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14 Hydrocarbon Revision Notes Quizrr
14 Hydrocarbon Revision Notes Quizrr
QUIZRR 3
ALKANES [C nH2n+2]
Alkanes, also known as paraffins, are chemical compounds that consists only of the elements
carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) (i.e., hydrocarbons), wherein these atoms are linked together
exclusively by single bonds (i.e., they are saturated compounds) without any cyclic structure (i.e.
loops).
Each carbon atom must have 4 bonds (either C-H or C-C bonds), and each hydrogen atom must
be joined to a carbon atom (H-C bonds). A series of linked carbon atoms is known as the carbon
skeleton or carbon back-bone. In general, the number of carbon atoms is often used to define the
size of the alkane (e.g., C2-alkane).
An alkyl group is a functional group or side-chain that, like an alkane, consist solely of singly-
bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms, for example a methyl or ethyl group.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Conformations of Alkanes
The carbon-carbon bonds in alkanes result from sigma overlap of two tertrahedral carbon sp3
orbitals. Sigma bonds result from the head-on overlap of two atomic orbitals, and that they are
cylindrically symmetrical. The cross section of a sigma orbital is circular. Due to this sigma bond
symmetry, there is free rotation around the carbon single bond. Bond overlap is exactly the same
for all geometric arrangements of the hydrocarbons. The different arrangements of atoms caused
by rotation about a single bond are called conformation, and a specific structure is called a
conformer (conformational isomer).
HH H
H H
H H
H H H
H
Newman projections of the two conformations of ethane : eclipsed on the left, staggered on the
right.
Staggered form is more stable than eclipsed as more repulsions are experienced between the alkyl
group in eclipsed form.
HYDRO CARBON
4 QUIZRR
Example 1
Compare the torsional strain in the gauche conformer of butane with the anti conformer.
Draw Newman projections of both and indicate the values of the dihedral angles between
MeÊs.
Solution :
The gauche conformer has the Me groups on adjacent CÊs closer to each other, leading to greater
torsional strain than in the anti conformer where they are separated as much as possible.
Me Me
H Me H H
H H H H
H Me
Gauche 60Ĉ Anti 180Ĉ
PREPARATION OF ALKANES
1. Hydrogenation of alkenes
Hydrogenation is the chemical reaction that results from the addition of hydrogen (H2). The
process is usually employed to reduce or saturate organic compounds. The process typically
constitutes the addition of pairs of hydrogen atoms to a molecule. Catalysts are required for the
reaction to be usable; non-catalytic hydrogenation takes place only at very high temperature.
Hydrogen adds to double and triple bonds in hydrocarbons.
Ć Alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H2 in the presence of metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd,
Ni or Rh.
Ć The two new C-H bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed on to the metal
surface.
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QUIZRR 5
Catalytic Hydrogenation
H H
Step 2 : Alkene approaches the H atoms
absorbed on the metal surface.
H H
Note : Since hydrogenation is ÂsynÊ addition, hence we can observe the following :
Diastereomers
2. Wurtz reaction
Wurtz reaction, is a coupling reaction whereby two alkyl halides are reacted with sodium to
form a new carbon-carbon bond :
dry
2R X 2Na
R R 2NaX
ether
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6 QUIZRR
M echanism :
Example
anhydrous
2CH3I 2Na
CH3CH3 2NaI
ether
ethane
anhydrous
2CH3 CH2 Cl 2Na
CH3 CH2 CH2CH3 2NaCl
Sodium ether Sodium Chloride
n butane
Here methyl iodide and ethyl chloride are reacted with powered sodium metal in anhydrous
ether. Alkanes containing double the number of carbon atoms are formed, i.e., methyl iodide gives
ethane, and ethyl chloride gives n-butane.
The solvent, ether in this case, must be anhydrous (free of moisture) become the alkyl anions are
so basic they readily deprotonate water to hydroxide ion, forming alcohols, and reducing the yield
of the desired product.
Limitations
(1) The wurtz reaction is limited to the synthesis of symmetric alkanes. If two dissimilar alkyl
halides are taken as reactants, then the product is a mixture of alkanes that is, often,
difficult to separate.
(2) Tertiary alkyl halides do not give wurtz reaction. (Since it follows SN2 mechanism)
Illustration
Br Cl + 2Na Cl Cl
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QUIZRR 7
3. Clemmensen reduction
H H
O
Zn(Hg)
C
HCl
R1 R2 R1 R2
4. Wolff-Kishner reduction
The Wolff-Kishner reduction is a chemical reaction that fully reduces a ketone (or aldehyde) to
an alkane.
NH2
O N H H
NH2 NH2
HOH
R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2
Reaction mechanism
The most probable mechanism involves the elimination of an alkyl anion as the final step :
H H
ă ă
H2N N N
O N N N
ăH2O OH ă
+ H2 NNH2
R R´ R R´ R R´ R R´
ă
OH
N
H2O N H H
ăN2 ă H2O
R ăH2O ă
H R H R H + OH
R´ R´ R´
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8 QUIZRR
The mechanism first involves the formation of the hydrazone in a mechanism that is probably
analogous to the formation of an imine. Successive deprotonations eventually result in the evolution
of nitrogen. The mechanism can be justified by the evolution of nitrogen as the thermodynamic
driving force.
Ć Wolff-kishner reduction, utilizes strongly basic conditions.
5. Kolbe electrolysis
The Kolbe reaction is formally a decarboxylative dimerisation and proceed by a radical reaction
mechanism. Generally, the reaction can be observed as :
Current
RCO2 K + R´ CO2 K + 2H2O R ă R´ + 2CO2 + H2 + 2KOH
Current
2CH3 CO2 K + 2H2O CH3 ă CH3 + 2CO2 + 2KOH + H2
anode cathode
Ć Esters, lower alkane and alkenes are also obtained as side products.
ă +
C2H5CO2K
C2H5CO2 + K
Intermolecular
C2H5Ć + C2 H5Ć
Hydrogenation
C H + C H
2 6 2 4
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QUIZRR 9
6. MAZINGO METHOD
In this method carbonyl compound is converted into its dithio-acetal or Ketol using ethanedithiol
in the presence of a lewis acid, dithio-acetal is hydrogenlysed over Raney Nickel.
R R S CH2
CH2SH Et2O+ăBF3
ă
C=O+ C
20Ĉ C
R CH2SH R S CH2
H2 ă Ni
R
CH2
R
Organometallic compounds react as electron rich or anionic carbon atoms i.e. as carbanions, which
means they will function as either base or nucleophiles.
It is reasonable to think of these organometallic compound as RăM+.
Basicity :
The following equation represents the loss of a proton from a generic hydrocarbon forming a
carbanion :
ă
RăH R H+
hydrocarbon carbanion
Ć Organolithium and organomagnesium compound are strong bases since the negative charge
is on carbon.
Ć Simple carbanions are strong bases, since the C is not very electronegative (compared to N
or O)
Ć In the presence of weak acid, RLi and RMgX protonate giving the hydrocarbon.
Grignard reagent (an organametallic compound) on treatment with water or dilute acid, or alcohol
is decomposed to alkanes.
X
R ă Mg ă X + H2 O RH + Mg
(Grignard
Reagent) OH
X
R ă Mg ă X + D2 O RD + Mg
OH
X
+ D2 O + Mg
MgX D OH
Li
RX R ă Li RCuLi + R´ X R ă R´
Alkyl Lithium
Lithium dialkyl copper
For good yields R´X should be a primary halide, the alkyl group R in the organametallic may be
primary, secondary or tertiary, for example.
Li Cul
CH3 Br CH3 ă Li CH3 ă CuLi
(CH3)CH2)6CH2I
CH3 ă CH2(CH2)6CH3
NOTE : Unlike wurtz Reaction, this reaction can be employed to prepare unsymmetrical alkanes
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QUIZRR 11
Reduction by dissolving metals e.g. zinc and acetic or hydrochloric acid, zinc and sodium hydroxide,
zinc-copper couple and ethanol, etc. In this reaction, earlier ÂnascentÊ hydrogen was considered to
be reducing agent. Now it is believed that there is an electron-transfer from the metal to the
substrate leading to the formation of carbanion, which is followed by the abstraction of a proton
from the solvent. Thus, reduction with a zinc-ethanol couple may be formulated as
Zn Zn2+ + 2eă
e
RX + eă Xă + R ă
R:
Primary and secondary alkyl halides are readily reduced to alkanes by lithium aluminium hydride
LiAlH4 while reduction of tertiary halides with LiAlH4 gives mainly alkenes. On the other hand,
sodium borohydride NaBH4 reduces secondary and tertiary, but not primary, whereas triphenyltin
hydride Ph3SnH reduces all three types of alkyl halide. So each reducing agent is specific in its
action.
LiAlH4 is not useful for 3Ĉ alkyl halide which is converted into alkenes. In such cases NaBH4 or
TPH is used.
LiAlH4
CH3 ă CH2 ă CH3 CH3 ă CH2 ă CH3
Cl
CH3
LiAlH4
CH3 ă C ă Cl CH3 ă CH2 ă CH3
CH3 CH3
Cl NaBH4
X (No Reaction)
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12 QUIZRR
Cl
TPH
1Ĉ, 2Ĉ, 3Ĉ alkyl halide
TPH Ph3SnH
Alkane
Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid their derivatives like acid halides and acid amides
can be reduced by HI and red phosphorous to alkanes.
red P
R ă CH2OH + 2HI R ă CH3 + I2 + H2O
red P
R ă CHO + 4HI R ă CH3 + 2I2 + H2O
red P
R ă CO ă R´ + 4HI R ă CH2 + R´H + 2I2 + H2O
red P
R ă COOH + 6HI R ă CH3 + 3I2 + 2H2O
red P
R ă COCl + 6HI R ă CH3 + 3I2 + + HCI + H2O
red P
R ă CONH2 + 6HI R ă CH3 + 3I2 + NH4OH
O
|| Red Phosphorus
R C O R´ HI RH R´H
We can use other reducing agents also reduce alkyl halide to alkanes.
