The Gerontologist

cite as: Gerontologist, 2018, Vol. 58, No. 4, 611–617

doi:10.1093/geront/gny019
Advance Access publication
March 21, 2018

International Spotlight

Aging in Brazil

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/58/4/611/4948404 by guest on 29 October 2023

Lycia Tramujas Vasconcellos Neumann, MPA* and Steven M. Albert, PhD, MSc, FGSA
Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
*Address correspondence to: Lycia Tramujas Vasconcellos Neumann, Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of
Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. E-mail: lycianeumann@gmail.com

Received: October 29, 2017; Editorial Decision Date: February 14, 2018

Decision Editor: Rachel Pruchno, PhD

Abstract
The population in Brazil is aging at a fast pace and in a context of historical socioeconomic and regional disparities. In
the last decades, the country has developed important policies and legal mechanisms to guarantee older adults’ right to
age well and with dignity. The implementation of these policies and laws, however, has been slow and hampered by lack
of coordination and resources. With an estimate of 64 million seniors living in the country by 2050, Brazil has important
public policy issues to address, such as the poor implementation of the National Policy of the Elderly, the urgency of Social
Security Reform, and the need for a comprehensive long-term care policy for older adults.
Keywords: Demography, Public policy, Research on aging, International spotlight, Brazil

Out of the estimated 2 billion older adults who will rep-
resent 22% of the global population in 2050, 80% will
be living in developing countries. And although in most
developed countries the aging of the population has been
a gradual process consequent to substantial social and eco-
nomic growth, populations in many developing countries
are aging before having had the chance to increase wealth
and reduce social disparities (World Health Organization,
2012). This is the case of Brazil, the largest country in South
America, with the fifth largest population in the world, and
with great social and economic disparities. Its population,
currently over 200 million people, is aging at a rapid rate,
and despite some recent improvements in socioeconomic
status and health indicators, recent studies show that health
disparities in old age have not changed in the last 10 years
(Braga, Lima-Costa, César, & Macinko, 2015).
The population growth of people aged 60 and older from
10% to 20%, which took France about 150 years to com-
plete, is happening in Brazil in less than 20 years (World Health
Organization, 2015). The fast aging of the population in Brazil
increases the pressure for governments to address historical
challenges in areas such as social security, health, education,
housing, employment, and urban development. A combination
of greater societal awareness, community support, effective
public policies, and legislation is needed to ensure people age
with dignity and high quality of life, maintaining their active
role as citizens and their importance to the society (Braga, Del
Maestro Filho, Silveira, & Guimaraes, 2008).
This article aims to give a brief overview of aging in
Brazil by presenting some of the demographics and char-
acteristics of the older adult population, the principles and
innovative processes used in developing the main legisla-
tion for the rights of older people, a bit of the history and
current research agenda on aging, and finally some of the
key policy issues in the country.
The Demographics of Aging in Brazil
Under Brazilian law, “older adults” are 60 years of age or
older, a group that represented 9.7% of the population in

© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. 611
For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
612
Figure 1. Distribution of Brazil’s population by age groups, from 2004
to 2060. Reprinted from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
(2015, p. 14).
2004, 13.7% in 2014, and is estimated to represent 18.6%
in 2030 and 33.7% in 2060 (Figure 1). (Instituto Brasileiro
de Geografia e Estatística, 2015). Women represent the
majority of older adults in the country and have a higher
life expectancy at age 60 and 80 (Instituto Brasileiro de
Geografia e Estatística, 2009). Recently, the racial compos-
ition of the older adult population has changed in the coun-
try, with the proportion of whites decreasing from 61.7%
in 2000 to 56.8% in 2010, and the proportion of blacks
and browns increasing in the same period from 6.9% to
7.7% and from 29.5% to 33.8%, respectively (Oliveira,
Thomaz, & Silva, 2014). (Data on color/race are origin-
ally from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD)
where respondents self-classify themselves and are encour-
aged to refer to their color skin as a race proxy. This pro-
cedure is based on the assumption that the combination
of color and race better describes with which racial group
individuals identify themselves [Oliveira et al., 2014].)
