NUCLEI

Lonapeition o f nucleuS

couþated o boton oud ntutron

Nuclei Que
neutrons togefuer a known
Ínoton_aud
hucleoni

PHoton

yMasS .6- x 16 ** kq I836 ttues uc mass of

eleckron
7he nacleus of _hy do qen dton iccolle dbro ton
t isetabé een outtd the nucleus

Neutron
no chouge itl a nLutnal_bauicu
Mais : 1.64493 X 10** kq
Hos venu aih_benttrafin powenand Low
6nLsng pOwen
Neuton inui d Hl uceus is stable

Mass Nube LA
Tbtolnuub e nucio i tu nu
u eleus
clu
th Oto

Atonic Nunbe [zJ

Tot numb Pto tons in funucuus
nuclu
The numben of neufrong ln the nuceus of an aton
N:A -Z

ISotobes
Nuolei uavingSame nuclem changc but dffenent_
aass uMbe aMe Called iNotobe
a c c auo C isotohes of cohon
* and rsotope of Oxy qen
Protium (n'), Deuteetum n ) itiun (M)

Lsoba
Nuclei aavinq SaAe MLaLJ numb e but cupleaent
nukea cdhoge22
Na and Ne

Lsotonts
Nudeihaving Same numbeA Of neubronsS
k 39

AtDiC Mass Onit amu ot u _

One amu is t OP The a Of C-12 atos

i.e 1 u _ L Lassof Cabon 12 L667x 1o** ka

Elchron Vott Lev

One CVs the enugy aca,ujkld by an ekcron whth
acceleen ated thnough batenhal difpenenc H I V .
 eVz_1.6 x1o

eV
KelatOn between a nu CLO

Ein!te'n s mcass eneG ulah

E :m
l ux_C
1o
s 1.66 x 1o2*x/x

1.49x 16 J
4 x 1o eV
6x lo

931 5X10_eV: 31.5 MeV_

elamu 2 Ga1. 5 MeV.

Nuceo ize
Volume b the nuceuus dlpend uhon tue to
nuber onuckaons.
L V : 4TR° A

OrL R A R A
R R A
Ko a constant
Ro :2 x1o' m1.2 fm

Nucle olensituLOJ
t L_hAho of wuas oftue t o

nucleu
vonnme
Le mA ucleo

ech hu
hAMa f
R
A tbtal no.of_ nu
 mA

4R

na , Ro Qud T oe conAtoan)
Ave O9e d n y of fu_nucieus GueoH
all ttae nucLei

2m . 3 x 10**ka
4R 43.14* (1.2 x 16S

Mass Defect aud Bindinq Enegy

Mass defect
LtS the eliplenenc befuyeen the est ais op
nucketu and Hae um of the elt wasseA of lt
Cordtituent nucleovn

Conidn tue nuclLus 2A

ass de peot, _Am : Zm, +(A-z)

Blndinq enq4-
Lfine d o the encqu upoiece cd bo bHuakup
nucle into ik const tu ent roton ano n tutro n S.
B.E Amc i t Am i in kq
. E Am x 315 MeV A m in Cm )
6indinq eneq_bes nucicona
t is tthe ene1G o,iLd
One ucleon fnon the nueluus

t a _measuM of stabiuty HL nucu

he iahen the 5E tue mo e
A stabilih
5ihdangEngy Caise
Fe

MeV

SO

msshinc
f balk Lght nuli CAK 30) amd
Árayq nuclui °(A>I7o) BE Plawes
2 7A
bulei of (3 oSALZo ) ha BE
amos Ccstank_
Ma mum abru_1S Miv_fo A:56-
nd haA a V a l 0 16mev f A =238-
Thdru i
Sufhaant Song atbac
attrach
To pÅodute a 3:E Q a dew MeVDer nuL
 The_akmosl Censtant Valne dOE B:E_ih lhz
Aanqe 306A I70 Cmcluds thi fas ha
huteQ is hort Aanged
Tf L_ihcALasL_Ab addeng hutlons
h y urll hok _Chang lha LE a hutliom
LhAdAdinamorE tha hulhmA I'ha
Larg hucleus &isrd i'hALde iland na
ahasurdaa IAT Chahge i h BE
ul d be Small.
3 TheL wl be a Gsinin oleall R:E Ln
lale_ hmoVL_fo m h heavy _hulei A2am
Ib_he middle Asnm the pLoE, Kin a
A l s 0LeY hen a htavy_ n u c l i u
bALak ihto 24n fagmen
Lheg Cán baAltaszdThii
Lhe9 pm csi is
Called huclurhLi
4Tes will b quin_inv ojuall B-E,henw
haALL rom Lq ts nutlei h heaLier nucli
Rence Ailass Lher hhih tm me
us hgethey n dym a
lagehta- nucli
AËaAyhuilaws Lhergq Cn heAliasse
h pApss Cal huclesYhuALom

ucear Fuvu
TE IKe hwu that binds Ih nulema
mahY ih Ihe nuleus
PKopehy:
Nuihar du as asu Ihi tvongesE fra ih_hatule
 ak Cherg9
i h d e p i a d k a t