P HI
R ă X CH3 CH3
or
Zn + HCl
or
Zn + CH3OH
or
C2H5OH + Na
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QUIZRR 13
Example 2
Prepare
(i) Butane from chloro ethane using the Corey ă House synthesis.
(ii) Deuteropropane from isopropyl bromide.
Solution :
(i) 1. Li
CH3CH2Cl (CH3CH2)2LiCu
2. Cul
Chloro ethane Lithium diethyl cuprate
CH3 CH2 Cl
1. Li
(ii) CH3CH2Cl (CH3CH2)2LiCu
2. Cul
Chloro ethane Lithium diethyl cuprate
CH3 CH2 Cl
CH3 CH2CH2CH3
Example 3
I. Li CH3CH2Cl
CH3CHCl ((CH3)2CH)2CuLi CH3CHCH2CH3
2. Cul
Example 4
Ni
(i) Cyclopropane + H2
120
CH3 CH3
(ii) C=C + H2 ?
D D
HYDRO CARBON
14 QUIZRR
Solution :
(1) Propane
H3C CH3
(ii) H C C H
D D
(Meso)
The mechanism
The mechanism involves a chain reaction. During a chain reaction, for every reactive species you
start off with, a new one is generated at the end ă and this keeps the process going.
The overall process is known as free radical substitution, or as a free radical chain reaction.
Chain initiation
The chain is initiated (started) by UV light breaking a chlorine molecule into free radicals
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 15
These are reactions which remove free radicals from the system without replacing then by new
ones.
CH3Ć + CHĆ
3
CH3CH3
The potential energy curve for the halogenation (chlorination) of alkane is shown as
Eact
RăH + Cl
Potential energy
R + Cl2
R ă Cl + Cl
Progress of reaction
In more complex alkanes, the abstraction of each different kind of hydrogen atom gives a different
isomeric product. Three factors determine the relative yields of isomeric product.
1. Probability Factor : This factor is based on the number of each kind of hydrogen atoms
in the alkane molecule. For example, in CH3CH2CH2CH3 there are six equivalent 1Ĉ H and
four equivalent 2Ĉ H. The probability of abstracting a 1Ĉ H to 2Ĉ H is 6 to 4, or 3 to 2.
2. Reactivity of HĆ : The order of reactivity of hydrogen atoms is 3Ĉ > 2Ĉ > 1Ĉ.
3. Reactivity of XĆ : The more reactive ClĆ is less selective and more influenced by the
probability factor. The less reactive BrĆ is more selective and less influenced by the probability
factor, as summarized by the Rea ctivity-Selec tivity Principle. If the attacking species is
more reactive, it will be less selective and the yields will be determined by the probability
factor as well as reactivity of hydrogen atoms while if the species attacking is less reactive
and more selective, the yield of the product is governed exclusively by reactivity of hydrogen
atoms.
Cl2 / h
CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2(Cl) + CH3CH2CH(Cl)CH3
25C
n-butane (28%) (72%)
HYDRO CARBON
16 QUIZRR
Cl 2 / h
(CH3)2CHCH3 (CH3)2CHCH2Cl + (CH3)3CăCl
25C
isobutane (64%) (36%)
Br / h
CH3CH2CH2CH3
2
CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3
127C
Br / h
(CH3)2CHCH3
2
127C
(CH3)2CHCH2Br + (CH3)3CăBr
In the chlorination of isobutane abstraction of one of the nine primary hydrogens leads to the
formation of isobutyl chlorides, whereas abstraction of a single tertiary hydrogen leads to the
formation of tertăbutyl chloride. The probability favours formation of isobutyl chloride by the ratio
of 9 : 1. But the experimental results show the ratio roughly to be 2 : 1 or 9 : 4.5. Evidently, about
4.5 times as many collisions with the tertiary hydrogen are successful as collisions with the
primary hydrogens. The Eact is less for abstraction of a tertiary hydrogen than for the abstraction
of a primary hydrogen.
The rate of abstraction of hydrogen atoms is always found to follow the sequence 3Ĉ > 2Ĉ > 1Ĉ.
At room temperature (25ĈC), the relative rates in chlorination are 5.0 : 3.8 : 1.0 respectively for
3Ĉ, 2Ĉ and 1Ĉ hydrogen atoms. Using these values, we can predict quite well the ratio of isomeric
chlorination products from a given alkane. For example,
Cl
CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH CH CH CH Cl + CH CH CHClCH
2
light, 25C 3 2 2 2 3 2 3
Inspite of these difference in reactivity, chlorination rarely yields a great excess of any single
isomer. In most cases, both the products are formed in considerable amounts.
The same sequence of reactivity, 3Ĉ > 2Ĉ > 1Ĉ, is found in bromination, but with enormously larger
reactivity ratios. At 127ĈC the relative rates per hydrogen atom in bromination are 1600 : 82 :
1 respectively for 3Ĉ, 2Ĉ and 1Ĉ hydrogen atoms. Here, differences in reactivity are so marked that
it outweights probability factor. Hence bromination almost exclusively gives selective product.
In bromination of isobutane at 127ĈC,
9 1 9 0.5%
= equivalent to
1 1600 1600 99.5%
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 17
Hence, tert-butyl bromide happens to be the exclusive product (over 99%) with traces of isobutyl
bromide.
The reason for the higher selectivity in bromination as compared to chlorination is due to the
following explanation.
According to the general principle, for comparable reactions, the more endothermic (or less
exothermic) reaction has a transition state (TS), which more closely resembles the intermediate
and may more closely resemble the ground state (reactants). Since attack by BrĆ on alkane is
more endothermic than attack by Cl•, its TS shows more CăH bond breaking and more HăBr
bond formation. Any stabilization in the intermediate radical also occurs in the corresponding TS.
Therefore, a TS leading to a 3Ĉ RĆ, has a lower enthalpy than one leading to a 2ĈRĆ, which in
turn has a lower enthalpy than one leading to 1ĈRĆ, the relative rates of Hăabstraction by BrĆ
are 3Ĉ > 2Ĉ > 1Ĉ. The TS for Hăabstraction by ClĆ has less CăH bond breaking and less HăCl bond
formation. The nature of the incipient radical has less effect on the enthalpy of the TS and on
the rate of its formation. Hence there is less difference in the rate of formation of the three kinds
of RĆs. In the attack by the comparatively unreactive bromine atom, the transition state is
reached late in the reaction process, after the alkyl group has developed considerable radical
character. In the attack by the highly reactive chlorine atom, the transition state is reached early,
when the alkyl group has gained very little radical character. Thus bromination is more selective
than chlorination.
R ă H + Br R H Br R + H ă Br
low reactivity Transition state
high selectivity reached late, much
radical character
R ă H + Cl R H Cl R + H ă Br
Transition state
reached early, much
radical character
Ć Bromination is selective for the R–H that gives the most stable radical
Ć The termination steps are low probability due to the low concentration of the radical species
meaning that the chances of them colliding is very low.
HYDRO CARBON
18 QUIZRR
R adical chain mechanism for reaction of methane with Br 2
Step 2
(a) A bromine radical abstracts a hydrogen
to form HBr and methyl radical, then
(b) The methyl radical abstracts a bromine
atom from another molecule of Br2 to form Br H ă CH3 H ă Br ă CH3
the methyl bromide product and a nother
bromine radical, which can then itself
Br ă Br CH3 Br Bră CH3
undergo reaction 2(a) creating a cycle that
can repeat.
CH2 ă CH3 Cl
Cl2, h
Mechanism
Step 1 - Initiation
hv
Cl Cl
Cl2
Propagation
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 19
Termination :
Cl
CH ă CH3 CH ă CH3
Cl2
+ Cl
CH3 CH2 Br
(1) NBS
Me Cl Me
CH ă CH C ă CH
Me Me
Cl2 , h
(2)
Example 5
How many monochlorinated product are obtained by the chlorination of isohexane and
what is the percentage of each assuming the reactivity ratio of 3ĈH : 2ĈH : 1ĈH = 5 : 3.8 : 1.
Solution :
Isopentane on chlorination in presence of sun light gives five different monochlorinated products.
h
CH3 ă CH ă CH2 ă CH2 ă CH3 + Cl2 CH2 Cl ă CH ă CH2 ă CH2 ă CH3
HYDRO CARBON
20 QUIZRR
1. Oxidation
All alkanes readily burn in excess of air or oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
3n 1 2n+2
CnH2n+2 + O2 nCO2 ( g) H2 O (l)
2 2
On the other hand, controlled oxidation under various condition, leads to different products.
Extensive oxidation gives a mixture of products in which no chain fission has occurred. Under
moderate conditions mixed ketones are the major products and oxidation in the presence of boric
acid produces a mixture of secondary alcohols. The oxidation of alkanes in the vapour state occurs
via free radicals, e.g. alkyl (RĆ), alkylperoxy (ROOĆ) and alkoxy (ROĆ). Oxidising reagents such
as potassium permaganate readily oxidise a tertiary hydrogen atom to a hydroxyl group. For
example, isobutane is oxidised to t-butanol.
KMnO4
(CH3)3 CH + [O] (CH3)3 COH
2. Sulplhonation
It is the process of replacing hydrogen atom by a sulphonic acid group, SO3H. Sulphonation of
a normal alkane from hexane onwards may be carried out by treating the alkane with oleum
(fuming sulphuric acid). The order of case of replacement of H-atoms in tertiary. Compounds is
very much easier than secondary compounds replacement of H-atoms by sulphonic is very slow
indeed. Isobutane, which contains a tertiary hydrogen atom, is readily sulphonated to give t-butyl
sulphonic acid.