As demonstrated in Figure 2, in the last 30 years, literacy
among older adults has increased, from 51.9% in 1983 to
77.2% in 2014, a change that has been even greater for older
women. Nevertheless, the average number of school years for
the older adult population, despite having doubled in the last
three decades, was still very low in 2014 (5.1 years for men and
4.9 years for women; Camarano, Kanso, & Fernandes, 2016).
According to the 2015 World Report on Aging and
Health, a child born in Brazil in 2015 can expect to live
20 years longer than one born 50 years ago. In the last
few decades, the country has gone through an important
epidemiologic transition, and although deaths by infec-
tious diseases decreased from 40% of the total registered
deaths in 1950 to less than 10% by 2000, deaths from
cardiovascular diseases increased from 12% to over 40%
in the same period (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e
Estatística, 2009). Studies investigating the impact of
race on the health of the older adult population in Brazil
The Gerontologist, 2018, Vol. 58, No. 4
Figure 2. Literacy and school years for the older adult population by
gender (1983, 1993, and 2004). Reprinted from Camarano et al. (2016,
p. 85).
have had mixed results. Although some scholars argue
that inequalities in health cannot be attributed to a race
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/58/4/611/4948404 by guest on 29 October 2023
apart from socioeconomic contexts, others state that
black and brown older adults form a more vulnerable
group due to a lifetime of unequal exposure to health
risks (Oliveira et al., 2014).
The proportion of households with seniors increased from
22.3% in 1983 to 31.2% in 2014. Among these households,
85.2% have access to water and 83.9% access to garbage col-
lection. Nevertheless, only half of these homes are connected
to the sewage system, which continues to be one of the biggest
sanitary deficiencies in the country (Camarano et al., 2016).
The first census of nursing care facilities identified 84,000
institutionalized seniors, which represents less than 1% of the
older adult population (Camarano & Kanso, 2010).
In the last few decades, demographic, economic, and social
changes have substantially transformed family arrangements
in Brazil. Although in 1980 most seniors were living with
a spouse and children (43.7%), in 2014 only 25.5% had
this residential arrangement, and most households (36%)
involved older women living by themselves or with their chil-
dren. The proportion of seniors living with children or rela-
tives, which is considered an indicator of physical, mental,
financial, or social fragility, had a significant drop, especially
among women (from 26.7% in 1983 to 13.7% in 2014).
Conversely, the proportion of older women as the “chief
of the house” (chefe da casa) has increased from 33.4% to
51.9% in the same period (Camarano et al., 2016).
Older adults have increasingly become an important
source of income for families. Data from the Brazilian
Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) show that in
2013, 76.1% of older adults in Brazil were retired or pen-
sioners, and among those, 15.6% were still working to sup-
plement their income. Also, of the older adult population,
64.4% were the main source of income for their families
(Ribas, 2016). Brazil is one of the few countries with no
restrictions for retirees to continue working, and therefore,
older adults are able to combine income from pensions and
salaries. As a result, by 2014 retired men and women rep-
resented 51.6% and 55.5% of older workers, respectively
(Camarano et al., 2016; Gugel, 2016).
The Brazilian pension system is formed by three pillars.
The largest pillar is the General Social Security Regime
(Regime Geral da Previdência Social—RGPS), a man-
datory pay-as-you-go system managed by the National
Social Security Institute (Instituto Nacional do Seguro
The Gerontologist, 2018, Vol. 58, No. 4
Social—INSS), which covers employed private-sector work-
ers as well as self-employed professionals and elected civil
servants. Public-sector employees are under a separate pen-
sion system, the Pension Regimes for Government Workers
(Regime Próprio de Previdência Social—RPPS). As each
federal unit can have its own system, there are more than
2,400 specific pension regimes for public servants, which are
managed by the federal government, states, and municipali-
ties with specific financing rules. The third pillar is the rela-
tively new Private Pension Regime (Regime de Previdência
Complementar—RPC), which offers occupational and indi-
vidual plans on a voluntary basis (Associação Brasileira das
Entidades Fechadas de Previdência Complementar, 2014;
Caetano, 2015; Rangel & Saboia, 2015).