Alulear hr u as
bin t m þro f n s _
Same
a_hern
ahe a e
ahe
Yms_ahe

dras an
athaachv h
Lh
ahah
fu
han OE t
but at dwstances l u
brcomes ALulsiuJe

PAnh aer -Jepaahin. Cuw

puls
Me

08 f
o

Th P:E o.ihuimum at a dsstanu

abnt_ attrachv

h dishancailaq han_O-? m md
3pulsi'va fy distances las hah O:8 m
Nulay hiusSho la huan'm_ttecl
a
nucli me ihtuach _amly_ uril H-
hiAhbauba'n nucleom hs pmpe
Suppotd by tact hal- t BE/
Ihz lame

nd Bang0 MasA numOA

_Juclear forus aALhm centyal T .
M u c l e

bettw uw Dhucleoms_dolAhaact
along h Lene
nhng
heiyCAntzuS
 Nule Enda
Th err11 sulosed durin a
pucleaM Acachim calLd hulho tie94

uclear Keaeh'ns
Th pxo cAM obta'nina huw Shabla.
nuclkus srom t k S o meDthev huclews hy
bombaMding iE knlkSuctable_ pahds P
Cauld hucleas_Aeach'am

A+a C B+b +
A tanget nulus a pojzehl.
L C hapaahd nudus_[unsahla)
B phoduct nudeus b pmduct prbia..
- ELY 9 K:Eleosrd in hucleer Y2uchion

a a heavy huckews spkh vgp inn2

n mall hukerLrhisa h aarqs amun

235 89
Ba+ Kz 3 n
12 12 S 36
Stngla
Tha
AneY4_leassd ih lhi hrtim
23
12
nuclsus ahaut 200 M V_
Ths auY hixt appeahs as Ihc K:E
htragnaenH heukms_ahel i aanAfred 6tha
 mat- appeuang aA hh-
SurYaahdan
Sauhu n
I h a Sanhu
Nudear m
in
nuclkarAractoY, onuhachh
Nomuhach.
Ener An afm_bomhb
P_pyoduud.
lutaauhy
nuleaY DIJlm Cn which
[hwhth
uncim1ltc
ndmas_Lhergy Aleasrd

Nuilear hsim
Combine to fmm a Si'ngl LarakY nuclWs
R00dLhergy_ilsadid hsi pnUAs i i
Khaun aA hasi-
2
H +H H +e +V+0.42 Mev

H+_H He+ n F 3.27 MAV

H H S H H+ k:0 3 MeV

NutluY sim i the Jnad.L

Lhi9 i sun Shays
NesAa lemdah'MA hx_Nutlay hisi
xhgh dngpuahase L hiceAS am h lh
nulL have
hyCan_ 6/s com
muhna
Crulombis
AuLA lons_m d to Me clas
 han e Bana0nucLear fod ca Thi pnoess
Pscalled thermenular fusto
Hhgh densrh ressuMe thLassIhz fiegwn
Collisio leghe nucli amd Kanu intYtas}3.
tKe Aad husio

Home Nak hs
Calculai IAT adas Cne-7o

12 x7o)3_12 x 4:12
4:14 fm.
2 hat_i 2qIuVlant Lhe4 n I6 mg aass (
lih ev) 2
2

mc 16x1o x (3 z1o)T

1.6X(o

-IS
hhulsar fadss n o 3x1om. ind Ih
densiy ntleataalrtes
Nulay MasA =16 amu = l6 x 1: 64 X/O
lucleer Vetuma =4TR 4Ix(3 XL
2

Nutlb damih= = 16 X-66Xo 2:351 XIOg/

mxxi
 pe huclem a u
hCaleulat. Ih B.E
ale
iven
M . 20G 3 1 . 112sP1 am
0o e665 a
1 0 O7 E2s amu

SAn
20prp pw t s 2D wM
MAA d 20 pn hons =2o X):007 8 RA=
20-SKS amu
MADAU20 huans = 20 XT00F66 amu
- 20. 1733 amu
T a MAsa =40 329E amu
MM &nuclhus : 2 1LA581 amu
2

MA ddee_Am -4o3 298-31-16K

0:36721 am-
Bind.ng q BE =p:3472Lx i31DMal
342OS7MLV

BE 342-0s7

8:S5 MeV
 hucleaY (Lach m H n+X
nd PQ hina den x
Usy_CoMsaidahm masA chargc<
P+ El _ P:0
+0 =L
P
X posihron )

Ohat is IAZ huclLay Yadws _ fe-125 E Ka

AL-27 P3.6 fermi 2_
Re_R, A
Bfe R 12y
R27)s

7 hat l_hiahia hucliar densihies he rw

hullii haliang mass humbrg hth 1at'a
2

Rah huulea desibis =

NuulLv dansib i ihdepeadeat -
maAs humbel)