Chapte 3

(e amd lo0-Sample Egtimation Foblems

De"9.4 Astatstic i ' s satd to be am

unbiased estimato 91
eheparameste

Shouo tha s is an wnbiasedestimcuto

the_posHamet en d

(XZ= =u)}-n(z-Al}

No
E(S)=E (Xi-)

-
eExi- nE(7-u)

M-1 ng
HLDee
for i- -
 Thevedore,
=

El) mo-g2
M-

considet all poseible wnbia,ed

De.2 1 we
paigmdr
eemditiet ¬sthimatusus Some
he
Cne LGth+he Smallet yasuuionce
fs called he most ehuent extimto

We sy G IS more
6 ejiaknt estimatu a
e fhan 2

Tntes4preation Tnteavad hmali

m ce olieent Samples usi u aennay

yPeld li Hei yclues e amd
theefore dueen valuea e for GL and
thee endpeinu t h e fnfesval ase
vaues CsASponding and om
vacuable Ond 6u rom h e
Sampli dictbuh'on we shal
be dbl to detemi'ne
uch tht P(ELG<u)s Cqlual to
Omypcaitive fcqchonal value we can
foY ns tcum (e w nd
suhthat
 hae a probability
0 < L t h e n oe
9Hamdom_ 8ample
-X Aelechng a
an n t e y a l Conteinig
_ p o duce an

The t e t v a l GLKO<u Comput ed hom

the s e c t e d S m p le s calleel
Conhdenie t e v al, the
0 X olo P'sCaled the Compdemce
rachion Conpidemce
CoeidEny 0 he cleqree
amc the emdpein
ConfdemE
Upper
Caleel the la tOCH_ Cnd

lonfdemce
K=00S Loehaye C 95/
Trterval

Tderval 6 to ) prefergS4%
3S/ conh'slence Tterval (3to 10
99 Contid ence

nteAVal_wih a1
deallq uoe preter a short
hh dese e_ Confdence
 1001-)= 99
(= 0-01

SingleSomple Estmadiing the mean

AcCoHdng to the Centau Umit heoyem,
we con expert The sampung olstnbuin
to be approXimately_ orm cly
distibut ed uith mea Uz = amd
Standasd deviahon= =1 l h
hlring Zalp for thez-vce above
ohfc Lae Qn areA e 2 wmd e
he mormal CUTve We CaN S¬e_om
he uMe

2 l2

P <ZRl =1-X

lohee

Hemue
e-Eal
 X+ 2
n

XAK -
Vnl

1-X

ultplying by ) equatitonit imeguality

wil qet chaisd

- 7la = 1-

Confidemce Tntesval on Enown

Ís the mean ca TCLndom 8ample

Rnoton
S`12e rama popuulahen Leifh
Vasua nce a 100(1-x) Conhidemce
teya for 's by

an
ohere Zal, s the F-value eaynq
vea e x2 to the eht
x2
Example Theaveaqe 2mc COncenration_ OCyeed
m a tumple measuemeng fakentken
im 36 dikeen Lacattong Im avivee
S wmd fo be 96 gromsper mL
h'ad he 9S qmd 91 ConpdeenLe
nteal o r the meam 2mC Conen
m the ver swme Hhat he
populahon stamodad dleuihkn_ 1S 0-3
Gyom pey mL

M= 6
=0:3
= b 6

For islo Conslemce Interva.

-AZz + + Za

JCO = S

X= C-0S

-035 R t are a =0-025

l tayea =0.915

to this ara tee

ushmd the vuuu

6a 1:96 Table)
Hrea umder cure)
a,6-(-9)(0.3)<u<36+ (1.96) 0:3
0.3
V36
3

S0 u < &10

foY 99 Condtdemce indevo.

100-S=l60
001
0:01 K2 = 0.00S

det aea =i-0.00S=0.993S

Zo.cos = å.57S

6 ( 2 S i S )0:
2-6-(2.5S) (03) < NK
3

&4+K < a 13
heorem9:L 7 i s USed as Qm eshimate_
e Can beLOT(
i - X) °Jo Condemt hatF
wiU mot Xeeed

Tn Ex 9:2
95l0
For 9Sl emr i l not ex(eecl Zxja = (1916) [03) =
VM 36

Z4, (&S15)/03)=0:13
m 36

heoyemg-2 i iS Wed_as amestima

Lue Cam be 1001-x)o COnnd ent th
the not exceed Spccined
mowmt e Cohen the Sample 31ze S