The total number of pensions paid by the RGPS
increased 2.8-fold from 1988 to 2013, which is attributed
to a combination of greater social security coverage and the
aging of the population. In 2013, women received 59% of
the RGPS benefits. However, they received the vast major-
ity (81%) of the “survivor benefits,” a category that pays
less than the “time per contribution” category, where men
were 71% of the beneficiaries, which indicates clear income
inequality among seniors based on gender (Camarano &
Fernandes, 2016).
Social security benefits have been an important strat-
egy to reduce poverty and inequalities in old age. In 2014,
about 75% of the whole older adult population in the
country received some social security benefit, including
RGPS, RPPS, and welfare benefits (Camarano & Fernandes,
2016). The proportion of old women with no income has
dropped from 34.3% in 1983 to 12.4% in 2014, which
was even lower (about 5%) among those aged 80 years or
older. In 2014, about 80% of older women’s income was
provided by social benefits (Camarano et al., 2016).
Social security policies have also had an important
role in pulling many seniors out of poverty and in reduc-
ing racial disparities among the older adult population.
A recent study showed that a greater proportion of the
black population leaves poverty when aged, and black
older adult population receive higher returns from their
contributions when compared with white seniors of the
same cohort (Zorzin, Wajnman, & Turra, 2016).
Public Policies and Legislation for the Rights
of the Older Adult Population
In Brazil, aging with dignity is considered a fundamental
human right, protected and promoted under the princi-
ples of a Social State of Democratic Rights. Article 230
of the 1988 Constitution states that “the family, society
and the State have the duty to support the elderly, ensur-
ing their participation in the community, defending their
dignity and well-being, and guaranteeing them the right to
life” (Giacomin & Gama Maio, 2016, p. 137). There are
currently three major legal instruments establishing and
protecting elder rights in the country: the Constitution,
613
the National Policy for the Elderly, and the Statute for the
Elderly (Gugel, 2016).
The initial movement for a national policy for the older
adult population began in the 1970s, when the country was
still under military dictatorship, in a joint effort of non-
governmental organizations, professionals, and volunteers
working with seniors. In 1976, the first Social Policy for the
Elderly proposed the engagement of communities to help
seniors stay with their families and a review of the criteria
for licensing new long-term care institutions for seniors.
The policy also called for the creation of specialized medical
services for seniors (including home care), the review of the
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/58/4/611/4948404 by guest on 29 October 2023
social security system and programs for retirement prepara-
tion, professional training for senior care, and the systematic
collection of data about the country’s older adult population
(Oliveira Alcântara, Camarano, & Giacomin, 2016).
With re-establishment of democracy, aging became
part of the political debate and was included in the 1988
Constitution. The so-called “citizen constitution” intro-
duced the concept of social security as a citizen’s right,
making Brazil one of the pioneers in Latin America in
Social Security Policy. Also, health care, education, and
social assistance were made available to the entire popula-
tion (Oliveira Alcântara et al., 2016).
The National Policy for the Elderly (Política Nacional
do Idoso—PNI), created in 1994, lists a set of actions to
be implemented by governments to ensure seniors’ social
rights, autonomy, integration, and effective participation in
society. Among the key stakeholders engaged in the process
of designing this law were the Brazilian Bar Association
(OAB), the National Confederation of Bishops of Brazil
(CNBB), the National Gerontology Association (ANG),
and the Brazilian Geriatrics and Gerontology Society
(SBGG; Braga et al., 2008; Camarano, 2016; Oliveira
Alcântara, 2016). As part of the implementation of the
National Policy, the Statute for the Elderly (Estatuto do
Idoso) was published in 2003 and has been considered not
only an important policy enforcement instrument but also
an innovative way to promote elder rights.
The statute, which was the result of more than 7 years
of discussion involving legislators and representatives
from various public-interest organizations, states that the
family, community, society, and government are respon-
sible for assuring seniors’ rights to life, freedom, respect,
dignity, food, health, family, and community support. It
also determines that every individual at age 65 and older
who cannot provide for their own livelihood is eligible to
a noncontributory lifelong pension of 1 minimum wage
per month (R$954 or about U.S.$300) paid by the Federal
Government (Brasil. Câmara dos Deputados, 2013; Müller,
2014; Nobrega, Faleiros, & Telles, 2009).
