ICAR - KRISHI VIGYAN

KENDRA

A Industrial training report submitted in achievement of requirement the subject from

implements

Submitted by

LOGAPRIYA M - 201111026

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

MAHENDRA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous)

Mahendrapuri, Mallasamudram, Namakkal DT-637 503

November 2023

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 MAHENDERA ENGINERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous)

Mahendhirapuri, Mallasamudram, Namakkal DT- 6367503

Department of Agriculture Engineering

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the industrial training report under “ICAR – KRISHI
VIGYAN KENDRA” is the Bonafide work of “LOGAPRIYA M (201111026)” who carried
out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.KR.KALPHANA Dr.V.POONGUZHALI
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of Agriculture Engineering SUPERVISOR
Mahendra Engineering College (Autonomous) Department of Agriculture
Engineering
Mahendirapuri, Mallasamudram Mahendra Engineering College (Autonomous)
Namakkal - 637503 Mahendirapuri, Mallasamudram
Namakkal - 637503

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 MAHENDRA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous)

Mahendhirapuri, Mallasamudram, Namakkal DT -637503.

CERTIFICATE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING APPROVAL

This is to certify that the industrial training report under “ ICAR – KRISHI VIGYAN
KENDRA” is the approval record of work done by “LOGAPRIYA M (201111026)” in partial fulfilment for
the award of the degree of Agricultural Engineering during the academic year 2022-2023.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.KR. KALPHANA Dr. V. POONGUZHALI

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of Agriculture Engineering SUPERVISOR
Mahendra Engineering College (Autonomous) Department of Agriculture Engineering
Mahendirapuri, Mallasamudram Mahendra Engineering College (Autonomous)
Namakkal- 637503 Mahendirapuri, Mallasamudram,
Namakkal - 637503

Submitted for Industrial Training report held on………………………….

Date:

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 DECLARATION

I am the BE Agriculture Engineering Student in MAHENDRA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

Namakkal, Tamilnadu. I hereby declare that the internship report is the best result of my personal learning
outcomes and true analysis on subject of “BEE KEEPING AND MICRO IRRIGATION & FARM
MACHINERY MAINTENNANCE” at “ICAR- KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA”. I also grateful to respective
authorities for assisting and guiding as throughout the Industrial Training.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I like to express my gratitude to God to enabling to complete this industrial
training.

I convey my thanks to our Honorable Chairman, Mr. M.G. BHARATHKUMAR, and

our Managing Director Mr. MAHENDHIDRAN for providing all the facilities to complete the
Industrial training successfully.

I also express my sincere thanks to our Honorable Principal, Dr. V. SHANMUGAM

for his valuable support and excellent guidance for the project work to be a successful one.
I also express my thanks to Head of the Department, Dr.KR. KALPHANA, for lending
a hand for this industrial training.

I should also like to thank my internship guide who has been very helpful in the guidance
of this industrial training.

Our sincere thanks to our friends, Teachers, Non-Teaching Staff members and the well-
wishers for their constant support all the time.

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CERTIFICATE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO TOPICS Pg.no

ABSTRACT
01 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVES

02 CASTE OF HONEY BEE

2.1 TYPES OF BEES

2.1.1 The rock bee

2.1.2 The little bee
2.1.3 The Indian hive bee
2.1.4 The European or Italian bee
2.1.5 Dammer bee or stingless bee

03 SWOT ANALYSIS OF BEES

3.1 Strengths
3.2 Opportunities
3.3 Weakness
3.4 Threats
04 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT

3.1 OPERATING A TRACTOR

3.1.1 Spot the hazard

3.1.2 Assess the risk
3.1.3 Make the changes
3.1.4 When operating a tractor
S NO TOPICS Pg.no

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 3.1.5 When towing implements
3.2 TRACTOR MAINTENANCE
3.2.1 Spot the hazard
3.2.2 Assess the risk
3.2.3 Make the changes
3.2.4 When jacking a tractor
3.2.5 Blocks and chocks
3.2.6 When removing wheels
04 MICRO IRRIGATION 21

4.1 Drip Irrigation 21

4.2 Spray Irrigation 22

4.3 Sub-surface irrigation 23

4.4 Bubbler system 23

05 BIO GAS PLANT 24

5.1 Composition of bio gas 24

5.2 Raw material requirement 24

5.3 Bio gas production 25

LIST OF FIGURES

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FIG NO. NAME OF THE IMAGE Pg.no