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 21
3. Nitration
Under certain conditions alkanes react with nitric acid, when a hydrogen atom will be replaced
by a nitro-group, NO2. This process is known as nitration. Nitration of the alkanes may be carried
out in the vapour phase between 150Ĉ and 475ĈC, when a complex mixture of mononitroalkanes
is obtaines. The mixture consists of all the possible mononitroderivatives and the nitro-compounds
formed by every possibility of chain fission of the alkane. For example, propane gives a mixture
of 1-nitropropane, 2-nitropropane, nitroethane and nitromethane.
NO2
HNO3
|
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 NO2 CH3 C HCH3 C2 H5 NO2 CH3 NO2
400C
4. Isomerisation
It is a process by which n-alkane is converted into a branched alkane containing a methyl group
in group in the side chain by heating the n-alkane with AlCl3 ă HCl at 300ĈC.
For example,
AlCl HCl
CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3
3
300C
CH3 CH CH3
n butane |
CH3
isobutane
5. Cracking : (Pyrolysis)
400 ă 600Ĉ C
CH3CH2CH3 CH2 = CH2 + CH4 {C ă C fission}
400 ă 600Ĉ C
CH3 ă CH = CH2 + H2 {C ă H fission}
6. Aromatisation :
Aromatisation of n-alkanes containing six or more carbon atoms into benzene and its homologues
takes place at high temperature (600ĈC) in pressure of Cr2O3 ă Al2O3 as a catalyst.
ALKENES
Structure
Reactivity
Stability
2n1 2 n2
DU =
2
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 23
Example 6
A molecule for C8H12 does not show stereoisomerism. Upon hydrogenation, it absorbs
1 mole of H2. Upon reductive or oxidative ozonysis it gives some symmetrical diketone.
Deduce the structure of A.
Solution :
2n1 2 n2
DU =
2
n1 = 8
n2 = 12
16 2 12
DU = 3
2
Now, since it absorbs 1 mole of H2, hence only one double bond is present. And since on reductive
or oxidative ozonlysis it gives same diketone, therefore the double bond is of the form of
R R
C
R R
(A)
HYDRO CARBON
24 QUIZRR
PREPARATION OF ALKENES
From alkynes
Reduction of alkynes is a useful method for the stereoselective synthesis of disubstituted alkene
is desired, hydrogenation in the presence of LindlarÊs catalyst is commonly used, though
hydroboration followed by hydrolysis provides an alternative approach. Reduction of the alkyne
by sodium metal in liquid ammonia gives the trans-alkene.
Lindlar's catalyst R R´
C C
2
(Pd/Baso4, quinoline)
H
H H
+
(Cis)
R·C·
· C · R´
·
R H
Na C C
Liq. NH3 H R´
(trans)
B2H6 R R´
C C
CH3 COOH
H H
R R´
Wilkinson's Catalyst
C C
Rhcl [(Ph3 P)] H H
I. Dehydrohalogenation
An elimination is the loss of two atoms or groups from a molecule, which will typically result in
the formation of a new bond.
E.g.
ă
C2H5O
H
alc. KOH ă
CH2 CH2 ă
CH2 = CH2 + Cl + C2 H5 OH
C2H5O
Cl
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 25
(1) E1 elimination
This is an unimolecular elimination. Which means that RDS (Rate Determining step) involves
only one molecule. Also it is the slow ionization to generate a carbocation.
The second step is the fast removal of a proton by the solvent.
In general for on E1 reaction :
Step 1 : Carbocation formation (slow, rate determining)
CH3 CH3
+ ă Slow + ă
H3C C Cl CH3 C + Cl
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
fast
CH3 C+ C
ă
H3C CH2
C2H5 O
CH3 H
Generally this elimination occurs with a strong base, which elimates a proton more quickly than
the substrate can ionize.
E2 elimination is bimolecular and takes place in only one step.
C2 H5 O ă
H C2H5O ă H
HYDRO CARBON
26 QUIZRR
Saytzeff’s Rule
In this type of elimination reaction the two leaving groups are lost from the adjacent carbon
atoms. One of the leaving groups is the halogen atom and the C-atom from which the halogen
and the C-atom from which the halogen is lost is usually designated as 1 or () carbon atom.
Hydrogen, the other leaving group is lost from the neighbouring carbon which is designated as
2 or () carbon atom. Now, if the alkyl halide has two or more -carbon atoms, two or more
alkenes are possible. According to saytzeffÊs rule, dehydro halogenation of alkyl halides leads to
the formation of that alkene leads the major product which has maximum number of alkyl groups
Note : Ć Use Sayteff rule only in E2 reaction, not in E1 to predict the product.
Ć That product will be formed in major amount which has more stable alkene.
In an E1 reaction, the rate determining step is the loss of the leaving group to form the intermediate
carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the easier it is to form, and the faster the E1
reaction will be. Some student fall into the trap of thinking that the system with the less stable
carbocation will react fastest, but they are forgetting that it is the generation of the carbocation
that is rate determining.
Since carbocation intermediates are formed during an E1, there is always the possibility of
rearrangements (e.g. 1, 2-hydride or 1, 2-alkyl shift) to generate a more stable carbocation.
However, if the size of base is increased, it finds it relatively easier to abstract proton from a less
substituted -carbon atom than from more substituted -carbon atom of alkyl halide. Therefore,
less stable alkene becomes the major product . This is known as HoffmannÊs rule.
For example
Br CH2 CH3
CH3
Et3N
(a bulky base)
(major) (minor)
In place of haloalkanes, suphonyl derivatives of alkanes can also be used in the base catalysed
elimination reaction for the preparation of alkenes.
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 27
CH3 O CH3 O
alc. KOH + ă
CH3 CH CH2 O S CH3 CH3 C = CH2 + K O S Ph CH3
isobutene
O O
Hoffman elimination also takes place when the leaving group is poor (In general strong bases
are poor leaving groups).
H
CH2 CH2
Cl leaving group
Example 7
Predict the alkene formed in each case.
CH3
(a) Br CH3 H3C
H
but-1-ene
H3C
Br H H CH3 CH3
CH3
+ +
(b) H H3C
CH3 H H
H3C H
but-1-ene trans-but-2-ene cis-but-2-ene
(minor)
H3C H H H
(c) H3 C CH3 +
Br CH3
H CH3 CH3
trans-pent-2-ene cis-pent-2-ene
HYDRO CARBON
28 QUIZRR
CH3
H3C H H CH3
(d) H3C
CH3
Br CH3
H3C H
2-methylpent-2-ene 2-methylpent-1-ene CH3
(major)
CH3
CH3 CH3
H3 C CH3
CH3
(e) H3 C H
Br CH3 CH3
H3 C
H CH3
2, 3-dimethylbut-2-ene 2, 3-dimethylbut-1-ene
(major)
CH3
(f) H3 C CH3 CH3
H3 C CH3
CH3
H
Br CH3 H3C
CH3
H CH3
2, 3-dimethylbut-2-ene 2, 3-dimethylbut-1-ene
(major)
H3C
H3 C
CH3
H CH3
Example 8
CH3 CH3
Br alc.
(1)
CH3 KOH
H CH3
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 29
Br
CH3
CH3 alc. KOH
(2)
CH3
CH3
H
Solution :
(1) Reaction is correct as Br and H are in anti planar planes. In (2) Br & H are in same plane.
Therefore elimination canÊt take place in this way.
Instead
Br CH3
CH3 alc. KOH
CH3 CH3
H H
Example 9
Explain which of the following reactions would provide a better synthesis of 2-pentene.
ă CH3 OH
(i) H3C CH3 + CH3 O
Br
Br
ă CH3 OH
(ii) H3C CH3 + CH3 O
Solution :
Br
Mixture
HYDRO CARBON
30 QUIZRR
(3) Preparation by Vicinal dehalogenation
Dehalogenation of vicinal dihalides can be effected either by NaI in acetone or by zinc in presence
of acetic acid or ethanol.
Zn dust
CH3 ă CH Br ă CH Br ă CH3
CH3COOH or
CH ă CH = CH ă CH
3 3
C2H5OH
NaI
CH3 ă CH Br ă CH2Br
acetone
CH3 ă CH = CH2
The reaction mechanism involves loss of two halogen atoms in two steps. The two halogen atoms
align themselves at 180Ĉ in the same plane before they are lost.
I
+
Iă X X
ăX ă
C C C C C=C + IX
X
ă
ăX ă ă
C C C C C=C +X
2e ă X X
H+
H C C OH C=C +H OH
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 31
Conc. H2SO4
R ă CH = CH2 + H2O
(180Ĉ C)
H3PO4 Or P2O5
R CH2 ă CH2 ă OH R ă CH = CH2 + H2O
(200Ĉ C)
Al2O3
R ă CH = CH2 + H2O
(350Ĉ C)
Example 10
CH3 CH3
| + |
H
CH3 C OH CH3 C CH2 H2 O
|
CH3
Mechanism :
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
+
H
CH3 CH3
CH3 C OH2 CH3 C + + H2 O
+
CH3 CH3
HYDRO CARBON
32 QUIZRR
+
(3) Deprotonation Removal of H ion
CH3 CH3
H
CH3 C+ CH3 C = CH2
O H
CH3 H
Example 11
CH3
| H+
CH 3 CH CH 2 OH
?