NhenAclvimg os the sample size , n,we

ALNd Ara ch'on alvalues up h_ the
mext whele mumb _

The tumula m Thm :2 IS apgicable 0ny iwE

knt the votuame the Populahen e m
bem
Cohrth o e Adct ouT 8ample.
 a:3 H0L0 a E a saUmple s yequved we want
tht ouY estimae
9 - 3

to b e 3SoConfdent
î mm Example 3-2 S Off by les
ham 0.0S 2

e /
= 03

m= -96) (o:3 = 138 3

0 0S

Theyere Lee can be 9S /o conficdent that

8 z e l33 Li
a Hanmdom Smple fro
diering
prov'cle an esthme
am6unt leK h _ o.0o
by an
 ne-Seded Confidence Boumds

S s the meam 3ample 1amdom

one
n e m

z e n om a popuuation with Vajúane

t h e one ided co )* Conddemee
btunds so U aHe i em y

UppeN one-sided boumd +Z6

dooer one -s'ded boumd -Z

m= aS 4 sec ,U=6:2 sec

E9.4
uive am vpp 9sol0 bouwmd r the mean

ca hion time 9
0 0 1 K)= S
S=Ibo
=005S
Z = E0.05 Pah avea0-OS
letaYea= 0 IS

05 1.645 Table)
uppe one -sded boun

6-3+ :645) |2)

5
= 6.858
 Case e Unknouon

i a n d s_ae the m e a n and 8fandaso

levfatf on e a xandlu yn sCmplefrom
aq

populahon oi th nEnown yasuane

moma
Confdeme mfeVaX fav U IS
C 1ou(1-x)

tK2 S <U + tslg S

n

o t h 19=m-
whetue tal2 is the t-value omavea
dea ve e e edo mleaving
K t fhe Xgkt.

o2
tj
Cne-sfded
nfidene e Oppe
¥eunds fY
Leith Cunknoen
lbwey X -tS
Ex9.5The content e Seuen Sima CondeineL
uphut'C d e 0 . 2 10.
10.0102 and : 6 ters Hnd o
s e ConhdeME imteiwa i Hhe_mean
Contet al 8uh LontaineaaUM
Cn agproximai mowma olstribuhsn
9-+102+10.U +98t 10 0+i0 2+ 6

6.04 io 4 O 816
(6) S6-0 -0410o
O+I04-0y
216

elog.u
42
goo
s2-=
0.Os S -02 83

S 100
K0.0s
 -ocas < 7 + to-ozs Sm
m

jo.0-.44(o283k I - 0l0.0+ (244 0.26

1 Mi_10-26 h

Tteryal
7 COYm(ept q kare-Sumple Comfdemce
eyen tdhen_
Often gfaffs tfctang Yeccmmend hatisunknouwn
movmalty cannat be_ assumed
Z30 S Caom Heplace d1 amd
nd
the Confelemre_

may be used.
96 SAT Mathenmechics scrEs aamdo m_Saape
Sco a h Scha Semio n he
Aitt e Texas aecolecteel Gnd the
Sampe meam and claadayd dleviahn
wna to be S01 CUAd 11 2 ipedhd
d 9se Conideamce infew a on
he meamn SAT_mathe Mat' c3 Sure
Texos

m= SCD

33 c Lon hcdEA1LE-
K2 =
0 00S

.S+S|AomTable
S=12

St1-251s11)K u D1 (25+5) 2
 Sfandad EYro a eint Eshmata

Conhidemce Umit
t tx(g S 7 t tl
=
3.e. ()

s.e f's the gtemalo d exyoy

Two Samples Estimatng the etemce

Betueem tuoo Means

Z =KX2)-Ats-)
2

@ncd nd 2 ae means ee mdepend ent

H@nclo samples a z e s M nd m2fom
popuat'on s s th knoon vaiances 02 andd
Confideme
02 Yespechively a 100
mt eival fo Jla-Ua 19 1vem_oy
by

Za is the yalue Z-vaue leaving dn anea thx2 to the ma hf.

 ohith tu0 yoe
Exa-10 H Study Long conduc ed in
engneS A ndB twee COMpase
(Ompas

yuileage ) n miles pe2aon

expesumemts_ia
tOcS measued Fity
Conduct ed enginetYe A nd
eXpeouments 0eie done USTfh
eginetype B hegaoume ugeod
egine
Hhd Conditfor& 0 c e
held Covg taniThe
3 6 mileg
aveae a s mi eage
pe allo foYEmgine CUnd42 2 miles
peH9alon for em ne GindHnd a 96%
Conddeme ntesiya on p-UA hene
UA amd Me popudahio Mean q as
mi ledies for emgines Aamd B spechiey.
Pume hat the papuaion_ttmdatd dleuihc
aHe 6 amd oY emaines A and B _
Suespectively.
l0o =96
00= y
004

Z=t-et &05Table)
X-AA= 42 -36= 6

2.05)6 3 JUG-Ula 6 os)|64 36

S So
TS SD
t h e ycLtanES QHe_mat kncon cocl the two
ditsl butfons involuedd aue PpHOxmtiely
nesmalthe clisibufron become invalveds
qS n the Cce a Snge Sample
S Si 1) Sa b)