2.1 Honey bee species 12

2.2 Rock bee and its hives 13

2.3 Little bee and its hives 13

2.4 Indian bee and its hives 14

2.5 European bee 14

2.6 Dammer bee hives 15

4.1 Water application through drip irrigation 22

4.2 Water application through micro sprinkler system 22

4.3 Sub surface irrigation 23

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 ABSTRACT

Beekeeping is important for securing food, poverty reduction, health, environmental protection and
plant pollination. These factors affect honeybees and their valuable products either in combination or alone.
The climatic factors like extreme temperature, relative humidity, shortage of water, deforestation of floral
plants, human factors like poor apicultural practices, synthetic pesticides, diseases, and arthropod pests led to
the decline of honeybee colonies and their products. Therefore, was aimed at exploring these major constraints
in Sbeekeeping. It also outlines the most important cultural methods with emphasis on sanitation, maintaining
bee colony vigor and some other management practices. Furthermore, it became important to recommend
establishing specific laws and legislations that might be issued by decision makers to prevent honey
adulteration. Honey and Bees are known to the mankind since times immemorial. Honey is a nutritious fluid
collected by Honey Bees which is good for human health. Honey is used by mankind since very ancient period
as food, medicine etc. Bee-Keeping industry also plays important role in increase in yield of crop through
pollination.

In farming, life cycle of any crop involves various steps like crop selection, field preparation, seed
selection, sowing, irrigation etc. The objective is to incorporate the farming tools required to plough, sow and

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 level the field by providing a multipurpose equipment which performs three main farming operations and its
specification is suitable for all kinds of cultivation crops with minimum cost as possible.
Irrigation can be defined as the process of applying artificial water to soil or land in order to
promote the growth of agricultural crops. Water irrigation has a number of advantages, including an increase
in crop yield, protection against famine, revenue generation, and the avoidance of mixed cropping. It also has
advantages in navigation, hydroelectric power generation, and the creation of employment opportunities. It
should be noted that irrigation has both advantages and disadvantages, just like everything else. Irrigation has
its own disadvantages, including the waste of irrigation water, the formation of marshy lands, damp weather,
and the loss of valuable agricultural land.

Key words:- Drip, Irrigation, Artificial

Irrigation, Efficiency, Framers

CHAPTER 01

INTRODUCTION

Beekeeping is one of the oldest traditions in India for collecting the honey. Honey bee farming is
becoming popular due its market demand in national and international markets as well. Not only the farmers
make a sweet dividend but beekeeping also help increase agriculture productivity through pollination.
Honeybees produce honey, bee wax and royal jelly thus giving additional benefits to the farmers. After
successive losses in traditionally grown crops, farmers are inclining towards bee farming. In order to
maximize agricultural production, honeybee can be used as an important input agent. About 80 % crop plants
are cross-pollinated, as they need to receive pollen from other plants of the same species with the help of
external agents. One of the most important external agents is the honeybee. Farmers planning for commercial

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honey bee farming should consider taking apiculture training. Usually, a colony consists of a queen, several
thousand workers and a few hundred drones. There is a division of labor and specialization in the performance
of various functions. They build nests which are called as “combs” with wax, which is secreted from the wax
glands of worker bees. The bees use their cells to rear thin brood and store food. Honey is stored in the comb
upper part. Under the comb, there should be rows of pollen storage cells, worker brood cells and drone brood
cells. Some bee species build single comb in open where as others build multiple combs on dark cavities.
Farmers can utilize honeybees for their pollination services or to obtain products from them. The methods
used depend on the type of bees available, and the skills and resources available to the beekeeper.

1.1 OBJECTIVES

1. To ensure large, healthy adult honeybee populations to coincide with major nectar flows.
2. To sustain plant bio-diversity resulting in environmental stability.
3. To create awareness on judicious use of available farm machinery and power.
4. To promote the efficient use of energy resources and natural resources such as land and
water.
5. To conserve water using pipes and underground tubes.
6. To increase productivity of crops and income of farmers through precision water
management.

CHAPTER 02

CASTE OF HONEY BEE

Basically, every honey bee colony comprises of a single queen, a few hundred drones and
several thousand worker castes of honey bees. Queen is a fertile and functional female where as a worker is a
sterile female and the drone is a male bee insect.

2.1 Types of Bees

Different Species of Honey Bee :-

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 There are 5 important species of honey bees and they are listed below.
 The rock bee
 The little bee
 The Indian hive bee
 The European or Italian bee
 Dammer bee or stingless bee

Figure 2.1 Honey Bee Species

2.1.1 Rock bee (Apis dorsata)

They are giant bees found all over India in sub-mountainous regions up to an altitude of 2700 m. They
construct single comb in open about 6 feet long and 3 feet deep. They shift the place of the colony often. Rock
bees are ferocious and difficult to rear. They produce about 36 Kg honey per comb per year. These bees are the
largest among the bees described.