ăH2O
+
H
CH3 CH3
+
CH3 C CH3 CH3 CH CH2
+ rearrangement
depronation
CH3
CH3 C = CH2
Example 12
+
OH
H
+ OăH
protonation
H
dehydration
+
+ H2O
+
rearrangement
More stable carbocation
Ring Expansion
rearrangement + deprotonation
+
More stable
carbocation
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 33
Example 13
+
OH OH2
+
H +
(a)
II
I Correct
(b) (c)
Incorrect
Note :
Ć Reaction with 1Ĉ alcohol proceeds by E2 mechanism if steric hindrance is not present.
Ć As shown in previous examples sterically hundred alcohols dehydrate by E1 mechanism.
Ć Reaction is first order as only one molecule is involved in rate determining step.
(i) Primary alcohols require the most stringent conditions to undergo dehydration i.e., use of
conc. H2SO4 and high temperature.
(ii) Tertiary alcohols can be easily dehydrated by using 25% H2SO4 at 85ĈC.
Example 14
+ +
CH2 OH CH2 (OH2 ) CH2
+
+ +
H Rearrangement ăH
ăH2O
HYDRO CARBON
34 QUIZRR
H ofmann elimination
Hofmann elimination is a process where an amine is reacted to create a tertiary amine and an
alkene by treatment with excess methyl iodide followed by treatment with silver oxide, water and
heat.
ă
H H H OH
R R Ag2O
N
MeI ă R R
R R + I R + R R
+ H2O + ăH2O R CH3
N N N
R R R R R R
CH3 CH3
After the first step, a quaternary ammonium iodide salt is created. After replacement of iodine
by an hydroxyl anion, an elimination reaction takes place to the alkene.
With unsymmetrical amines, the major product is the least substituted and generally the least
stable, an observation known as the Hofmann rule. This is in direct contrast to normal elimination
reactions where the more substituted, stable product is dominant (Saytzeff’s rule).
4. Witting Reaction
This method involves a convenient method of converting aldehydes and ketones into alkenes by
using a special class of compounds called phosphorous yields also called wittig reagent. Primary
or secondary alkyl halide is first treated with triphenyl phosphine the phosphonium halide produced
in the above reaction is converted into phosphorane by adding a strong base like C6H5 Li or
n ă C4H9 ă Li, Phosphorane is stablised by resonance.
R R
CH X + Ph3P R CH PPh3
R´ R´
The Triphenyl group of phosphorane has a strong tendency to pull oxygen atom of the aldehyde
or ketone forming alkene.
R R´´ R´´ R
C PPh3 + O = C C = C + PPh3 = O
0
R´ R´´´ R´´´ R´
(R, RÊ, RÊÊ and RÊÊ may be hydrogen or any alkyl group).
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 35
5. Cleavage of Ethers
Olefins can be formed by the treatment of ethers with very strong bases such as alkylsodium,
alkylithium or sodamide.
R´Na
C C C= C + RONa + R´H
H OR
For example C2H5OCH2CH (COOC2H5)2 forms alkene just by heating without any base at all.
C2H5OCH2CH(COOC2H5)2 CH2 = C(COOC2H5)2 + C2H5OH
(ă)
(ă) Ph ă CH ă O
B
Ph ă CH2 ă O ă CH2 ă CH3 CH2 = CH2 + Ph ă CH2 ă O
ăBH
H CH2
CH2
6. Pyrolysis of Esters
Thermal cleavage of an ester usually acetate involves the formations of a six membered ring as
the transition state leading to the elimination of acid leaving behind alkene.
H H
H
O
R2C O R2C O R2C
500Ĉ C
+ C
H2C C
H2C C H2C O Me
O Me
O Me
As a direct consequence of cyclic transition state, both the leaving groups namely proton and
carboxylate ion are in the cis position. This is an example of cis elimination.
HYDRO CARBON
36 QUIZRR
REACTION OF ALKENES
(1) Addition Reaction
Rules governing adding reaction.
+
C C=C · + X Y C C C
Y X
Mechanism for the addition of hydrogen halide to an alkene involves the following two
steps :
Slow
Step 1 : C=C + H X C C
(RDS) +
fast
Step 2 : C C + Xă C C
+
H X H
The above addition follows MarkonikovÊs rule. It states that in the addition of HX to an
alkene, the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that has the greater
number of hydrogen atoms or the negative part of reagent adds to carbon having less
number of hydrogen.
For example
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 37
CH3
H+
CH2 = CH CH CH3 CH3 CH CH CH3
+
CH3
Rearrangement
CH3 CH3
CH3
Br ă
CH3
Br
C C=C · + HBr C C C
Br H
C C C
H Br
antimarkonikov
When addition of HBr takes place in presence of peroxides (RăOăOăR or benzoyl peroxide),
addition occurs in an anti-MarkonikovÊs manner i.e., Br is added to the carbon having large
number of Hăatom.
ROOR
CH2 = CH ă CH3 + HBr CH3 CH2 CH2 Br
Mechanism
R·O·O·R 2R · O
R · O + H · Br ROH + Br
HYDRO CARBON
38 QUIZRR
Br
(2 radical)
CH3 ă CH2CH2Br + Br
Example 15
C = C + XY C C
X Y
+ X Y H H SYS
X Y
results in cis
product
(b) ANTI
(trans type opp side)
X
C = C + XY C C
Y
+ X Y H Y
X X
results in trans product.
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 39
I. ADDITION REACTIONS
1. Catalytic Hydrogenation :
Alkenes react with hydrogen in the presence of many reagents such as :
(1) Na in liquid NH3 and alcohol
(2) H2, Pt O2/CH3COOH
(3) H2/Ni at 573 K
(4) H2/Pd-carbon in ethanol
It is a Âsyn-additionÊ reaction.
H2/Pt,Ni or pd
H H
D2
H H
(duterium)
H H D D
H H
D2
CH3 · CH = CH · CH3 CH3 · CH · CH · CH3
D D
CH3 H
CH3
C D2
(Meso) D H
C Ni,
CH3 H (SYN)
D H
(Cis)
CH3
CH3 H
CH3
C D2 D H
C (SYN)
H CH3
H D
(Trans)
CH3
HYDRO CARBON
40 QUIZRR
Reducing Agents
ă H2, Ni or Pd or Pt 300Ĉ C
ă H2, PtO2/CH3COOH exclusive for alkenes cannot reduce
N
O
X
Pd C
ă H2 /
(methanol) or ethanol
Note :
ă PtO2/CH3COOH is used exclusively for alkenes ( also)
ă LiAlH4 reduces all except alkenes
NaBH4 / OHă
C=0 CHOH
1 a HX
C·C=C· C·C·C·
X H
b HBr
C·C·C·
Peroxide
(anti markonikov) H X
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 41
1 a HX
H X
CH3 CH3
b HBr
Br H Or H H *
Peroxide
H CH3 Br CH3
*Anti Markonikov is free radical addition Nothing is clear about cis & trans
Br CH3
Example 16
(1)
HBr +
attack by + Hydride
+ H+ shift
H
ring
expansion
Br + Carbocation +
Attack of Br
rearrangement
HYDRO CARBON
42 QUIZRR
+
(2) CH = CH · CH3 CH · CH2 · CH3 CHBr · CH2 · CH3
HBr
OH OH OH
Carbocation stabilized
by resonance from
benzene ring
HBr +
ring expansion
Br
+
Bră
Note : Rearrangement may be avoid by treatment of alkene with mercuric acetate (in THF)
followed by reduction with NaBH4 / NaOH
Br
anti
C · C = C · + Br2 C·C·C·
Br
Some examples :
Br H
transă1, 2ă dibromocyclohexane
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 43
Br
Br
CH3 Br
CH3
(5) C = CH2 + Br2/CCl4 C · CH2
CH3 CH3
Br
Br
NOTE :
Now the compound formed in (4)
Br
Br
HYDRO CARBON
44 QUIZRR
For a compound having chiral centres, the isomers are
= 2n where n is the no of chiral centres
2n = 4 (n = 2)
CH3 CH3
H Br Br H
Br H H Br
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
Br H H Br
Br H H Br
CH3 CH3
(III) (IV)
(Meso structure)
CH3
CH3 H
H Br
C Br2
enantiomers
(anti add.)
C Br H
CH3 H (cis)
CH3
CH3
CH3 H
Br H
C Br2
Meso structures
anti
C Br H
H CH3 (trans)
CH3
Br2
Note : Test of unsaturation
CCl4
(reddish brown)
(bromine water)
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 45
Example 17
Solution :
ă
Br
b a
D Me
+
+
T H
+
Br
Here the + I effect of Me stabalizes the + charge on carbon, hence path (a) is more stable.
Example 18
H
D NaCl
+ Br2 ?
T
Solution :
Me ă
Cl Me
H
D H
+ Br2
T D Br
Me Me
Br H H Br
+
T Cl Cl T
D D
Here major product will be of chlorine because Clă is a better nucleophile than Bră
HYDRO CARBON
46 QUIZRR
6. Addition of halogen X2 (in H2O) aqueous solution :
ă
Br2 / H2 O HO Br
Note : This reaction also follow anti addition and markonikovÊs addition
Br
să s+
1. HO Br
C·C=C· C·C·C·
Br2/H2O
Markonikov add OH
anti addition
2. Br2 H OH
H2O
(anti)
Br H
3. Br2 H OH
H2O
CH3 Br CH3
4. Br2 OH
CH3
H2O
CH3 CH3 Br CH3
O
||
(CH3 · C· O)2 · Hg (polar solvent)
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 47
Hg(OAC)2/THF/H2O
C=C C·C O
H O Hg · O · C · CH3 + CH3 · C · OH
(oxy ă mercurate) O
NaBH4/OHă
O
C·C + Hg + CH3 · C · OH
H OH
Hg(OAc) 2 /THF/H2O
C=C C·C
NaBH4 /OHă
H OH
1. Hg(OAc)2/THF/H 2O
2. NaBH4/OHă
H CH3
CH3 H OH
1. BH3
C=C H ă C ă C ă OH
2. H2 O2 /NaOH
Ć Overall transformation : C = C to H ă C ă C ă OH
Ć Reagents (two steps) 1. BH3 or B2H6 then (2) NaOH/H2O2
Ć Anti-Markovnikov, since the B is the electrophile.
