NAME

SOBIA RAZZAQ

ROLL NO
29835

SUBJECT
ANATOMY

ASSIGMENT #1
TOPICS
HUMERUS&SCAPULA

SUBMITTED TO
MAM HUMAIRA
RIPHAH INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
 HUMERUS BONE
 The humerus is the bone of arm.It is the bone of upper limb.It
has an upper rounded end,a lower flattened end and shaft.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

 HUMERAL HEAD FRACTURE:

Fractures of the humeral head ocurr during the process of
anterior and posterior dislocation of the shoulder joint.
The fibrocartilagenous glenoid labrum of the scapula produces the
fracture,and the labrum can become jammed in the defect,
making reduction of the shoulder joint difficult.

(a)x_rays of humeral head fracture

 GREATER TUBEROSITY FRACTURE:

The greater tuberosity of humerus can be can be fractured by
direct trauma,displaced by the glenoid labrum during dislocation
of the shoulder joint,or avulsed by violent contraction of the
superaspinatious muscle.The bone fragment will hold the
attachments of the superaspinatus,teres minor and infraspinatus
muscle,whose tendons form part of the rptator cuff.when
associated with a shoulder dislocation,sever tearing of the rotator
cuff with the fracture can result in the greater tuberosity
remaining displaced posteriorly after the shoulder joint has been
reduced.In this situation,open reduction of the fracture is
necessary to attach the rotator cuff back into place.

 LESSER TUBEROSITY:
Occationally,aleesser tuberosity fracture accompanies posterior
dislocation of the shoulder joint.The bone fragment receives the
insertion of the subscapularis tendon,a part of the rotator cuff.

 SURGICAL NECK FRACTION:

The surgical neck of the humerus,which lies immediately distal to
the lesser tuberosity,can be fractured by a direct blow on the
lateral aspect of the shoulder or in an indirect manner by falling on
the outstretched hand. The axillary nerve and circumflex humeral
blood vessels have close relations to the surgical neck and can be
readily damaged in association with a fracture here.

 HUMERAL HEAD FRACTURE DIAGRAM:

 SHAFT OF HUMERUS FRACTURE:
Fractures of the humeral shaft are common;displacement of the
fragments depend on the relation of the site of fracture to the
insertion of the deltoid muscle.When the fracture line is proximal to
the deltoid insertion, the pectoralis major , latissmus dorsi, and teres
major muscles adduct the proximal fragment ;The deltoid , and
triceps pull the distal fragment proximally. When the fracture is distal
to the deltoid insertion, the proximal fragment is aducted by the
deltoid , and the biceps and triceps pull the distal; fragment
proximally. The radial nerve can be damaged where it lies in the spiral
 groove on the posterior surface of the humerus under the cover of

the triceps muscle.

 DISTAL END OF HUMERUS FRACTURE:

Superacondylar fractures are common in children and occur when the
child falls on the outstretched hand with the elbow partially
flexed.Injuries to the median,radial,and ulnar nerves are not
uncommon,although function usually quickly returns after reduction of
the fracture. Damage to or pressure on the brachial artery can occur at
the time of the fracture or from swelling of the surrounding tissues;the
circulation to the forearm may be interfered with,leading to
volkmaann’s ischemic contracture.

The medial collaterial ligament of the elbow can avulse the medial
epicondyle if the forearm is forcibly abducted.The ulnar nerve can be
injured at the time of the fracture ,can become involved lateral in repair
process of the fracture(in the callus),or can undergo irritation on the
irregulatr bony surface after the bone fragments are reunited.

(a)x-rays of distal end fracture.

 SCAPULA
The scapula (latian shoulder blade) is a thin bone placed on the
posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage.The scapula has two
surface ,three angles ,and three processes

 DIAGRAM:
 CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

 SCAPULOHUMERAL RHYTHUM:
Scapula participates in shoulder motion.In shoulder abduction,the
scapulohumeral ,movement is in the ratio of 2:1.A distrbunce in thuis
rhythum result in Scapular Dyskinesis.

 WINGING OF SCAPULA:
Scapula needs to be kept close to the posterior chest wall bye muscle
forces .A break in forces as in paralysis of the serratus anterior cause
“WINING” of scapula.The medial boarder of the bone becomes unduly
prominent, and the arm cannat be abducted.
Wining may also be caused by trapezius muscle paralysis.

 INJURY:
Scapula bone is frequently injured in trauma especially motor vehicle

injuries.

(a) (b)


 SCAPHOID SCAPULA:
A developmental anomaly called where the medial border is concave.

THE END…….