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 Figure 2.2 Rock bee and its hives

2.1.2 Little bee (Apis florea)

They build single vertical combs. They also construct comb in open of the size of palm in branches of
bushes, hedges, buildings, caves, empty cases etc. (Fig. 2). They produce about half a kilo of honey per year per
hive. They are not rearable as they frequently change their place. The size of the bees is smallest among
four Apis species described and smaller than Indian
bee. They distribute only in plains and not in hills
above 450 MSL.

Figure 2.3 Little bee and its hives

2.1.3 Indian hive bee / Asian bee (Apis cerana indica)

They are the domesticated species, which construct multiple parallel combs with an average honey yield
of 6-8 kg per colony per year. These bees are larger than Apis florae but smaller than Apis mellifera. They are
more prone to swarming and absconding. They are native of India/Asia.

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 Figure 2.4 Indian bee and its hives

2.1.4 European bee / Italian bee (Apis mellifera)

They are also similar in habits to Indian bees, which build parallel combs. They are bigger than all other
honeybees except Apis dorsata. The average production per colony is 25-40 kg. They have been imported from
European countries (Italy). They are less prone to swarming and absconding.

Figure 2.5 European

bee

2.1.5 Dammer Bee

Besides true honey bees, two species of stingless or dammer bees, viz. Melipona and Trigona occur in
our country in abundance. These bees are much smaller than the true honey bees and build irregular combs of
wax and resinous substances in crevices and hollow tree trunks. The stingless bees have the importance in the
pollination of various food crops. They bite their enemies or intruders. It can be domesticated. But the honey
yield per hive per year is only 100 gms.

Figure 2.6 Dammer bee hives

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 CHAPTER 04

SWOT ANALYSIS OF BEES

4.1 Strengths:

• Its principal product honey is already popular hence market for shall take care.

• Processing of honey is not very difficult which can be done even at cottage scale with simple equipment’s.

• It does not require labor.

• It brings cohesion and cooperation among the villagers.

• It increases the crop yield due to population.

• Bee boxes can easily to prepared at village level with a little training and providing standard specification.

4.2 Opportunities:

• Honey market can be expanded if organized properly.

• Scope for extraction of royal jelly shall increase potentiality since it has demand for preparation of
pharmaceutical preparations.

• Bees wax can be utilized for manufacture of utility and fancy items.

• Bee venom if extracted can be used for various medicinal preparations.

• Various value-added items and recipes can be prepared out of honey.

• Beekeeping can bring green revolution due to cross pollination.

• Stinges of dead bees can be used for medicinal preparations.

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 • Honey as regular food shall ensure better national health hence shall decrease expenditure on health budget.

• Propolis if collected can be used as medicine.

• There is very good export potential for good quality and original honey obtained from Bee's comb.

4.3 Weakness:

• Beekeeping as we find today is heavily subsidized.

• Beekeepers are not organized. Hence, they are subject to exploitation by middle man.

• Although it can be trained easily for taming the bees and collecting honey, but it is not easy to train all
beekeepers on bee diseases. For prevention or cure bee doctors are not available everywhere, hence epidemic
can destroy entire bee population very fast.

4.4 Threats:

•Taking advantage of popularity of honey adulterated honey has taken bulk of market share which threatens
honey marketing.

• Indiscriminate spraying of pesticides has not only killed bees but also made honey harmful.

• Graining of honey of certain floras has made even pure honey unpopular since consumers are not aware of its
background.

• Marketing honey by some monopoly houses recently has exploited beekeepers

CHAPTER -3
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 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT

3.1 OPERATING A TRACTOR

Tractors are the main cause of accidental deaths on farms. Over the years, many farmers, farm
workers and others living on or visiting farms, have been killed or seriously injured falling from moving
tractors, being run over by tractors, or being crushed when a tractor rolls sideways or backwards.

3.1.1 Spot the hazard

Regularly check for hazards relating to tractors, attached implements and field conditions.
Hazard areas could include mechanical parts, operator training, other people, work procedures, unsafe jacking,
climatic conditions, chemicals used, uneven terrain, and any other potential causes of an injury or a hazardous
incident. Keep a record to ensure identified hazards are assessed and controlled.