Ć Stereoselectivity : Syn since the C-B and C-H bonds form simultaneously from the BH3.
Ć The alcohol is formed over a series of steps involving the B center, with retention of
configuration at the C.
HYDRO CARBON
48 QUIZRR
R eactivity of Borane
Ć Borane reacts with alkenes via a concerted mechanism.
Ć Simultaneous making of C-B and C-H bonds as C=C and B-H break.
H
BH2
Ć Electrophilic B atom adds at the least substituted end of the alkene.
Ć Although a carbocation is not involved, the reaction occurs as if the electrophilic B atom were
making the more stable carbocation.
Mechanism :
Step 1 : The electrons act as the nucleophilic with the electrophilic B and the H is transferred
to the C with syn stereochemistry.
Step 3 : Peroxide ion reacts as the nucleophile with the electrophilic B atom.
B B
RH2CH2C CH2 CH2R RCH2H2C CH2CH2R
ă O OH
OOH
ă
CH2 CH2R OCH2CH2R
ă
OH 2HOO
B ă B
2 OH OCH2 CH2R
RH2CH2C OCH2 CH2R RH2CH2C
OH2
OCH2 CH2R ă
OCH2CH2R
ă OH
B B
RH2CH2CO OCH2 CH2R RH2CH2CO OCH2 CH2R
OH
ăRCH2CH2OH
OCH2 CH2R
2H2O
2RCH2CH2OH + H3BO3
B
RH2CH2CO OH
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 49
For Example :
Me OH H
(syn addition)
Note :
Ć If instead of H2O2/OHă we use
Ag then an ether will be formed.
Example 19
CH3 CH3
D
BD3
OH
(1) H2O2
CH3 CH3
H
BD3
OD
(2) D2O2
CH3 CH3
D
Hg(OAC)2 OH
(3) NaBD4, H2O
HYDRO CARBON
50 QUIZRR
8. Hydroxylation (of 2 – OH)
Baeyers reagent
alc
C=C C·C (glycol)
KMnO4
OH OH
(Test of unsaturation)
alc
H H
KMnO4
CH3 OH OH
(Osmium tetroxide)
1. OsO4 /Pyridine
C=C C·C
2. NaHSO3
OH OH
CH3 H
CH3
C (Meso)
(Racemic H OH
Br2 alc
mixture)
C
CCl4 KMnO4
CH3 H H OH
(cis)
CH3
CH3 H
C
Br2 alc (Racemic
(Meso)
CCl4 C mixture)
KMnO4
(anti) H CH3 (Syn)
(trans)
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 51
Example 20
MCPBA
CH3 · CH = CH2 CH3 · CH · CH2
Synaddition
H2O
+
CH3 · CH · CH2OH CH3 · CH · CH2
OH
+
OH
CH3 · CH · CH2
OH
9. Oxidation of Alkenes
1. Oxidation by O3 (ozone)
2. Oxidation by hot acidic KMnO4
Ozonolysis :
Ozone reacts vigorously with alkene to form unstable compound called molozonide, which rearranges
spontaneously to form a compound known as ozonide. Ozonides, themselves are unstable and
reduced directly with Zn and water. The reduction produces carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and
ketones) that can be isolated.
Ć an oxidising work-up, usually H2O2 (under these conditions, carboxylic acids are obtained
instead of aldehydes)
HYDRO CARBON
52 QUIZRR
Ć It is convenient to view the process as cleaving the alkene into two carbonyls
Ć The substituents on the C=O depend on the substituents on the original C=C
Reductive work-up
Oxidative work-up
R R R R
O3
O+O
then
R H H2O2 R OH
Example 21
(1)
O
O O
O3 C·H
H3
Zn, AcOH
+ CH3 · C · H
C=O
CH3
O
O O
C · OH
O3 + H2O2
O + CH3 · C · OH
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 53
CH3 O
O3/H2O
CH3 · C = O + CH3 · C · OH
Ć In reductive ozonolysis, break double bond and each double bonded carbon will have one
oxygen atom.
Ć In oxidative ozolysis, aldehydes obtained from reductive ozonolysis will be oxidised to acids
because H2O2 formed is highly oxidising in nature.
[O]
R ă CH = CH2
RCOOH + HCOOH
KMnO4
(O) O3
RCOOH + HCOOH (R·CH=CH2) RCHO + HCHO
KMnO4 Zn/H2O
R
(O) O3
C = O + CO2 + H2O (R · C = CH2) R · C = O + HCHO
KMnO4 Zn/H2O
R R R
(O) O3
2 RCOOH R ·CH = CHR 2 RCHO
KMnO4 Zn/H2O
(O) O3
RCOOH + R´COOH R · CH = CHR´ RCHO + R´CHO
KMnO4 Zn/H2O
R R R
(O) O3
C = O + ROOH C = CHR C = O + RCHO
KMnO4 Zn/H2O
R R R
HYDRO CARBON
54 QUIZRR
* Terminal alkenes always give formaldehyde on ozonolysis
* Basically products on left hand side [by KMnO4] can be achieved by further oxidising the
products achieved on right by ozonolysis.
O zonolysis of Cycloalkenes
3 O O
1
3 2
O
4 1 O O
O
O O O O
O O
O
(O)
alc . KMno4 OH
OH
O O
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 55
(O) OH
alc . KMno4
OH
(O)
OH
alc . KMno4
OH
O
O
alc . KMno4
O= =O
OH OH
C ycloalkadienes
3 3
2
2 CHO +
O CHO O O
1
3
3
2 4 O
2 O +
1 5 O
O
6
3
2 4
O O +
1 5 O
O
2
6
HYDRO CARBON
56 QUIZRR
COOH
+ O O
COOH OH OH
COOH
+ O O
COOH OH OH
COOH
2 CH2
COOH
A lkadions
C=C·C=C
CHO COOH
CHO COOH
COOH
KMnO 4 O3
+ 2CO2 + 2CO2 C C·C C 2HCHO + CHO
COOH
CHO
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 57
CH 2 N2
CH2: + N2
(carbene)
Ć Carbene is electron deficient. It adds across the double bond.
CH2
CH3 · CH = CH2 CH3 · CH · CH2
CH2
CH2N2
light
C= C + or C C
CH2CO
CH2
Mechanism :
· CH
CH3 · CH · CH3 · CH · CH2 CH3 · CH · CH2
2
·
Addition in Syn
CH3 CH3
CH light CH
+ CH2N2 CH2
CH CH
CH3 H3 C
(cis)
H3 C H3 C
CH Cu2+ CH
+ CH2N2 CH2
CH CH
CH3 CH3
(Trans)
HYDRO CARBON
58 QUIZRR
Ć In presence of potassium tert-butoxide, there is addition of dichloromethylene
(dichlorocarbone), : CCl2, when CHCl3 reacts with alkene.
ă ă1
t ă BuO K
CH3 · CH = CH · CH3 + CHCl3 CH3 · CH · CH · CH3 + t · BuOH + KCl
Cl Cl
first : CCl2 is formed by -elimination (1, 1-elimination) from CHCl3 and tăBuOH
Alkene reacts with CH2I2 in presence of Cu-Zn to form cycloalkane. This reaction does not
actually involve a carbene, but rather a carbenoid, a organometallic species, that reacts like a
carbene.
CH2I2 + : Zn (Cu) IăCH2ăZnăI (carbenoid)
CuăZn
CH3 ă CH = CH2 CH2 I2 CH3 · CH · CH2
CH2
(methyl cyclopropane)
IV. Hydroxylation
There are a number of reagents that can add two OH groups to alkenes. The two OH groups can
be either added from the same side (syn hydroxylation) or from the opposite side (anti-hydroxylation)
Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) adds to alkene to form cyclic osmic ester (2) which can be made to
undergo ready hydrolytic of their Os-O bonds to yield the vic-dio(3).
O O
Os
Me O HO
O HO
H
Me OsO4 Me H H2O Me H
+ (HO)2OsO2
Me H Me H
H
(1) (2) (3)
cis 2ăbutene (1) thus yields the meso butan-2, 3ădiol (3), i.e. the overall hydroxylation is
stereoselectively syn, as would be expected from OsăO cleavage in a necessarily cis cyclic ester.
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 59
The disadvantage of this reaction as a preparative method is expense and toxicity of OsO4.
However, this can be overcome by using it in catalytic quantities in association with H2O2 which
re-oxidises the osmic acid, (HO)2OsO2, formed to OsO4.
Alkaline permanganate, Mn18O4ă (a reagent used classically to test for unsautration), will so
effect stereoselective syn addition and this by analogy with the above, is thought to proceed via
cyclic (cis) permanganic ester. It has not proved possible actually to isolate such species but use of
Mn18O4ă, was found to lead to a vic-diol in which both oxygen atoms were O18 labeled. Thus both
were derived from MnO4ă, and neither from the solvent H2O, which provides support for a
permanganic analogue of (2) as an intermediate, provided that Mn18O4ă undergoes no O18 exchange
with the solvent H2O under these conditions. The disadvantage of MnO4ă for hydroxylation is
that the resultant 1,2ădiol is very much susceptible to further oxidation by it.
(b) Anti-Hydroxylation
Peroxyacids, RCOOH will also oxidize alkenes, e.g. trans 2ăbutene (4), by adding and oxygen
atom across the double bond to form an epoxide (5).
