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The Project Gutenberg eBook
of A Manual of Ancient
History
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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Title: A Manual of Ancient History

Author: A. H. L. Heeren

Translator: D. A. Talboys

Release date: May 21, 2012 [eBook #39747]

Language: English

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF

ANCIENT HISTORY ***
 E-text prepared by Adrian
Mastronardi
and the Online Distributed
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a)

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http://archive.org/details/manualofancienth00heeriala

A MANUAL
 OF

ANCIENT HISTORY,
PARTICULARLY WITH REGARD TO
 THE CONSTITUTIONS,
THE COMMERCE,
AND THE COLONIES,

OF THE STATES OF
ANTIQUITY.

BY A. H. L. HEEREN;

KNIGHT OF THE NORTH STAR AND

GUELPHIC ORDER; AULIC COUNSELLOR
AND PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF GOETTINGEN;
AND MEMBER OF SEVERAL OTHER
LEARNED SOCIETIES.

Translated from the German.

THE SECOND EDITION, CORRECTED

AND IMPROVED.
 OXFORD:
PUBLISHED BY D. A. TALBOYS.
M DCCC XXXIII.

OXFORD: PRINTED BY TALBOYS AND

BROWNE.
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
TO THIS EDITION.

It is to the patient industry of the historians of Germany,

that we are indebted for the first production of Manuals of
history, and for those synchronistic tables which have so
much facilitated the systematic study of ancient history; and
among the various and profound treatises of this class which
enrich and adorn their literature, the works of Heeren are
distinguished by their extended range of enquiry, as well as
by the minute accuracy of their details.
The work before us embodies the result of his laborious
researches during the long period in which he has been
engaged as public lecturer and professor of history in the
university of Goettingen; and if it be any recommendation of
a work to know that its writer has had ample time, ability,
and opportunity to collect and elaborate his materials, it may
be asserted, without fear of contradiction, that the author of
the present work possessed all these advantages in an
eminent degree. He has spent the greater portion of his life
in lecturing upon the subjects of which it treats, and has in
every case gone for his information immediately to the
fountain head. It forms, too, an important feature of his
work, that a list of the original sources, whence his own
knowledge has been drawn, is placed at the head of each
section; another is added of the principal writers who have
touched upon or illustrated the particular portion of history
under notice; both being generally accompanied with a few
words of judicious criticism, in which the value of the writer's
authority is estimated, and his sources, circumstances, and
prejudices, briefly, but fairly set forth. Besides this
advantage, the work possesses the merit of combining the
convenience of the Manuals with the synchronistic method of
instruction; as the geography, chronology, and biography of
the countries and states of the ancient world are brought at
once under the eye of the reader; and so lucid is the
arrangement, that the darkest and most entangled portions
of history are seen in a clear and perspicuous light. Professor
Heeren seems, moreover, to possess in a more eminent
degree than any other writer, the power of forcing, by a very
few words, the attention of the reader upon the most
important facts of history; and of conjuring up in his thoughts
a train of reflections calculated at once to instruct and
enlarge the mind. His work is not only admirably adapted to
become a text-book in the study of history, but will be found
equally serviceable as a book of reference—it will guide the
student in his untried and intricate course, and enable the
more advanced scholar to methodize his collected stores.
Perhaps in no work has so much important information been
condensed into so small a compass.
The estimation in which this Manual is held on the
continent, may be gathered from the fact of its having
passed through six large editions in German, and two in
French, and from its having been translated into almost every
language of Europe.
The rapidity with which the first edition, as well as the
other writings of professor Heeren, have sold in this country,
is a proof that they only required to be known here in order
to be appreciated. The favour with which these translations
have been received, both by the venerable author himself
and by the British public, has been a source of the highest
gratification to the publisher. The encouragement, so kindly
bestowed, has urged him to new exertions, the fruits of
which, he trusts, will be observable in the present volume.
The Manual has not only been revised and corrected
throughout, but has also been diligently compared with the
German, and has received such ameliorations as the original
text or the English style seemed to demand. When it is added
to this that a very numerous body of corrections and
improvements have been sent to the publisher by professor
Heeren himself, who has patiently examined the translation
expressly for this edition, he trusts that the public will be
satisfied that it is as faithful a copy of the original work as
the nature of things will allow.
In the preface to the last edition of this Manual the
publisher announced his intention, should it be favourably
received, of following it up by the publication of another
elaborate work of the same author, viz. A Manual of the
History of the States of Modern Europe and their Colonies, as
forming one political System. This work will now very shortly
appear. As an apology for the delay which has taken place,
he begs to call to their notice another equally important work
by the same author, which he has published in the mean
time; the Historical Researches into the Politics, Intercourse,
and Trade of the Carthaginians, Ethiopians, and Egyptians,
with a general introduction; the remainder of this work,
containing the Historical Researches into the Politics,
Intercourse, and Trade of the Ancient Asiatic Nations—the
Persians, Phœnicians, Babylonians, Scythians, and Hindoos,
will appear in a few weeks.
To add to the usefulness of the work, an analysis of the
contents, with dates, has been given in the margin. The †
prefixed to some of the books denote that they are written in
German.
Oxford,
March, 1833.

