrate. ANS:
0.39 kg/s
Solution

pb 101.3
Enter tablewith   0.7340
p0 138
T
M  0.68 ;  0.9153  T  0.9153  277  253.5k
T0
p
   A   M kRT  A
RT
101.3 103
  0.68  1.4  287  253.5 1300 106  0.39kg / s
287  253.5

Problem (6) A converging diverging nozzle is supplied from a large constant pressure air
tank. The exit area of the nozzle is 100 cm2 and the throat area is50 cm2. The tank pressure

4
and temperature are 400 kPa and 100 Co. find: (a) the maximum back pressure where the
nozzle chocked, (b) find the mass flowrate at pressure of 200 and 300 kPa, and (c)
determine the back pressure and exit Mach number for perfectly expanded flow in nozzle.
ANS: (a) 375.7 kPa (b) 4.1835 kg/s (c) 37.4 kPa 2.2
Solution
(a) M t  1  At  A 
Ae 100
Enter tablewith   2 (subsonic region )
A  50
p pb max
M e  0.3 ; e  0.9394 
p0 p0
pb max  0.9394  400  375.7 kPa
(b) since pb  200 and 300 kPa  pbMax nozzle is chocked
p   0.528  400  211.2kPa
T   0.8333  373  310.7 k
k
e      v A   
p A 
RT
1.4
   211.2 103  502  104  4.18kg / s
287  310.7
Ae
(c) Enter table with  2 (supersonic region)
A
pb pdesign
  0.09352 ; M  2.2
p0 p0
pdesign  0.09352  400  37.4kPa

Problem (7) Air flow isentropically through a converging diverging nozzle attached to a
large tank in which the pressure is 690 kPa and temperature is 278 k. the nozzle is operating
at a design pressure of 101 .3 kPa. The exit area is 25.8 cm 2. Calculate the corresponding
mass flowrate. If the temperature of air in the tank is increased to 1100 k (all pressure
remaining the same), how will be the flow rate be affected?
Solution

5
 p *  0.528  690  364.3kPa
enter table with
pe 101.3
  0.1468(supersonic region)
p0 690
Te
Me  1.91,  0.5781
T0
T e  0.5781 278  160.725
k
e  ev e Ae  Pe Ae M e
RT e
1.4
e   101.3  103  25.8  104 
287 160.725
1.91  2.75kg / s

whenT 0  1100k then

T e  0.528 1100  580.8k
k 1.4
e  ev e Ae  p e Ae M e  101.3 103  25.8 104 1.91  1.4 kg/s
RT e 287  580.8

Problem (8) Nitrogen at pressure and temperature of 371 kPa and 400 k, enters a
converging diverging nozzle with negligible velocity. The exhaust jet is directed against a
large plate that perpendicular the jet axis. The flow leaves the nozzle at atmospheric
pressure. The exit area is 0.003 m2. Find the force required to hold the plate. (For nitrogen
take the molecular mass 28 and k=1.4). ANS 650 N
Solution

6
 p   0.528  371  195.88kPa  101.3kPa nozzle is chocked
pe 101.3
enter table with   0.273
p0 371
Te
M e  1.5  0.6896  T e  0.6896  400  275.84k
T0
8314
ce  kRT  1.4   275.84  338.6m / s
28
v e  M e ce  1.5  338.6  507.9m / s
pe 101.3 1000
e    1.23kg / m 3
RT e 296.9  275.8
e  ev e Ae  1.23  507.9  0.003  1.88kg / s
R x  ev e  1.88  507.9  957.4N
Problem (9) Air expand from a large tank where the temperature and pressure are 500 k
and 600 kPa respectively. The Mach number at the inlet of the nozzle is 0.6 and cross-
sectional area is 7.2 cm2. The exit area is 12 cm2. Find the exit pressure and temperature
when the nozzle operated under: (a) Maximum pressure, (b) design pressure.
Solution
Enter isentropic table with M = 0.6
Ai
 1.1882
A
Ae Ae A i 12
   1.1882  1.980
A  A i A  7.2
Ae
Enter isentropic tablewith subsonic portion
A

Te Pe
M e  0.31,  0.98114,  0.9355
T0 P0
T e  500  0.98114  490.5k
Pe  600  0.9355  561.32kPa
Ae
Enter isentropic tablewith supersonic portion
A
Pe Te
M e  2.19,  0.0955,  0.5104
P0 T0