Seniors’ participation in the planning, implementation,
and evaluation of policies, plans, and programs is one of
the guidelines of the National Policy for the Elderly. To that
end, the policy establishes national, state, and municipal
Boards for the Elderly (Conselho Nacional, Estaduais e
614
Municipais do Idoso), which are permanent and delibera-
tive bodies formed by an equal number of representatives
from governmental and nongovernmental organizations
(Couto, 2016a; Oliveira Alcântara, 2016).
Research on Aging: An Overview
For most of its history, Brazil was considered “a young
country,” a country formed by young people, and this is still
the belief of many of its citizens. It required the visionary
leadership of researchers and professionals to build aware-
ness in government and society of demographic changes
and the need for policies and legislation that support
healthy and active aging (Barros & Junior, 2015; Rauth &
Py, 2016). The 1987 article, “Aging: A Brazilian Reality,”
presented trends in mortality, fertility, and life expectancy
from the early 20th century to 2015 and showed that Brazil
would go through an aging process comparable to devel-
oped countries (Veras, Ramos, & Kalache, 1987).
Two years later, the National Association of Gerontology
published the report, “Policy Recommendations for the
Third Age in the 90s,” urging governments to prioritize
issues related to aging. The report argued that the value of
social problems should not be measured only by a particu-
lar group’s percentage of the total population but rather by
the living conditions of that group. The report also stated
that the country did not have accurate and specific data
about the older adult population (Associação Nacional de
Gerontologia, 1989; Rauth & Py, 2016).
It was only in 1988 that the aging of the Brazilian
population was included in the research agenda of the
National Association of Population Studies (ABEP), which
brings together scholars for scientific exchange and analy-
sis of national demographic trends (Bezerra, de Almeida,
& Nóbrega-Therrien, 2012). Since then, the number
of researchers, studies, and publications on aging has
increased exponentially (Bezerra et al., 2012; Donizete
Prado & Dutra Sayd, 2004).
Some of the early population studies on aging conducted
in Brazil are still frequently cited and considered funda-
mental to the development of the research agenda in the
country, such as Projeto Epidoso (1991), Projeto Bambuí
(1997), and Estudo SABE (1999). Table 1 presents some of
the key studies on aging currently active in Brazil.
There are no publicly accessible secondary data sets spe-
cifically on aging in Brazil, but many researchers have been
using the data from national household surveys produced
by the IBGE, such as the Health National Survey (PNS)
from 2013, and the National Household Sample Survey
(PNAD), published most recently in 2015.
Key Public Policy Issues
As Brazil is experiencing one of the world’s most rapid rates
of demographic aging, historical, social, and economic issues
need to be addressed along with new emerging problems
The Gerontologist, 2018, Vol. 58, No. 4
(Lima-Costa, Mambrini, Peixoto, Malta, & Macinko, 2016).
Although there is great diversity among the older adult
population based on socioeconomic status and regional dif-
ferences, there are three key public policy issues that affect
older adults in the whole country: the poor implementation
of the National Policy of the Elderly, the urgency of social
security reform, and the need for a comprehensive long-term
care policy.
The National Policy for the Elderly sets the direction for
a country where people should be able to age well, with
greater autonomy, better health, social engagement, partici-
pation in the job market, and quality of life. However, lack
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/58/4/611/4948404 by guest on 29 October 2023
of coordination, political will, and budgetary provision
have been critical barriers to its implementation (Couto,
2016b). According to Rauth and Py (2016), “with regard
to national social policy for old age, this grew in discourse,
but stalled in practice. …Recognizing rights is not enough
as it is necessary to provide them” (p. 61). In practice, sen-
iors still do not have the recommended priority in health
and social services and their specific needs have not yet
been properly addressed (e.g., regulation of long-term care
facilities, integration of the three levels of health care, pre-
vention and management of chronic illnesses).
Besides the increasing needs for health and social ser-
vices, the aging of the population also raises concerns
about the negative impact on the workforce. The old-age
dependency ratio was 15.6 in 2010 but is estimated to be
51.9 in 2050, a trend that raises a red flag for urgent social
security reform in Brazil (Simões, 2016).