O
O
C
C
ă
R O
R O H
+ H O O
HăO + + RCO2H
Me Me Me
Me H H
Me H Me H
(4) (5)
Epoxides (though uncharged) have a formal resemblance to cyclic bromonium ion intermediates,
but unlike them are stable and may readily be isolated. However, they undergo nucleophilic
attack under either acid or base catalysed conditions to yield the 1, 2ădiol. In either case attack
by the nucleophile on carbon atom will be from the opposite side of the oxygen bridge in (5). Such
attack on the epoxide will involve inversion of configuration.
O H Me H Me
Oă HO
H OH ă H2O
OH OH
Me H
Me Me H Me
H OH ă
(5) (7)
H+
H OH OH
O
+
Me H Me H
H H2O ăH
+
H Me H Me
Me +
Me OH2 OH
H
(6) (7)
OH2
HYDRO CARBON
60 QUIZRR
Attack has been shown on only one of the two possible carbon atoms in (5) and (6), though on
different ones in the two cases. In each case, attack on the other carbon will lead to the same
product, the meso vicădiol (7). By comparing the configuration of (7) with that of the original
alkene by suitable choice of reagent, the hydroxylation of alkenes can be made stereoselectively
anit at will.
For example,
Ć While writing the product, where double bond is present in alkene, break it from there.
O
||
Ć If CH is bond to double bond, convert it to C OH
and other conversions are :
Rectant Product
O
= CH- ||
C OH
R O
= | ||
C C R
Example 22
CH = CH2 COOH
KMnO4
(1) + CO2
KMnO4 COOH
(2) O + CO2
CH3 CH3
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 61
O
O
O C OH
KMnO4 C OH
(3) ? +
C OH
alkene
dil. cold
syn addition
alkaline KMnO4
VI. Dimerisation :
Isobutene C4H8 in presence of conc. H2SO4 or H3PO4 is converted into a mixture of two alkenes
of molecular formula C8H16, a dimer of C4H8. This is called dimerisation.
(A) and (B) are position isomers and hydrogenation will form the same alkane, 2, 2, 4-trimethyl
pentane.
(1) H2SO4 ,
CH = CH2 CH = CH · CH · Ph
CH3
hv
(2) 2CH = CH2
HYDRO CARBON
62 QUIZRR
VII. Addition of Alkanes – Alkylation
CH3 CH3
Conc. H2SO4 or HF
CH3 · C = CH2 + H · C · CH3
0 ă 10Ĉ C
CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3
Mechanism
CH3 CH3
H+
Step 1 : CH3 · C = CH2 CH3 · C · CH3
+
CH3 CH3
Step 3 :
+
CH3 · C · CH2 · C · CH3 + H · C · CH3 CH3 · C · CH2 · C · CH3 + CH3 · C
+
VIII. Polymerisation
One of the most important reactions of simple alkenes and conjugated dienes is polymerisation.
The joining together of many small molecules to make very large molecules.
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 63
O2, heat
(1) n CH2 = CH2 pressure · CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
Or
(· CH2 · CH2 ·)n
Polythelene
peroxide
(2) n CH2 = CH · CH2 · CH ·
Cl Cl n
vinyl chloride Poly vinyl chloride
(PVC)
CH3 CH3
(3)
CH2 = C · CH = CH2 · CH2 · C · CH = CH2 ·
Example 23
Limonene (A) is a naturally occurring C10H16 hydrocarbon that causes the odour of lemons.
When treated with excess of hydrogen in the presence of platinum catalyst, it takes up two
equivalents of hydrogen. When treated with ozone, followed by zinc in acetic acid, it forms
one mole of formaldehyde (C) and one mole of the tricarbonyl compound (B) shown below.
O O
Propose a suitable structure for limonene if it has one six membered ring.
Solution :
1. O
Limonene (B) (9 carbon) + (C) with 1 carbon
3
2. Zn.ACOH
This shows one (C = C) in an open chain, one (C = C) in a ring structure. We have following
randomness in which (A) has six membered ring. C of (C) is joined to C2 of (B) and C9, and C6
of (B) are joined by C = C bond.
(C) is O = CH2.
HYDRO CARBON
64 QUIZRR
Hence
O CH2
1. O3
H3C H3C
O 2. Zn, AcOH
O CH3 CH3
H3C
CH3 H
(A) (B)
Thus (A) is
CH2
H3C
CH3
Example 24
CH2CH2CH2CH3
O
O O O
O3 CH
X Me S + H · C · C · H + H · C · C · O · H + H · C · O ·H
2 H
O
O O O
Solution :
5H2
Compound X Pt
CH2CH2CH2CH3
AgNO3
At OH
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 65
O O O O O
H · C · CH2CH2 · C · C · H + H · C · C · H + H · C · C · OH + H · C · OH
O O O
Hence X is
CH
HYDRO CARBON
66 QUIZRR
A LKYNES
Functional group suffix = ă yne (review)
Disubstituted alkynes, R-CC-R´, are described as „internal‰ alkynes
Monosubstituted alkynes, R-CC-H, are described as „terminal‰ alkynes.
1. Stability :
Ć As with alkenes, the more highly substituted internal alkynes are more stable.
Ć By comparing thermodynamic data of alkynes and alkenes, it can be seen that the „extra‰
bond in an alkyne is weaker than the alkene bond.
Ć The alkyne functional group consists of two sp hybridised C atoms bonded to each other via
one and two bonds.
Ć The 2 bonds are produced by the side-to-side overlap of the two pairs of p-orbital not
utilised in the hybrids.
Ć The substituents are attached to the CC via sigma bonds.
Ć The 2 C of the CC and the 2 atoms attached directly to the CC are linear.
Ć Since alkynes are linear, they cannot exist as cis-/ trans-isomers.
2. Physical Properties
Ć As with hydrocarbons in general, alkynes are non-polar and are insoluble in water but
soluble in non-polar organic solvents.
Ć Liquified acetylene or when compared, in explosive, burns with luminous smoky flame due
to high carbon content, hence used for lighting purpose.
Ć In general bond length increases in the order
3. Reactivity
Ć The bonds are a region of high electron density so alkynes are typically nucleophiles.
Ć Alkynes typically undergo addition reactions in which one or both of the -bonds are
converted to new bonds.
Ć Terminal alkynes, R ă C C ă H, are quite acidic for hydrocarbons, pKa = 26
Ć Deprotonation of a terminal acetylene gives an acetylide ion.
Ć The acetylide ion is a good nucleophile and can be alkylated to give higher alkynes.
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 67
B:ă
RăC C:ă B ă H
R ă C C ă H
Terminal alkynes are unusual for simple hydrocarbons in that they can be deprotonated (pKa =
26) using an appropriate base (typically NaNH2, pKa = 36) to generate a carbanion which can
function as a C centered nucleophile and so allow for the formation of new C-C bonds by reacting
with C centered electrophiles (such as alkyl halides).
In order to appreciate what makes the terminal alkyne more acidic than most other hydrocarbons,
we should look at the stability of the conjugate base (i.e., the carboanion).
ă
· C · Că sp3 C = Că ·C C sp
For each type of carbanion shown, the nature of the hybrid orbital containing the electron pair
is important. Increased s character (sp = 50%, sp2 = 33% and sp3 = 25%) implies that the alkyne
sp orbital is closer to the nucleus and so there is greater electrostatic stabilisation of the electron
pair. Therefore the conjugate base of the alkyne is the most stable and the most readily formed.
However the terminal alkyne C-H bond is not strongly acidic and a strong base, such as the amide
ion, NH2ă, is required to form the carbanion.
Preparation of Alkynes
1. Dehydrohalogenation
X X
NaNH2
·CăC· ·C C · + 2H ă X + 2NH3
in NH3
H H or alcKOH
H X
NaNH2
·CăC· ·C C · + 2H ă X + 2NH3
in NH3
H X or alc. KOH
HYDRO CARBON
68 QUIZRR
Ć The two bonds of an alkyne can be formed using two consecutive elimination reactions.
Ć The leaving groups are usually halides (esp. Br or Cl)
Ć Reagent : usually NaNH2 (a strong base)
Ć Either geminal (1, 1-) or vicinal (1, 2-) dihalides can be used.
Ć Since 1,2-dihalides can be prepared by addition of X2 to an alkene, an alkene can be
converted into an alkyne in two steps.
Ć These reactions are typically E2 reactions and occur via an alkenyl halide.
Ć The strong base is needed in order to cause elimination of the alkenyl halide.
Ć 1,2-dihalides vicinal when treated with alcoholic KOH give alkynes by loss of two molecules
of hydrogen halide, the intermediate being vinyl halide.
Br H
alc. KOH alc. KOH
R·C·C·H R·C=C·H R·C C·H
·HBr ·HBr
H Br H Br
Ć The use of alcoholic KOH gives rise to side reactions and causes the migration of the C=C
bond to the centre of the molecule.
M echanism
H H
R H
ă ă
H·N + R·C·C·R C=C + NH3 + Br
Br R
H Br Br
R H
ă ă
C=C + N·H R·C C R + NH3 + Br
Br R
H
In this reaction elemination of the first molecule of HX results in the formation of vinyl halide
ă an alkene with halogen bonded to one of the carbons of the double bond. We take strong base
like NH2 to make the step II easier for elimination.
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 69
1500C
Ć 6CH4 + 2O2
cracking
2CH CH + 2CO + 1 H
2 2
3. Kolbe’s Method
Electrolysis of concentrated solution of sodium or potassium salt of maleic or tumaric acid gives
acetylene at anode.