PROFESSOR HEEREN'S
WORKS.
The following catalogue of the historical works of Professor
Heeren, has been sent to the Publisher by the Professor himself.
They are uniformly printed in German, in 15 vols. 8vo. and may
always be had together or separate of the publisher of this volume.

VOL. I. II. III. Vermischte historische Schriften. (Miscellaneous

Historical Pieces).
VOL. I. Einleitung. Biographische Nachrichten über den Verfasser.
(Biographical Sketch of Heeren's Life, by himself.)
1. Entwickelung der politischen Folgen der Reformation für
Europa. (Development of the Consequences of the Reformation
to the Politics of Europe).
2. * Versuch einer Entwickelung des Ursprungs und
Fortganges der britischen Continental-interesse. (Essay on the
Rise and Progress of the British Continental interests). A
 translation of this Essay will be appended to the Manual of the
History of Modern Europe, see vol. viii. ix. below.
3. Ueber den Einfluss der politischen Theorien auf Europa.
(Of the Influence of Political Theories on Europe).
VOL. II. 1. Ueber die Erhaltung der Nationalität besiegter Völker. (On
the Method of Preserving the Nationality of Conquered States.)
Written in 1810, and suppressed by the French.
2. Entwickelung der Folgen der Kreuzzüge für Europa.
(Development of the Effects of the Crusades upon Europe: An
essay which obtained the prize of the French Institute in 1808.
3. Ueber den Einfluss der Normannen auf die französische
Sprache und Poësie. (On the Influence of the Normans on the
French Language and Poetry).
4. Ueber die Colonisation von Ægypten, und ihre Folgen für
Europa. (On the Colonisation of Egypt, and its Probable
Consequences to Europe).
5. Der deutsche Bund in seinen Verhaltnisse zu Europa. (The
Influence of the German Federation upon Europe).
VOL. III. 1. Ueber den historischen Werth der Biographien Plutarch's.
(On the Historical Value of Plutarch's Lives).
2. Geschichte der bürgerlichen Unruhen der Gracchen.
(History of the Civil Commotions under the Gracchi).
3. Fünf archæologische und antiquarische Aufsätze. (Five
Archæological and Antiquarian Tracts).
VOL. IV. V. Geschichte der classischen Litteratur im Mittelalter.
(History of Classical Literature During the Middle Ages).
VOL. VI. Biographische und litterarische Denkschriften. (Biographical
and Literary Memoirs).
1. Christian Gottlob. Hëyne, biographisch dargestellt.
(Biographical Memoir of Heyne), the father-in-law of Heeren.
2. Andenken an deutsche Historiker. (Memoirs of German
Historians.)
VOL. VII. * Handbuch der Geschichte der Staaten des Alterthums.
(Manual of Ancient History, of which this volume is the second
edition of the English translation).
VOL. VIII. IX. * Handbuch der Geschichte der europäische Staaten-
systems und seiner Colonien. (Manual of the History of the
European States-system and their Colonies).
VOL. X. * Ideen ueber die Politik, den Verkehr und den Handel des
vornehmsten Staaten der alten Welt. (Researches into the
Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal States of
Antiquity,—Asiatic Nations). 1. General Introduction; 2. Persians.
VOL. XI. * Ideen, etc. (Asiatic Nations). 1. Phœnicians; 2.
Babylonians; 3. Scythians.
VOL. XII. * Ideen, etc. (Asiatic Nations). Indians.
VOL. XIII. * Ideen, etc. (African Nations). 1. Carthaginians; 2.
Ethiopians.
VOL. XIV. * Ideen, etc. (African Nations). Egyptians.
VOL. XV. * Ideen, etc. (European Nations). Greeks.