S -l<(-+S S
M2

Paoled Eshimate_eVasiance

= nr ) s + (12-1)S
Mitn2-2

A eshimat t h e unkncon commc

Nautamçe Ca be pbteined b poo ung
the 8mpleE yatances Semoting tth
hee

peeled estimoto by_

 Confrtlene Intewal fo U-M2 6f=12 out
Both ose Un kno Ldn. -

n dand X2 ae the meams mdepende

ndom samples ze Mi amd ne_
m appxmately omal
HESpEcHLey
Populabr ns eith UnknoOn_ o t equa
b Equ a
/QLulameS 10o-)/ Conhdence
iS ven by

Lühere p is the paoled estimato te

papulahbn Standotd deyiatio n Gmd
talg s the t-volue ith 1 Nit+n2-2
dereLg edom eavina an qrea
2 the maht
81 0 M-12
T 2-04 S = 0.uu8

Pind 30 Comhldemnce ineiva. JlL-2

1G 1-K)=s0 iod =1

T- 1.0
 M-1) Si (n-1)S
M+n2 2

2
m)(0.5 345) (3)(0.2008)
2

6.S335+ 1.3072 =04 1-335

20

Sp= 0 646

1725(Table) 20
tocS

H-125)(0-446)|L+ ui- U2 < (1.0 (1:12s) (o-444)|L+4

216

0-S93 <MLMz< 2.Sa

 2
Conhdemce Inte tyal fo S JM1M2 t #62 and
Both Onkno wn |
ase the
S and s and 2 amd S2 meaw
meom
CUh d VaLLianES himd ependcnt_namdom
et Sumpl es 812es Y amd
Epedhhely om ppoxmately mcYm al
cpuahtons ynknoon qMd
Uhequal yaufancES am PpYD X1Ymatte 1 0 0 ( 1 ) / ,
Conhdemce ntetya .H M-l2 IG pvem by
where t l is the t-veue with
s t 8~lne)_
TIsinans-]+[sin-)n2-)
derees reedom eaing am avea K2
the
 9-1
mi=IS X1== 3-4 S1 03-04

2= 12 X2-49 S,= 0-8

62

HindConhdence interval_for 3S/

Siln+S~ln
(s2nLna-)L(sána)2/ (na-)

V=3.01 I5+0 81)

L(3.012 1 5 s ) 4 + ( o 6 2 1 2 ( 1 1 )

1=163 16

X-X=.3S

R,120(v=16)
X=0 05 tx/a = t_ca5

JUa-Uz s 8:35 + (120) | 3-0720.8

15
12) 3-012 4+0-2< IS 2
2

060 Hi-d2 < 4 1 0

 Shgle Sample Estimatngthe Vaoúane

PX- <x X -

PXi - )$2

implu
P(n-)s2<2< (n-1) s2

-Lonidemce
Tnteval r s's the Vctance eqHamdom Sangl
82e M from_ a noAmaX Popdahon
L001-«) Conhrdemce tetvc eY-

m 2 n-1)
X
X«fz
tohere X and X ae -yaues
1 dof leaving4 aecLS ci « ag
-K(2 TELpéctively tb h e q h t .
 ate

the llooings as(e fhe elqht ,in decaqrams

0packaq es slass seed distibut eol
ace9ttat' n Company
CompaMy 46,4, 246.,4S.8,
t046 1 45.9 HS 8 46.9 S 2. and 46-0
find a 95 Confrdeme te94yal for the
Nauam(e the wefghtt eau 8uch pakaqes
qvass `eed dist bted by tuS compan
, a Simng noYmal_populatiin
m=10

=0OSS
s2= Lox2-2x2=0286
1o9) L

= 0 0as (M-1)= 3 3

Ao-025 19-023
.700
915

(n-1) s2 <_(n-t) s2
Ax

(3)(0-2R0) < (3)(o 286)

19-023

-135 62 < 0-953

 wo Sqmples : Estimating the Katto e Too
Rorancel
F s

Lcm rdene s and S aMe the_yasufam(es

Inteival fo dependenU Samples ze miad
HeSpechvely m moYmal_populafies
then 00i-«)e/ Conidemce
inteval foS 6G2

S S
S2

v=- 1
whehe4 ,Va) is an -value with
nd 2=m2- dearee eaving
reedomléaving
Om aco K2 to fhe naht, amd d k l , )
STmila -value eith Va=m2-1 and
Mi-3 dof
 .30
3-8

ien, IS , M2 =12SL=3-0 S2 0.6

9 CCn hidemce Tiervl

= 02 X2= 0:01

2 11

y-30

3.2+

S.2
S ect4 S2

3- 25 S6931