7
Pe  Pdes .  0.0955  600  57.3kPa
T e  0.5104  500  255k
Problem (10) Air enters a converging adiabatic nozzle at 400k with a velocity of 150 m/s.
If the stagnation pressure is 120 kPa, and the air exhausts to ambient where the pressure is
84 kPa. Find the mass flowrate?
Solution

pe 84
  0.7  0.528 the nozzle not chocked
p 0 120
pe
Enter tablewith  0.7
p0
Te
M e  0.74,  0.90129
T0
vi vi 150
Mi     0.374
ci kRT i 1.4  287  400
Enter isentropic table with M i  0.374
Ti 400
 0.97335  T 0   411k
T0 0.97335
T e  411 0.90129  370.4k
o
m k 1.4 kg
 pe M e   84  103  0.74  225.5 2
A RT e 287  370.4 m s

Problem (11) A convergent has an exit area of 6.5 cm2. Air enters the nozzle at
stagnation pressure and temperature of 680 kPa and 370 k respectively. If the flow is
isentropic, determine the mass flowrate of the flow for back pressure of:
(a) 359 kPa (b) 540 kPa (c) 200 kPa
Solution

(a) : pb  365kPa
pb 365
  0.5367  0.528 nozzle not chocked
p0 680
enter isentropic tablewith pb / p 0  0.5367
Te
M e  0.99  0.83611
T0

8
T e  0.83611 370  309.36k
o k 1.4
m Pe Ae M e   365 103  6.5 104  0.99  0.923kg / s
RT e 287  309.3

(b) pb  540kPa
pb 540
  0.794  0.528 the nozzle not chocked
p0 680
pb
Enter isentropic table with  0.794
p0
Te
M e  0.58  0.93696  T e  0.93696  370  346.7 k
T0
o 1.4
m  540  103  6.5 104  0.58  0.0028kg / s
287  346.7
(c) pb  200kPa
pb 200
  0.249  0.528 the nozzle is chocked
p 0 680
 pe  p 
M e  M 1  0.528  pe  p   0.528  680  359kPa
p0
Te  T 
 0.8333  T e  T   0.8333  370  308.3k
T 0
o k 1.4
m 
P A M    359  6.5 101  1  0.928kg / s
RT 287  308.3
Problem (12) Air flow isentropically through a convergent divergent nozzle with inlet area
of 5.2 cm2, minimum area is 3.2 cm2 and exit area of 3.87 cm2. At inlet the air velocity 100
m/s, pressure 680 kPa, and temperature 345 k. Determine:
a- The mass flowrate through the nozzle.
b- The Mach number of the minimum area section.
c- The velocity and pressure at the exit section.
o
m ?
c i  kRT i  1.4  287  345  372.3m / s

vi 100
Mi    0.2685
c i 372.3

9
 o k 1.4
m Pi A i M i   680  103  5.2  104  0.2685  0.357 kg/ s
RT i 287  345
b  Mt ?
Enter isentropic table with M i  0.2685
pi Ti Ai
 0.9506,  0.98563,  2.23
p0 T0 A
680 345
p0   715.3kPa , T0   350k
0.9506 0.98563
At At A i 3.2
    2.23  1.372
A  A i A  5.2
At
Enter isentropic table with  1.372
A
M t  0.48

c  v e , pe ,T e ?
Ae Ae A i 3.87
    2.23  1.66
A  A i A  5.2
Ae
Enter isentropic tablewith  1.66
A
Te pe
M e  0.38,  0.97193,  0.9051
T0 p0
T e  350  0.97193  340.17 k
pe  715.3  0.9051  647.4kPa
ce  kRT e  1.4  287  340.17  369.7 m / s
v e  M e ce  0.38  369.7  140.5m / s
Problem (13) Air flow isentropically through a supersonic convergent divergent nozzle
with 5 kg/s. At the inlet the pressure is 680 kPa and the temperature is 295 k, and the area
is 6.5 cm2. If the exit area is 13 cm2 calculate:
a- The stagnation pressure and temperature.
b- The exit Mach number.
c- The exit pressure and temperature.
d- The area and velocity at the throat.
e- What will be the maximum rate of flow and corresponding exit Mach number if the flow
completely subsonic in the nozzle?