3.1.2 Assess the risk

Once a potential hazard has been identified, assess the likelihood of an injury or hazardous incident
occurring. For example, risk to children playing near a tractor will vary, depending on what the tractor operator
is doing, how close they are to the tractor and whether the operator knows they are there. Consider ways of
minimizing risk.

3.1.3 Make the changes

 Read and follow safety procedures in the manufacturer's manual.
 Ensure an approved cab or rollover protective structure (ROPS) is fitted.
 Fit and use a seatbelt on tractors with ROPS.
 If there is a risk from falling objects, fit a fall-on protective structure (FOPS).
 To reduce risk of back strain, fit a seat with side restraints and a backrest.
 Wear hearing protection, and remember, not all tractor cabs are sound proof.
 Keep children away from tractors and machinery.
 Remove starter keys when tractors are not in use.
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  Have an up-to-date maintenance schedule.
 Follow safe maintenance and jacking procedures. (See Tractor Maintenance.)
 Ensure the operator is properly trained for each type of tractor work.
 Always mount and dismount on a tractor's left side - to avoid controls.
 Adjust the seat so all controls are safely and comfortably reached.
 Keep all guards in place, including the power take-off (PTO).
 Operate the self-starter from the operator position only.
 Never carry passengers.

3.1.4 When operating a tractor

 Drive at speeds slow enough to retain control over unexpected events.
 Reduce speed before turning or applying brakes.
 Watch out for ditches, logs, rocks, depressions and embankments.
 On steep slopes, without a trailed implement, reverse up for greater safety.
 Engage the clutch gently at all times, especially when going uphill or towing.
 Use as wide a wheel track as possible on hillsides and sloping ground.
 Descend slopes cautiously in low gear, using the motor as a brake.
 Never mount or dismount from a moving tractor.
 Ensure the park brake is on and operating effectively before dismounting.
 Take short breaks regularly when working long hours.

3.1.5 When towing implements

 Fit attachments according to the manufacturer's instructions.
 Always attach implements to the draw bar or the mounting points provided by the manufacturer. · Never
alter, modify or raise the height of the draw bar unless provided for by the manufacturer.
 Regularly check safety pins on towed lift-wing implements, to ensure they are not worn.
 Ensure all guards on towed implements are in place before operating.
 Never hitch above the centerline of the rear axle, around the axle housing or to the top link pin. · Never
adjust or work on implements while they are in motion.
 Never attach implements unless the PTO shaft is guarded.
 When parking, always lower the three-point linkage and towed implement
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  When buying a tractor, ensure seating is safe and comfortable.
 Check seat height, seat depth, backrest height and angle, fore and aft movement, seat tilt, firm padding,
partial pivoting (if you have to spend long periods looking behind you), and vibration-absorbing
suspension.
 Dismount every hour or so, and spend 5 or 10 minutes doing something active.
 Plan for your next tractor to include suitably low steps, handgrips, adequate doorway and cab space, and
a safe mounting platform.
 Dismount by climbing down - not jumping down - and use each provided foot and handhold.

3.2 Tractor Maintenance

People have been killed and seriously injured doing maintenance and repairs to farm tractors. Major
hazards can occur when tractors are jacked and wheels are removed without safe working procedures. These
risks are magnified on soil. Regular workshop maintenance of farm tractors and trailed implements can prevent
hazardous incidents in the field.

3.2.1 Spot the hazard

When planning tractor maintenance, check the right equipment is available for safe jacking,
removal of wheels and other tasks. People doing the job should be experienced, and there should be agreed safe
procedures. Heavy lifting and carrying can cause strain injuries. Children should be kept away from tractor
workshops. Field repairs present specific injury risks.

3.2.2 Assess the risk

The greater the risk of an injury or a dangerous incident occurring, the more urgent the need for
changes to be made to minimize or eliminate the risk.

3.2.3 Make the changes

Here are some ways of improving tractor maintenance safety.
· Routinely adjust brakes, clutches and drives, according to the manual.
· Ensure steering, exhaust system and brakes are in top condition.

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· Stop the motor before re-fueling, servicing or greasing and, if possible, wait until the engine is cold before re-
fueling.
· Never remove or replace belts while pulleys are under power.
· Keep steps and working platforms free of grease and oil to avoid slips and falls.
· If the engine overheats, allow time for it to cool off before removing the radiator cap.

3.2.4 When jacking a tractor

· Jack on a flat surface, ideally a concrete floor.
· Avoid working alone. Ask somebody with training and experience to help.
· Refer to the manufacturer's manual on safe jacking, or seek professional advice.
· Where jacking points are not identifiable, jack from the lowest possible point.
· Use jacks that comply with applicable standards.
· Use vehicle stands that comply with applicable standards, and are designed for the load to be
suspended.