Social security is considered a fundamental right in the
1988 Constitution, and the system is based on three pillars:
health, pension, and welfare assistance. As explained earlier,
the pension system is multipronged, with most beneficiar-
ies covered by the RGPS system. Currently, RGPS spends
almost R$34 billion (U.S.$10.8 billion) every month, which
represents about 8% of the country’s GDP. This expense,
however, is estimated to reach 18% of the GDP by 2060,
threatening the sustainability of the entire social security
system. In 2016, the RGPS deficit was about R$150 bil-
lion (U.S.$47.7 billion), which, added to the R$77 billion
(U.S.$27.5 billion) deficit of the Federal Pension Regime
for civil and military public servants, raises an alarming
scenario for the Brazilian government and society (Brasil.
Ministério da Previdência Social, 2017).
In December 2016, President Michel Temer submitted a
new pension bill to Congress with the purpose of ensuring
the sustainability of the social security system and promot-
ing equity between workers and public servants. The main
changes include the required time of contribution, a mini-
mum age for retirement (Brazil is one of the five countries
that do not have a minimum age), and the proportional
value of benefits based on time of contribution (Alves, 2016;
Brasil. Ministério da Previdência Social, 2017; Camarano &
Fernandes, 2016; Marchesan, Kaoru, & Abe, 2017).
With the vast majority of the older population consist-
ing of community-dwelling seniors, the demand for elder
Table 1. Key Research Studies Currently Active in Brazil
Study
Projeto EPIDOSO II Incidência de Perda Funcional (PF) em idosos
e efetividade de ações de promoção da saúde na prevenção da PF
(Incidence of Functional Loss in the elderly and effectiveness of actions
of health promotion in the prevention of functional loss) (active since
2007)
ELSI-Brasil: Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde e Bem-Estar dos Idosos
Brasileiros (Longitudinal Study of Health and Welfare of the Brazilian
Elderly) (active since 2012)
Fibra 80 +: Fragilidade nos Idosos Brasileiros (Fragility in Elderly
Brazilians) (active since 2016)
Padrões de envelhecimento físico, cognitivo e psicossocial em idosos
longevos que vivem em diferentes contextos (Patterns of physical,
cognitive and psychosocial aging in older adults living in different
contexts) (active since 2015)
A participatory approach to the needs of dependent older people:
barriers, facilitators, and sustainable solutions (active since 2016)
Modelo de Hierarquização da Atenção ao Idoso com base na com-
plexidade dos cuidados: Proposta de monitoramento dos três níveis de
cuidado na assistencia suplementar (Hierarchical Model of Healthcare
for the Elderly based on the complexity of care: Monitoring the three
levels of private healthcare services) (active since 2015)
Note: The information presented in this table is from Plataforma Lattes, a virtual platform created and maintained by CNPq, which integrates the databases of curricula, research groups and institutions in the areas of Science
and Technology operating in Brazil.
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/58/4/611/4948404 by guest on 29 October 2023
Primary
Investigator Research characteristics and objectives
Luiz Roberto Urban cohort study that aims to identify avoidable risk factors for functional loss and to assess the
Ramos effectiveness of health promotion interventions aimed at preserving and restoring the functional
capacity of the older adults and social inclusion of the older adults.
The Gerontologist, 2018, Vol. 58, No. 4
Maria Fernanda Elsi-Brasil is part of an international consortium of longitudinal studies, conducted on national
Lima-Costa representative samples of the population aged 50 and over. In Brazil, this population-based cohort
study is based on a national probabilistic sample of 10,000 adults.
The study uses the conceptual framework of other “Health and Retirement Studies” to allow for
comparisons between countries. The main objective is to investigate the evolution and determinants
of health conditions, functional capacity, and use of health services among older adults.
The study adopts a population health multidisciplinary approach that combines economics,
epidemiology, health planning, biostatistics, geriatrics, gerontology, and demography, among other
perspectives.
Anita Liberalesso The study aims to determine the prevalence, risk and protective factors for frailty, cognition, and
Neri mortality, considering sociodemographic indicators, health conditions, independence, lifestyle,
sociability, depression, subjective well-being, personality, and sense of psychological adjustment in
people aged 80 and over.