Those with a * prefixed are translated into English, and are either
now published or will very shortly be so.
 PREFACE
TO THE FIRST EDITION.

In adding to the number of Manuals on Ancient History

already published, I feel myself bound to give an account of
the plan on which the present has been executed.
It was at first designed to be used in my public lectures,
and from them it has grown up to what it now is. In them I
did not consider it necessary to state all we know or think we
know of ancient history. Many facts highly interesting to the
learned historian are not adapted for public lectures. It was
therefore my great object to make choice of such incidents as
ought to be known by my pupils in order to the effectual
prosecution of their historical studies. Consequently I have
not extended my labours so far as to give an historical
account of every nation, but have limited myself to those
most remarkable for their general civilization and political
eminence.
The subjects to which I have particularly directed my
attention are, the formation of states, the changes in their
constitution, the routes by which commerce was carried on,
the share which the different nations respectively took in its
pursuit, and, as immediately connected with that
department, their extension severally by means of colonies.
The favourable reception which my larger work, executed
after a different plan, has met with, would lead me to hope
for a like indulgence in this new attempt, even if the spirit of
the age did not so loudly call upon every historian to direct
his chief attention to these subjects. And for this reason I
could not rest satisfied with a mere detail of isolated facts,
but have made it my study to follow the course of events,
linking them into one connected chain; so as to represent
them in a condensed form by continually and carefully forcing
together the main circumstances which contributed to the
development of the whole.
Without this, history in general would be but a lifeless
study, more especially that of republics, which were so
numerous in ancient times, and which, from their constitution
being made up of political parties, everywhere present the
most difficult problems for the historian's solution. Of all the
larger divisions of my work, the arrangement of the Greek
history I have found most troublesome, on account of the
number of little states into which it is sub-divided. Historians,
indeed, lighten this labour by confining themselves merely to
Athens and Sparta; but by so doing they give us a very
imperfect knowledge of the subject. I have endeavoured to
surmount the difficulty by throwing the account of the
smaller states and their colonies into the second period; by
which means I have been able in the third and most
important portion, the interest of which depends entirely
upon the principal states, to carry on my history, as a whole
without interruption. But in case others, who wish to make
this Manual the groundwork of their lectures, should dislike
this arrangement, they may very easily attach these notices
to the introductory geographical survey; a plan I very often
adopt in my own lectures. Upon the arrangement of the
other parts, I am not aware of the necessity of making any
observations. The sources from which I have drawn my
materials are specified in every section. Particular references
do not come within my plan; and if I have referred several
times in the first two sections to my larger work, it is only on
particular points, explanations of which may be sought for in
vain elsewhere.
Some knowledge of ancient geography and the use of
maps[a], if it has not been previously acquired by the student,
should, I am convinced, always be connected with lectures
on ancient history. That this need not extend to detailed
explanations of ancient geography, but that it should be
restricted to what is merely useful in the study of history, I
have observed in the body of my work. The geographical
chapters which are interspersed having been written with this
intent, will, I hope, be judged of accordingly. I have taken
care to arrange them so as to include the whole of the
ancient world; it depends, therefore, only upon the teacher
to form a more or less extensive course upon them.
With regard to chronology, I have followed throughout the
same uniform plan of computing time, viz. to and from the
birth of Christ. By preferring this method, so convenient and
certain, to the inconvenient and uncertain one of reckoning
from the year of the world, I hope I have deserved the
thanks of my readers. I relinquish, on the other hand, all
claim to merit on the score of having more accurately defined
the chronology of events which occur before the time of
Cyrus. I have, on the contrary, in this part of my labour, often
stated round numbers, where, in many modern publications,
precise dates may be found. Exact determinations of time are
only necessary, in my opinion, where a continuous
development of circumstances takes place; not where
unconnected facts are recorded.
The transactions of our own times have thrown a light
upon ancient history, and given it an interest which it could
not formerly possess. A knowledge of history, if not the only,
is at least the most certain means of obtaining a clear and
unprejudiced view of the great drama now performing
around us. All direct comparisons, notwithstanding the many
opportunities which have tempted me, I considered as
foreign to my plan; but if, notwithstanding in some chapters
of my work, particularly in the history of the Roman republic,
I may be thought to make a reference to the transactions of
the ten years during which this work has been published, I
do not consider it necessary to offer any excuse for so doing.
Of what use is the study of history if it do not make us wiser
and better? unless the knowledge of the past teach us to
judge more correctly of the present? Should I have
contributed in any measure to promote this object, and
should I be so fortunate as to lead the minds of my young
friends to a deeper study of a science which can only in this
way reward its admirers, I shall esteem it the most delightful
recompense my labour can receive.
GOETTINGEN, Sept. 23, 1799.

