Nee

Alonc mutleus : dec to

huthefond, the eniu poaitie
in swl velume callud cleus The
blocka ey the uclel e all aoms ane
pelns ans
Praton St is a fundamunlal padilee wkich may

undamntl
haing mass slistly aratia than that
tha y po lon
Vuwens and poolons are ldanlisl
Un thu anse that hur masscs ae The dame
So the oneugns and prolons haL a tomnek mame
nucleors
loHms td to desCibt th

Afonuc mo:lz):h no potows on tha nuclus s

Callud the adlmie mo. the elemant
 enment the 'sumbolo churutal =tlX
ou
no
mass amel olomi
v0: A oharacrist albm
masos bla Jhe mas:s Nuclae 4
alom=A-Z
M= an n
alsm=A NoqNuclono
an in (
alom anin ls of No
ulalons
suing hu
haue we
aom matal a
uclus
 the actal nnaus C12 alom
famu = 1:6c0545 XIo e
Mas ay a prolbr , mp =10073 amu ame
Mass o a meubons,mn 00 86 ame x1amu
-27
= my amu = 167 X10Ka

Jhe mueli of an hmenl whih hau

thu same alomue no but dtfnl
Anlled tobps Such nucli tontains dhu tone no
Lubons
has thre

HJitiume (! poton 2uugr)

thium hau too uotopa
13 to R04
Iracttnal alom as tu du to uelepu
alomue mass A,n,tAa natAsn,t.

alamc

2 35X15 + 37 X5
|D0
100
405 + 31 ]amwa
4 4
7 142 35-5 ame
 Same
2leobar h mueli haung th, mas no bul

37 37

40

Bastonu Thu wame no f neubnous

anfon
39

W= A-Z
20

148 2"A ae uotons

80

for holh, JN=A-X - 18

ueli do be
Ataning
Mass mo A thin

R-RAb
wnit aclius
-15
- 1210 mm

deuitiinne
mattót in mltlipls o a bsit unit- Jhis hy pothuuu
uad in M32 by Janes Chadwiik che
eved emisom a neulral sadiotion when
uclu wve bembadol with alpha pails- t was

prolons fom lghr nucli suh as thaau of huliun,

canbon and neilral adalon
kuaun al thal iu wns phalin gplialon g the
aMd mgmnum
shauud that ! the metal adiation consist
phalons, the
te bombardment

selued, was

padis call neubons

Jhom amdl momentn, he uas

Pslan'
Jhs Choduyick duCAwnd Neuton te wes asandad
Vtadus 8 a muclus mu th mage

m = 1-67x 10

4Xx3.l4x(42x 1h-15)3 =R3

2:8 XI0 Kgmi
Kani
 Yueleus oUs 55- 85 u ano

A = 56
55 85 u =55-85 xl-67XIDhg
o muels, M
3
Vorm

clws
Votm elu

8M
47 RiA
XID 7
5595 x 67
= 3X xI6)x54
4X 314 X(12
23
pudiold thal mas amd negy

whe m=

Mass

Gin, E 42 XlDJ

4.2XIb3
(3x69)

O47 X103
 m=19

9X10°T

alsoys us tha the cunm the mases

protore

Aonado a muclus Ay. st as Zpstona

omd

be

Am-2mp tA2)min
 dilomes thu
Am the mas

013691 w
 27

o, E 15-02 X!DJ
15-03XID
1 &x ID-19

815 X 0°eV
9
931- 5 X 10 eV
=
931:5 Mey
981:5 Mey
Hente, m E c

Also, Am = 13691 u
Mass
013691 Xfu
043691x q31:5 Mey
-

- 12h.5 MelV/e
Wuchar atitlhy od
Jh binding wrgy hay hydgo uMey

haw

a uclus by mas

Mn71007 ame mp 1 00 ane amd M 4.00

myI-008 an
ip 607 anue
4- 0026 amu
M

Am Zmp t (4-2)m,- M 4030

-RX:007 + 2X|·008 - 4 0026 0-D274

= 4-030 - 4 O026

40-6 274 am
2 -0274X1amw
= 00274X 431- 5 MeV
c
= 25.5 MeV/c
2

= 25-5 Me x
25:5 Mev
 Mucton Vs Mass mo

Fe

IoC 150 200 250

Waus mo (A)
the man

pradially
30<A<140 ) Uhe cwe bas a

Valu Y-6 Mev for A= 238 U)

Tucli (A<30) anal huamy meli (A>l70)

LAwy hasy A= 2A0 has louund

ucls with A=1R0:Jhus it a nuclus A=R40

Nickar tora

ing aulomki upulaion. A tha gauitalinal

 Camot hald tu ucleons thue
the Suo uclLonL tha ouCBms t l elctoslale ons
Ihu song atfaclie inlaclon bet the eeb

Nuclae for is a stong attaclin ora ti

Mucleus

bul massu Jhe muclian has to doninant

éindin forcu
the nuetus hs hopptna anly kueau muclar foee
nLth tiarge thàn thu Caluensb foce- Jhe gaitlia
Ja ruetiar foveu das nel dhpevd o the tlotu

inmpl mathu nalisl

Nuclar enJhu phvpunen n ukich a heay

is alld clea

42

Kx t3n
12

19
133
92 51
Nb t 4,n
42

835
92 54
fom a
HHtety either
to tombine
Mev 0-42
H
Mev O2:4 easte with ton pBALt
Aalld
mucti ight wo
shen preess
in Ihesuion:
omtomu bomb alom eliaro
an in
ppan) natswOLUndi
lix ng
heat as the to
th
euent fuion
 HHte n t 3.21Mey
H+ H +4-03 Mel
husion uacion in the dun:

is butnud no hetium the

pulgn prelopp)ue by which this ens is

H H te tto42 Mev0)
e t e t gt t02 Mev
’Hte +8+ 5:49 Mev

mu scour luna, in which coe' twy loht htlum

wli unite to form srdinaruy helium nuleus
 3

3
2H +2e + 2 t 28+28 +a He t29 +Het
a

4H+ le He t2 +68+26 Mey

alems Dmbine to foum
He alom wih a teae f 26- 7 MeV of engy