Anita Liberalesso A descriptive, comparative, and cross-sectional study with people aged 80 years and over, with the
Neri aim of identifying the correlation between demographic and socioeconomic risk variables, stressful
events experienced in childhood and old age, indicators of cognitive reserve, physical health, social
resources, and elements of psychological resilience.
Renato Peixoto The study aims to identify the main challenges and unmet needs of dependent older adults in four
Veras areas: environment (their family environment and external environment), physical, psychological,
and social. Research findings will be used to assess the need for better public policies for older
dependents and their caregivers, as well as to identify low-cost solutions for immediate needs.
Renato Peixoto The objective of the study is to improve the hierarchical model of health care for older adults, focus-
Veras ing on the three initial levels of care, which concentrates 90% of older adults, by monitoring and
evaluating the systems’ structure, processes, and results.
615
616
care increasing, and decreased availability of family mem-
bers to care for dependent seniors, the country urgently
needs long-term care policies. This topic is not addressed
in the National Health Policy for the Elderly (Política
Nacional de Saúde da Pessoal Idosa—PNSI), which sets
national guidelines for active aging and management of
frailty (Brasil. Ministério da Saúde, 2014; Duarte, Berzins,
& Giacomin, 2016; Lima-Costa et al., 2016).
A long-term care policy for older adults should guide
the development of models of care that consider the contin-
uum of support required by seniors with different levels of
dependency. Care systems for older adults should include
home- and community-based care (with coordinated social
and health services) and services provided in assisted living
and nursing facilities, as well as day care and palliative care.
Also, acknowledging the value of family caregiving, greater
instrumental, emotional, and financial support should be
provided for those who assume this role. And finally, such
a policy should include the regulation of caregiving as a
profession, combined with comprehensive training and
support, as the need for caregivers increases (Duarte et al.,
2016; Gugel, 2016).
Conclusion
Brazil is aging at a rapid pace, whereas policies and legis-
lation to address the needs and rights of older adults are
still underdeveloped. Despite the engagement of important
stakeholders in the development of the National Policy for
the Elderly, its implementation has been hampered by the
lack of political will, budgetary provision, and government
coordination and leadership. Although the Constitution
establishes a shared responsibility for the wellness of
older adults among families, society, and the State, fami-
lies have assumed most of the onus as a consequence of
societal expectations and lack of long-term care policies
and support. A country that still considers itself a “young
country” needs to awaken to the urgency of greater invest-
ment in research on aging, workforce development, coor-
dinated services and support, and age-friendly cities to
better address the current and future needs of the older
population.
Funding
None reported.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Ana Maria Camarano, Áurea Soares Barroso,
Holly Coryell Smith, Idenéia Silveira dos Santos, Ina Voelcker, Maria
Fernanda Lima-Costa, and other researchers and professionals who
contributed with information and ideas for this article.
Conflict of Interest
None reported.
The Gerontologist, 2018, Vol. 58, No. 4
References
Alves, L. (2016). Brazil announces new social security
reform bill. The Rio Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018,
from http://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-politics/
brazil-announces-new-social-security-reform-bill/
Associação Brasileira das Entidades Fechadas de Previdência
Complementar. (2014). The Brazilian pension system. Retrieved
March 8, 2018, from http://www.abrapp.org.br/Paginas/
Brazilian-Pension-System.aspx
Associação Nacional de Gerontologia. (1989). Recomendações de
políticas para a terceira idade nos anos 90. Retrieved March
8, 2018, from Rio de Janeiro: http://angbrasil.blogspot.
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/58/4/611/4948404 by guest on 29 October 2023
com/2015/06/politicas-para-3-idade-nos-anos-90.html
Barros, R. H. D., & Junior, E. D. P. G. (2015). Por uma história do
velho ou do envelhecimento no Brasil. CES Revista, 27, 75–92.
Bezerra, F. C., de Almeida, M. I., & Nóbrega-Therrien, S. M. (2012).
Estudos sobre envelhecimento no Brasil: Revisão bibliográfica.
Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, 15, 155–167.
doi:10.1590/S1809-98232012000100017
Braga, S. F. M., Del Maestro Filho, A., Silveira, R. B., & Guimaraes,
L. D. V. M. (2008). As Políticas Públicas para os Idosos no
Brasil: A Cidadania no Envelhecimento.