[a] I have made use of D'Anville.

 PREFACE
TO THE SECOND AND
FOLLOWING EDITIONS.

The call for a second edition of my Manual imposes upon

me an obligation to supply the deficiencies of my former
work. Corrections have been carefully made, and many parts
completely re-written. A select list of books which treat of the
respective departments of my subject is now first added; the
former edition containing only references to the sources from
which my facts were derived. This, I trust, will be considered
an essential service to the friends of historical science, more
especially the young, for whom and not for the learned these
additions have been made. Their use in this place is
particularly obvious, where it is in every one's power to
procure the books referred to[b]. The short criticisms
subjoined, where it seemed necessary, will serve as guides
for their use. In the author's department of the work but little
has been changed, while its form and appearance have been
improved by the use of different types, by more accurate
running titles, and by ranging the dates in the margin. By the
adoption of the latter method the increase in the number of
pages is rendered inconsiderable, notwithstanding the
numerous additions which have been made to the matter. In
its arrangement, this work is the same as my Manual of the
History of the European States and their Colonies. Beyond
this, however, these works have no relation to each other, but
have been executed upon quite different principles; the
present as a history of the separate states of the ancient
world, and the other as a general history of modern states
and their colonies, as forming altogether one political system.
Each, however, forms a complete work in itself, and it is by
no means my intention to fill up the gulf which time has
placed between them.

I regret that the acute researches of M. Volney[c], upon the

chronology of Herodotus before the time of Cyrus, came too
late into my hands to be made use of in its proper place in
my second edition. In the third this has been done. I lay
claim, at the same time, to the thanks of the reader for
giving, in an Appendix, the results of these researches,
together with references to the passages by which they are
supported; leaving out, however, all extraneous matter, and
everything that cannot be proved by the positive assertions
of the father of history.
I cannot close this preface without again recurring to the
advantage of the mode now becoming more and more
general, of computing time in ancient history according to the
number of years before Christ. The fact of its being certain
and convenient has often been remarked; but besides this it
possesses the great advantage of giving us at once a clear
and precise notion of the interval that separates us from the
incidents recorded; which it is impossible to obtain by the use
of any other era, whether the year of the world, the
olympiads, or the year of Rome, etc. And yet this peculiar
advantage, so great in the eyes of the teacher, has not, to
the best of my knowledge, been hitherto made the subject of
remark. Even for the science of history itself, this