CHCO2 Na + 2H O CH
|| 2 ||| + 2CO2 + 2NaOH + H2
CHCO2Na Current
CH
X H
alcohol
R · C · C · H + 2Zn R·C C · H + 2ZnX2
H X
CHX3 + 6Ag + X3CH HC CH + 6AgX
HC CH + Na
Liquid NH3 RX
HC C Na HC CR
RC CH + Na
Liquid NH3 R´X
RC C Na RC CR ´
terminal alkyne
HYDRO CARBON
70 QUIZRR
(i) Na Liquid NH
CH3C CH
3 CH C CCH CH
3 2 3
(ii) CH3CH2I
2 pentyne
Ć Above reaction shows that acetylinic and terminal H are reactive hence salt formation is
easier.
Ć RX and R´X should be 1Ĉ alkyl halides, since higher 2Ĉ and 3Ĉ halides give mainly alkenes
when they react with sodium salt of alkynes.
Example 25
Outline a synthesis of propyne from isopropyl or propyl bromide. The needed vic-dihalide
is formed from propene, which is prepared from the alkyl halides.
Solution :
CH3 CH 2CH2 Br
n-Propylbromide
alc. Br2 alc. NaNH2
or CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3CHBrCH2 Br CH3 CH CHBr CH3C CH
KOH KOH
CH3CHBrCH3
Isopropylbromide
Example 26
Synthesize the following compounds from HC CH and any other organic and inorganic
reagents (do not repeat steps) :
(a) 1-pentyne, (b) 2-hexyne
Solution :
+
(a) NaNH CH CH CH I
H C C H
2
H C C:Na
3 2 2 H C C CH CH CH
2 2 3
+ +
(b) CH I NaNH
Na :C C H
3 CH C C H
3
2
CH3 C C : Na
CH CH CH I
3 2 2 CH C C ă CH CH CH
3 2 2 3
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 71
6. Alkylation of Alkynes
1.NaNH
RăC CăH
2 RăC ăR'
2.R ' X
Ć Terminal alkynes are usual for simply hydrocarbons in that they can be deprotonated
(pKa = 26) using an appropriate base (typically NaNH2, pKa = 36) to generate a carbanion.
Ć 3Ĉ alkyl halides are more likely to undergo elimination.
Ć One or both of the terminal H atoms in ethylene (acetylene) H-CC-H can be substituted
providing access to monosubstituted (R-CC-H) and symmetrical (R = R´) or unsymmetrical
R R´) disubstituted alkynes R-CC-R´.
Mechanism
7. Ozonolysis of alkynes
Ozonolysis of alkynes generally gives an acid anhydride or diketone product, not complete
fragmentation as for alkenes. A reducing agent is not needed for these reactions. The exact
mechanism is not completely known. If the reaction is performed in the presence of water, the
anhydride hydrolyzes to give two carboxylic acids.
O O
O3
R·C C · R´
O3 R R´
O O H2O O O
O
R R´ R OH HO R´
However, ethyne behaves differently. Ozonolysis followed by oxidative hydrolysis of ethyne gives
a mixture of glyoxal and formic acid.
1. O
HC CH
3
2. H2O CHOăCHO + HCOOH
HYDRO CARBON
72 QUIZRR
8. Halogenation of Alkynes
·C C · + X2 C=C
Br
HBr
|
CH3 C CH CH3 C CH2 CH3 CH CH2 Br
peroxides
major
H X
·C C · + H ·X C=C
H X
·C C · + H ·X ·C·C·
excess
H X
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 73
Br
HBr
|
CH3 C CH CH3 C CH2 CH3CH CH2 Br
major
Ć Reaction proceeds via protonation to give the more stable carbocation intermediate.
Ć Not stereoselective since reaction proceeds via planar carbocation.
Ć In the presence of excess HX, a second addition can occur to the product alkene giving a
geminal dihalide.
Br Br
| |
HBr
CH3 C CH2 CH3 CCH3
|
Br
Example 27
OH
dil. H2SO4
(1)
+2
Hg
OH O
dil. H2SO4
(2) +2
Hg
dil H2SO4
(1) CH CH 2+
H·C=C·H
Hg
H OH
vinyl alcohol
tautomerism
CH3 · C · H
HYDRO CARBON
74 QUIZRR
dil H2SO4
(2) CH3 · C CH 2+
CH3 · C = CH2
Hg
OH enolic
tautomerism
CH3 · C · CH3
O
Ć Intermediate is enolic compound that tantomerises to an aldehyde or keto compound.
Mechanism :
..
H2O OH H
2+
Hg
R·C C·H R·C=C·H C=C
Hg
2+ R Hg+
H3O+
R OH H
C · CH3 C=C
O R H
REACTIONS
1. Hydrogenation of Alkynes
Lindlar's
·C C· HăH C=C
catalyst
H H
H H
Lindlar's catalyst
C=C
H3C CH3
(cis)
CH3 · C C · CH3 + H2
H CH3
Na in
C=C
Liq. NH3
H3C H
(trans)
Diborane, the simplest hydride of boron reacts with alkyne to form trialkenylborane. Diborane
splits into two BH3 units and the addition of BH3 takes place following MarkownikoffÊs rule. The
addition continues as long as hydrogen is attached to boron atom.
CH COOH
(RăCH=CH)3B
3
hydrolysis
3RăCH=CH + B(OH)
2 3
Internal alkynes give rise to alkenes where geometrical isomerism is possible. Hydroboration
followed by hydrolysis of alkynes gives cis alkene as the major product.
R R
CH3CO2H
R·C C · R + B2H6 (RCH = CR)3B C=C (Cis)
H H
HYDRO CARBON
76 QUIZRR
Oxidation of trialkenylborane with alkaline H2O2 results in the formation of carbonyl compounds.
Terminal alkynes give rise to aldehydes whereas internal alkynes give rise to ketones.
OH
|
R CH CH 3 B
H2O2 /NaOH tautomerizes
R CH CH
R CH2 CHO
OH O
| ||
R CH CR 3 B
H2O2 /NaOH tautomerizes
R CH= C R
R CH2 C R
3. Dimerisation
Acetylene dimerises when treated with a mixture of Cu2Cl2 and NH4Cl to give vinyl acetylene.
Cu Cl NH Cl
2CH CH
2 2 4 CH CH C CH
2
The dimer undergoes addition reactions just like any other unsaturated hydrocarbon. The addition
reaction preferably takes place at the triple bond and not at the double bond inspite of the fact
that alkynes are less reactive than alkenes towards electrophilic addition reactions. For example,
addition of HCl to vinyl acetylene gives chloroprene.
Cl
|
CH2 CH C CH HCl CH 2 CH C CH2
Chloroprene
4. Oxidation
Alkynes are oxidised by hot alkaline KMnO4, which causes cleavage of ăCCă resulting in the
formation of salts of carboxylic acids. The salts on acidification are converted into acids. Internal
alkynes give mixture of carboxylic acids while terminal alkynes give a carboxylic acid and the
terminal C-atom is oxidised to CO2 and H2O.
(i ) KMnO / OH /
CH3 C C CH2CH3
4
CH3COOH CH3CH2COOH
(ii) H
5. Polymerisation Reactions
(i) Hydrochloric acid adds to acetylene in the presence of Hg2+ ion as catalyst to form vinyl
chloride. Polymerisation of vinyl chloride results in the formation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Hg 2+
Polymerization
HC CH HCl
CH2 CHCl
CH2 C H
|
Cl n
(PVC)
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 77
(ii) Addition of HCN to ethyne is catalysed by Cu2Cl2 in HCl. The product obtained is acrylonitrile,
which on polymerisation gives polyacrylonitrile (PAN).
CuCl2
Polymerization
HC CH HCN CH 2 CH CN
CH2 C H
HCl
|
CN n
(PAN)
Acrylonitrile is also used in the manufacture of a synthetic rubber called BuNaăN (a copolymer
of butadiene and acrylonitrile) and a thermoplastic called ABS (a terpolymer of acrylonitrile,
butadiene and styrene).
(iii) Acetic acid adds to ethyne in the presence of Hg2+ ion to give vinyl acetate, which is used
as monomer in the preparation of polyvinyl acetate (PVA).
2+
Hg
HC CH + CH3COOH CH2 = CHOOCCH3
(vinyl acetate)
Ć Acetylene when passed over red hot iron tube forms benzene.
red hot
3CH CH
Fe
This reaction involves a cyclic transition state in which 8eă participate. Such compounds have
aromatic character as aromatic compounds are relatively more stable. So these transition states
are more stable.
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH3
e.g.
Red hot
3CH3 · C CH
Fe
CH3 CH3
HYDRO CARBON
78 QUIZRR
7. Addition of Hypohalous acid
Alkynes react with hypohalous acid in the molar ratio of 1 : 2 to give dihalo Ketones.
Acetylene forms dihaloaldehyde
HOX
R·C C · H + HOX R · C(OH) = CHX
O
ăH2O
R · C · CHX2 R · C(OH)2 · CHX2
(1) Terminal alklynes give silver mirror in reaction with ammonium solution in silver nitrate,
i.e., ammonium silver nitrate.
or silver mirror
Ag(NH3)2+ (white ppt)
Example 28
H2 D2/Pt
CH3C CCH3 A B
Ni2B
Na/EtOH D2/Pt
C D
H2 Br2
E F
Ni2B
Br2 H2
G H
Ni
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 79
Solution :
A is obtained by syn addition
H3C CH3
C C
A :
H H
Cis
H H
B : H3C · C · C · CH3
D D
meso
H CH3
C·
·C
C :
H3C H
trans
H D
D H
Allylic systems
The position adjacent to C=C often enhanced reactivity compared to simple alkanes due to the
proximity of the adjacent system. Such positions are referred as „allylic”. Recall that the term
„vinylic” is used to described the atoms directly associated with the C=C unit.