Braga, L de, S., Lima-Costa, M. F., César, C. C., & Macinko, J.
(2015). Social inequalities on selected determinants of active
aging and health status indicators in a large Brazilian city
(2003–2010). Journal of Aging and Health, 28, 180–196.
doi:10.1177/0898264315589575
Brasil. Câmara dos Deputados. (2013). Legislação sobre o Idoso: Lei
n° 10.741, de 1° de outubro de 2003 (Estatuto do idoso) e leg-
islação correlata [recurso eletrônico]. Câmara dos Deputados,
Brazil: Coordenação Edições Câmara.
Brasil. Ministério da Previdência Social. (2017). Reforma da Previdência.
Retrieved March 8, 2018, from http://www.previdencia.gov.br/
reforma/
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. (2014). Diretrizes para o cuidado das
pessoas Idosas no SUS: Proposta de modelo de atenção inte-
gral. Retrieved March 8, 2018, from Ministério da Saúde: http://
bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/diretrizes_cuidado_pes-
soa_idosa_sus.pdf
Caetano, M. A.-R. (2015). Dinâmica Fiscal da Previdência Social
Brasileira. In A. A. Camarano (Ed.), Novo regime demográfico:
Uma nova relação entre população e desenvolvimento? (pp.
571–586). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IPEA.
Camarano, A. A. (2016). Introdução. In A. Oliveira Alcântara, A. A.
Camarano, & K. C. Giacomin (Eds.), Política nacional do idoso:
Velhas e novas questões. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IPEA.
Camarano, A. A., & Fernandes, D. (2016). A Previdência Social
Brasileira. In A. Oliveira Alcântara, A. A. Camarano, & K. C.
Giacomin (Eds.), Política nacional do idoso: Velhas e novas
questões. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IPEA.
Camarano, A. A., & Kanso, S. (2010). As instituições de longa
permanência para idosos no Brasil. Revista Brasileira
de Estudos de População, 27, 232–235. doi:10.1590/
S0102-30982010000100014
Camarano, A. A., Kanso, S., & Fernandes, D. (2016). Brasil envel-
hece antes e pós-PNI. In A. Oliveira Alcântara, A. A. Camarano,
& K. C. Giacomin (Eds.), Política nacional do idoso: Velhas e
novas questões (pp. 63–106). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IPEA.
The Gerontologist, 2018, Vol. 58, No. 4
Couto, E. C. (2016a). Em que medida a Política Nacional do Idoso
tem sido efetiva? In A. Oliveira Alcântara, A. A. Camarano, &
K. C. Giacomin (Eds.), Política Nacional do Idosos: Velhas e
novas questões. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IPEA.
Couto, E. C. (2016b). O que fazer para concretizar a Política
Nacional do Idoso? In A. Oliveira Alcântara, A. A. Camarano,
& K. C. Giacomin (Eds.), Política Nacional do Idosos: Velhas e
novas questões. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IPEA.
Donizete Prado, S., & Dutra Sayd, J. (2004). A pesquisa sobre envel-
hecimento humano no Brasil: Grupos e linhas de pesquisa. Cien
Saude Colet, 9, 57–67.
Duarte, Y. A. D., Berzins, M. A. V. D. S., & Giacomin, K. C. (2016).
Política Nacional do Idoso: As Lacunas da Lei e a Questão dos
Cuidadores. In A. Oliveira Alcântara, A. A. Camarano, & K. C.
Giacomin (Eds.), Política Nacional do Idoso: Velhas e novas
questões (pp. 457–478). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IPEA.
Giacomin, K. C., & Gama Maio, I. (2016). A PNI na Área da Saúde.
In A. Oliveira Alcântara, A. A. Camarano, & K. C. Giacomin
(Eds.), Política Nacional do Idoso: Velhas e novas questões (pp.
135–174). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IPEA.
Gugel, M. A. (2016). O direito ao trabalho, a preparação e a
conquista da aposentadoria. In A. Oliveira Alcântara, A. A.