10
 a  P0 ? T 0 ?
o pi
m  vA  M i kRT i Ai
RT i
o o
m RT i m RT i 0.5  287  295
Mi    4
 0.278
pi kRT i Ai p i Ai k 680 10  6.5 10  1.4
3

Enter isentropic table with M i  0.278

pi 680
 0.9470  p 0   718kPa
p0 0.9470
Ti 295
 0.9845  T 0   299.6k
T0 0.9845
Ai
 2.16
A
b Me ?
Ae A i Ae 13

   2.16   4.32
A A Ai 6.5
Ae
Enter isentropic table with  4.32
A
pe Te
M e  3.0,  0.027,  0.337
p0 T0
c  pe ? T e ?
pe  718  0.027  19.3kPa
T e  299.6  0.337  106.9k
d A ? v  ?
Ai 6.5

 2.16  A    3cm 2
A 2.16

T
 0.8333  T   0.8333  299.6  249.6k
T0
v   c   kRT   1.4  287  249.6  316.7m / s

11
 o
e  M ? m max ?
p
 0.528  p   0.528  718  379kPa
p0
o k 1.4
m max  
P M A    379  103  1 3  104  0.502kg / s
RT 287  249.6
A
Enter isentropic tablewith e  4.32(subsonic region)
A
M  0.13
Problem (14) Air at stagnation condition of 2 Mpa and 750 k flow isentropically through
a convergent divergent nozzle. If the maximum flowrate is 5.4 kg/s, determine:
a- the throat area.
b- The velocity, pressure and temperature at the nozzle if the exit area is three time as large
as the throat area.
o
a  since m max it mean that M t  1
p
 0.528  p   0.528  2000  1056kPa
p0
T
 0.8333  T   0.8333  750  625k
T0
o
o k     m max RT 
m max  P A M A 
RT  k P M 
5.4  287  625
A   18.3cm 2
1.4 1056 10 1
3

A
b  Enter isentropic table with e  3, M e  2.64
A
pe
 0.04711  pe  0.04711 2000  94.22kPa
p0
Te
 0.4177  T e  0.4177  750  313.3k
T0
v e  M e kRT e  2.64  1.4  287  313.3  936.2m / s

12
Problem (15) Find the throat and the exit area for a critical flow nozzle handling air at the
rate of 6.7 kg/s when the desired exit velocity is 1100 m/s with the stream pressure is 170
kPa and temperature of 310 k.

ve ve 1100
Me     3.1
ce kRT e 1.4  287  310
Enter isentropic tablewithM e  3.1

Ae pe Te
 4.65,  0.023,  0.342
A p0 T0
170 310
p0   7391.3kPa, T0   906.4
0.023 0.342
p   0.528  7391.3  3902.6kPa
T   0.8333  906.4  755.3k
o o k
if m  m max  
P M A 
RT
o
 m 6.7  287  755.3
A   
RT    6.75cm 2
kP M 1.4  3902.6 10 1
3

Ae

 4.65  Ae  4.65  6.75  31.38cm 2
A
o
o o m 6.7  287  310
f m  m max  Ae  RT e   33.1cm 2
k Pe M e 1.4 170 10  3.1
3

Problem (16) In laboratory test section, the stagnation speed of sound in air flow is
measured to be 450 m/s. At some downstream location the sound velocity is also
measured to be 316 m/s, find the flow Mach number at this location.

T0 k 1 2 kR
 1 M1 
T1 2 kR
kR T 0 k  1 2 c 02
 1 M1  2
kR T 1 2 c1
4502
2
 1  0.2M 12  M 1  2.267
316

13
 OR
c 02 4502
T0    502.98k
kR 1.4  287
c12 3162
T1    248.52k
kR 1.4  287
T 248.52
Enter isentropic table with 1   0.493  M 1  2.267
T 0 502.98
Problem (17) Air flows from large reservoir where the temperature is 380 k, and enters a
convergent nozzle. At inlet plane of the nozzle the velocity is 212 m/s, and area is 7.2
cm2. If the exit plane area is 5.95 cm2, determine the exit Mach number and the exit
temperature.

v i2 2122
T0 Ti   T i  380   357.63k
2c p 2 1005
c i  kRT i  1.4  287  357.63  379.07m / s

vi 212
Mi    0.559
c i 379.07
Ai
Enter isentropic tablewith M i  0.559   1.240
A
Ae Ae A i 5.95
   1.240  1.0247
A  A i A  7.2
Ae
Enter isentropic tablewith  1.0247
A
Te
M e  0.84,  0.8763  T e  380  0.8763  333k
T0

14

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