Maxwell's equations are a set of four fundamental equations that describe how electric and magnetic

fields interact. They were formulated by James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century and are a cornerstone
of classical electromagnetism. Maxwell's equations provide a comprehensive framework for
understanding the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in various situations. The equations can be
expressed in both integral and differential forms. Here are Maxwell's equations in their integral form:

1. **Gauss's Law for Electricity:**

\[ \oint \mathbf{E} \cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{A} = \frac{Q_{\text{enc}}}{\varepsilon_0} \]

This equation states that the electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the enclosed charge
divided by the electric constant (\(\varepsilon_0\)).

2. **Gauss's Law for Magnetism:**

\[ \oint \mathbf{B} \cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{A} = 0 \]

This equation expresses that there are no magnetic monopoles; the magnetic flux through a closed
surface is always zero.

3. **Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction:**

\[ \oint \mathbf{E} \cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{l} = -\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} \int \mathbf{B} \

cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{A} \]

This equation describes how a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a
closed loop, producing an electric field.

4. **Ampère's Law with Maxwell's Addition:**

\[ \oint \mathbf{B} \cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{l} = \mu_0 \left( \int \mathbf{J} \cdot \mathrm{d}\
mathbf{A} + \varepsilon_0 \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} \int \mathbf{E} \cdot \mathrm{d}\
mathbf{A} \right) \]
 Ampère's law relates the magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through
the loop. Maxwell added the term involving the rate of change of electric flux to account for cases
where electric fields are changing.

Here, \(\mathbf{E}\) represents the electric field, \(\mathbf{B}\) is the magnetic field, \(\mathrm{d}\
mathbf{A}\) is an infinitesimal area vector, \(\mathrm{d}\mathbf{l}\) is an infinitesimal path length
vector, \(Q_{\text{enc}}\) is the enclosed charge, \(\varepsilon_0\) is the electric constant (permittivity
of free space), \(\mu_0\) is the magnetic constant (permeability of free space), and \(\mathbf{J}\) is the
electric current density.

In addition to the integral form, Maxwell's equations can be written in differential form, which provides
a more detailed understanding of how electric and magnetic fields vary at each point in space. These
equations are foundational to classical electromagnetism and have played a crucial role in the
development of electromagnetic theory and technologies.