Camarano, & K. C. Giacomin (Eds.), Política nacional do idoso:
Velhas e novas questões. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IPEA.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2009). Indicadores
sociodemográficos e de saúde no Brasil: 2009. Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil: Author. Retrieved March 8, 2018, from https://ww2.ibge.
gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/indic_sociosaude/2009/
indicsaude.pdf
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2015). Síntese de indi-
cadores sociais: Uma análise das condições de vida da popu-
lação brasileira. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Author.
Lima-Costa, M. F., Mambrini, J. V., Peixoto, S. V., Malta, D. C., &
Macinko, J. (2016). Socioeconomic inequalities in activities of
daily living limitations and in the provision of informal and for-
mal care for noninstitutionalized older Brazilians: National Health
Survey, 2013. International Journal for Equity in Health, 15, 137.
Marchesan, R., Kaoru, T., & Abe, M. C. (2017). O que muda na
aposentadoria? Texto da reforma da previdência passa por mais
uma etapa na Câmara; veja o que pode mudar. Retrieved March
8, 2018, from https://www.uol/economia/especiais/reforma-da-
previdencia.htm#o-que-muda-na-aposentadoria
Müller, N. (2014). Mapa das políticas, programas e projetos do
Governo Federal: Compromisso nacional para o envelheci-
mento ativo. Brasília, Brazil: Secretaria de Direitos Humanos da
Presidência da República.
617
Nobrega, O., Faleiros, V., & Telles, J. (2009). Gerontology in the
developing Brazil: Achievements and challenges in public poli-
cies. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 9, 135–139.
doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2008.00499.x
Oliveira, B., Thomaz, E., & Silva, R. (2014). Associação da
cor/raça aos indicadores de saúde para idosos no Brasil:
Um estudo baseado na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de
Domicílios (2008). Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 30, 1–15.
doi:10.1590/0102-311X00071413
Oliveira Alcântara, A. (2016). Da Política Nacional do Idoso ao
Estatuto do Idoso: A difícil construção de um sistema de garan-
tias de direitos da pessoa idosa. In A. Oliveira Alcântara, A. A.
Camarano, & K. C. Giacomin (Eds.), Política nacional do idoso:
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/58/4/611/4948404 by guest on 29 October 2023
Velhas e novas questões. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IPEA.
Oliveira Alcântara, A., Camarano, A. A., & Giacomin, K. C. (2016).
Política Nacional do Idoso: Velhas e novas questões. Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil: IPEA.
Rangel, L., & Saboia, J. (2015). O regime de previdência dos
servidores públicos: Implicações distributivas com base
na instituição de um teto nos valores dos benefícios e da
criação da FUNPRESP. Nova Economia, 25, 575–594.
doi:10.1590/0103-6351/2139
Rauth, J., & Py, L. (2016). A história por trás da lei: O histórico,
as articulações de movimentos sociais e científicos, e as lideran-
ças políticas envolvidas no processo de constituição da Política
Nacional do Idoso. In A. D. O. Alcântara, A. A. Camarano, & K.
C. Giacomin (Eds.), Política nacional do idoso: Velhas e novas
questões (pp. 51–62). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IPEA.
Ribas, F. (2016). As prioridades que devem orientar as políticas para
o envelhecimento. Portal do Envelhecimento. Retrieved March 8,
2018, from https://www.portaldoenvelhecimento.com.br/as-prior-
idades-que-devem-orientar-as-politicas-para-o-envelhecimento/
Simões, C. C. D. S. (2016). Relações entre as alterações históricas
na dinâmica demográfica brasileira e os impactos decorrentes
do processo de envelhecimento da população. Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil: IBGE.
Veras, R., Ramos, L. R., & Kalache, A. (1987). Crescimento da
população idosa no Brasil: Transformações e conseqüências na
sociedade. Revista de Saúde Pública, 21, 225–233. doi:10.1590/
S0034-89101987000300007
World Health Organization. (2012). Active ageing: A policy frame-
work. Madrid, Spain: Author.
World Health Organization. (2015). World report on ageing and
health. Luxembourg: Author.
Zorzin, P., Wajnman, S., & Turra, C. (2016). Previdência social e
desigualdade racial no Brasil. Anais, 1–28.