1. Allylic carbocations
The system of a double bond can stablise an adjacent carbocation by donating electron density
through resonance. Remember that delocalising charge is a stabilising effect. This stablilisation is
equivalent to that of two alkyl groups, so the alkyl cation has similar stability to the 2-propyl cation.
HYDRO CARBON
80 QUIZRR
+ +
1+ 1+
+ + 2 2
resonance hybrid
Note that in the two resonance forms of the allylic cation, the positive charge is located on the
terminal carbon atoms and never on the middle carbon. This is reflected in the resonance hybrid.
Note that either of the carbons with +ve charge could be attacked by a nucleophile.
Due to the stability of these allylic cations, they are readily formed as intermediates during
chemical reactions, for example SN1 reactions of allylic halides.
2. Allylic radicals
resonance hybrid
The system of a double bond can also stabilise an adjacent radical through resonance. Remember
that delocalising the radical is a stabilising effect.
Due to the stability of these allylic radicals, they are readily formed as intermediates during
chemical reactions, for example allylic halogenation.
Reactivity
Ć Allylic bonds are often weaker and are easily broken, for example compare the bond
dissociation energies :
H
H 410 kJ/mol (98 kcal/mol)
H
H 368 kJ/mol (88 kcal/mol)
Ć The stability of the allylic radical can be utilised in the preparation of allylic halides
(esp. -Cl and -Br)
Ć Allylic halides readily undergo substitution reactions via either SN1 or SN2 pathways.
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 81
H X
light or heat
X·X+ C C +H·X
X = Br, Cl
N · Br
Step 1 (Initiation) Heat or uv light causes the weak halogen bond to undergo homolytic cleavage
to generate two bromine radicals and starting the chain process.
Br · Br Br Br
Step 2 (Propagation) :
(a) A bromine radical abstracts a hydrogen to form HBr and an allyl radical, then
(b) The allyl radical abstracts a bromine atom from another molecule of Br2 to form the allyl
bromide product and another bromine radical, which can then itself undergo reaction 2(a)
creating a cycle that can repeat.
Br H · CH2CH CH 2 H · Br CH2CH = CH 2
Step 3 (Termination) : Various reactions between the possible pairs of radicals allow for the
formation of Br2 or the product, allyl bromide.
HYDRO CARBON
82 QUIZRR
Br Br Br · Br
NBS is a reagent which provides a low concentration of bromine. Hence, the most reactive
hydrogen is replaced by Br.
Example :
NBS
CH3 CH CH2 CH2 Br CH CH2
Here CH3 C CH2 is not formed, since the intermediate allylic free radical formed is very stable.
|
Br
Ć
CH2ăCH=CH2 CH2=CHăCĆH2
Other examples
CH3 CH3
Br
NBS
NBS
Br
Important : At high temperature, substitution takes place, while at low temperature addition
takes place.
Cl2
Example : CH3 CH CH2 Cl CH 2 CH CH2
high temp.
LG Nu
Nuă C C + LGă
Ć Allyl chlorides, bromides and iodides are good substrates for substitution reactions.
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 83
H2O OH H2O Cl
85% 15%
+ +
3Ĉ 1Ĉ
Ć The 3Ĉ alcohol is the major product.
Ć Dienes can be prepared by elimination reactions of unsaturated alcohols and allkyl halides.
Ć The outcome of eliminations typically favours the more stable product,
Ć Since conjugated dienes are more stable than isolated dienes, the formation of the conjugated
diene is usually favoured over the isolated diene unless the structure prevents the formation
of the conjugated system.
OH Br
KHSO4 KOH
heat heat
Reaction of Dienes
In general terms, dienes undergo electrophilic addition reactions in a similar fashion to alkenes
(review)
E E
+ ă ă
+ Nu
Nu · E
Nu
However, in a little more detail :
Ć Conjugated dienes undergo addition but the proxmity of the conjugated C=C influences the
reactions.
Ć Isolated dienes react just like alkenes
Ć Cumulated dienes react more like alkynes (after all, both have sp hybridised C atoms)
Our attention here will focus on conjugated dienes.
Ć The bonds are a region of high electron density so dienes are typically nucleophiles.
Ć Dienes react with electrophiles (e.g. H+, X+)
HYDRO CARBON
84 QUIZRR
Ć Dienes can undergo addition reactions in which one or both of the bonds are converted to
new stronger bonds.
Ć Overall reaction : Electrophilic addition
Conjugated dienes undergo addition reactions in a similar manner to simple alkenes, but two
modes of addition are possible.
These differ based on the relative positions of H and X in the products :
1 1 3 X
2 +
H·X +
H H 2 4
X
Direct or 1,2-addition Conjugate or 1,4-addition
The numbers 1,2- and 1,4- denote the relative positions of H and X in the products.
The distribution of the products depends on the reaction conditions as shown by the example
below :
HBr
81% 19%
ă80ĈC
Br Br
HBr
44% 56%
20Ĉ C
Bră Bră
+
H
+ H + H
At low temperature, the reaction is under kinetic control (equilibrium reversible conditions) and
the major product is the more stable system (note the more highly substituted alkene). This is
supported by the fact that heating pure samples of either 3-bromo-1-butene (direct addition
product) or 1-bromo-2-butene (conjugate addition product) gives the same 15 : 85 ratio of
3-bromo-1-butene to 1-bromo-2-butene.
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 85
Like the addition of hydrogen halides to conjugate dienes, halogoens add to dienes via direct and
conjugate addition pathways :
1 1 3 X
2 +
X·X +
X X 2 4
X
Direct or 1,2-addition Conjugate or 1,4-addition
The major products are usually the more stable, conjugate addition products with the more stable
E configuration of C=C.
3. Diels-Alder Reaction
+
heat
+
heat
Ć Since the reaction forms a cyclic product, via a cyclic transition state, it can also be described
as a “cyc loaddition”.
Ć The reaction is a concerted process :
Ć Due to the high degree of regio-and stereoselectivity (due to the concerted mechanism), the
Diels-Alder reaction is a very powerful reaction and is widely used in synthetic organic
chemistry.
HYDRO CARBON
86 QUIZRR
Ć The reaction usually thermodynamically favourable due to the conversion of 2 ăbonds into
2 new stronger ăbonds.
Ć The two reactions shown above require harsh reaction conditions, but the normal Diels-
Alder reaction is favoured by electron withdrawing groups on the electrophilic
dienophile and by electron donating groups on the nucleophilic diene.
Ć Some common examples of the components are shown below :
Dienes
O O
CO2Me
CN CO2Me CO2Me
Dienophiles
O
CO2Me
MeO2C
O CO2Me
Stereoselectivity :
Ć The Diels-Alder reaction is stereospecific with respect to both the diene and the dienophile.
Ć Addition is syn on both components (bonds form from same species at the same time)
CO2Me CO2Me
CO2Me CO2Me
If both substituents on the diene are Z, then both end up on the same face of the product.
CO2Me CO2Me
MeO2C CO2Me
If substituents on the diene are E and Z, then they end up on opposite faces of the product.
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 87
Cyclic dienes can give stereoisomeric products depending on whether the dienophile lies under or
away from the diene in the transition state. The endo product is usually the major product (due
to kinetic control).
O
O
+ O O
O O
O endo O exo
O
O
O O O
O O O O
O
O O O
Diene and dienophile aligned directly Diene and dienophile staggered with
over each other gives the endo product respect to each other gives the exo
(dienophile under or in = endo) product (dienophile exposed or out = exo)
Example 29
1 1
2 6 2
(1) + O 6 O
3 5 3 5
4 4
Diene Dienophate
COOH
1 1 COOH
6C 6
2 2
(2) +
3 3 5
5 C
4 4 COOH
Example 30
HYDRO CARBON
88 QUIZRR
Solution :
Relatively pure alkene geometric isomers are prepared by stereoselective reduction of alkynes.
Br2 2NaNH2
CH3CH = CHCH2CH2CH3 CH3CH · CHCH2CH2CH3
Br Br
H3C CH2CH2CH3
H2
CH3 CCH2CH2CH3 C=C
Lindlar's catalyst
H H
cis - 2-Hexene
H3C H
Na
CH3C CCH2CH2CH3 C=C
NH, (1)
H CH2CH2CH3
cis - 2-Hexene
Example 31
Solution :
HC C Na
Na
HC CH ...(1)
H HCl
HC CH
2 CH CH CH CH Cl
2 2 3 2 ...(2)
HYDRO CARBON
QUIZRR 89
(i) Na
(ii) CH3CH2Cl
H3CH2CC CCH2CH3
C C C C
H H H3CCH2 H
Example 32
Deduce the structural formula of a compound, C10H10(A), that gives ÂBÊ as the only organic
compound,
Solution :
The degree of unsaturation in the compound is
Number of hydrogen
= (number of carbon) ă 1
2
10
= (10 + 1) ă
2
= 11 ă 5 = 6
This compound contains 6 bonds on oxidative cleavage it is producing only one compound, so all
the multiple bonds should be at the terminal atom.
HYDRO CARBON
90 QUIZRR
+
KMnO4 /H
HC CH · CH2 · CH · C CH HOOC · CH2 · CH · CH2COOH
Example 33
Identify (a) the chiral compound C, C10H14, that is oxidized with alk. KMnO4 to Ph COOH,
and (b) the achiral compound D, C10H14, inert to oxidation under the same conditions.
Solution :
Given
COOH
alk. KMnO 4
C10H14
Chiral
(C)
C10H14 Inert to oxidation
(D)
achiral
C4H9
CH3
H3C ă C ă CH3
H5C2 · *CH · CH3 Achiral and resistant to
oxidation
(C) (D)
HYDRO CARBON