3.2.5 Blocks and chocks

· Ensure wooden blocks for jacking are of hardwood, e.g., jarrah or karri, with a surface area that will support
the tractor's weight on soft soils.
· Chock all wheels that will remain on the ground, using big wooden chocks at the front and rear of each wheel.
Don't use rocks; they're too unstable.
· Chock all wheels on articulated vehicles to stop them twisting sideways during jacking.
· Before jacking, apply brakes, place in gear - or automatic park - and switch ignition off.
· Stay clear of the tractor while operating the jack.

3.2.6 When removing wheels

· Loosen wheel nuts before the wheel is off the ground, to avoid any movement that could dislodge the tractor.
· Before removing a tractor tire from a rim, release all water and air pressure.
· To avoid serious injuries, it is recommended that work performed on split rims be done by the professional.
Therefore, farm workers should not work on split rims.
· Never jack more than one wheel off the ground at a time in the field.
· If both rear wheels have to be removed, work on a flat, level concrete floor, in the workshop.
· When removing rear wheels, ensure the front wheels are immobilized by fixing wedges between axle and
body.

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 CHAPTER 4
MICRO IRRIGATION

Micro irrigation is a low-pressure, low-flow-rate type of irrigation that can reduce the likelihood of
overwatering a landscape. This form of irrigation delivers water directly to where it is needed most-the root
zone of plants. It also delivers the water slowly and over a longer period of time, preventing runoff and reducing
evaporation

4.1 DRIP IRRIGATION

 Drip or trickle irrigation is the newest of all commercial methods of water application.
 It is described as the frequent, slow application of water to soils through mechanical devices called
emitters or applicators located at selected points along the delivery lines.
 The emitters dissipate the pressure from the distribution system by means of orifices, vortexes and
tortuous or long flow paths, thus allowing a limited volume of water to discharge.
 Most emitters are placed on the ground, but they can also be buried (Fig 4.1). The emitted water moves
within the soil system largely by unsaturated flow.

4.2 SPRAY IRRIGATION

 Spray irrigation is a form of irrigation in which pressurized water is sprayed over plants to provide them
with water.
 This type of irrigation is also sometimes called sprinkler irrigation, and it is very widely used all over
the world.
 The spray irrigation sizes can be designed for all size of farms, ranging from a home sprinkler to keep a
lawn green to industrial sized sprinklers used to irrigate crops.
 A more "modern" alternative to the high-pressure water guns is the low-pressure sprinkler system.

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 Fig 4.2. Water application through micro sprinkler system

4.3 SUB-SURFACE SYSTEM

 It is a system in which water is applied slowly below the land surface through emitters. Such systems are
generally preferred in semi-permanent/permanent installations.
 Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is a low-pressure, high efficiency irrigation system that uses buried drip
tubes or drip tape to meet crop water needs.
 An SDI system is a flexible and can provide frequent light irrigations. This is especially suitable for arid,
semi-arid, hot, and windy areas with limited water supply.
 Farm operations also become free of impediments that normally exist above ground with any other
pressurized irrigation system.

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 Figure 4.3 Sub surface irrigation

4.4 BUBBLER SYSTEM

 In this system the water is applied to the soil surface in a small stream or fountain.
 The discharge rate for point source bubbler emitters is greater than the drip or subsurface emitters but
generally less than 225 l/h.
 Since the emitter discharge rate generally exceeds the infiltration rate of the soil, a small basin is usually
required to contain or control the water.
 Bubbler systems do not require elaborate filtration systems.
 These are suitable in situations where large amount of water needs to be applied in a short period of time
and suitable for irrigating trees with wide root zones and high-water requirements.

CHAPTER 5

BIO GAS PLANT

Biogas is the mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of
oxygen(anaerobically), primarily consisting of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas is produced by anaerobic
digestion with methanogen or anaerobic organisms, which digest material inside a closed system, or
fermentation of biodegradable materials. This closed system is called an anaerobic digester, biodigester or a
bioreactor.

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5.1 Composition of Biogas

Component Content
(%)
Methane, CH4 50-75
Carbon Dioxide, CO2 25-50
Hydrogen Sulphide, 0-3
H2S
Other Gases 0-13

5.2 RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENT

 Crop waste
 Animal waste
 Municipal waste
 Agro-Industry Waste
 Forestry Waste

5.3 BIOGAS PRODUCTION:

 The various food waste is procured form Agro-industry & municipal bodies, while the Cow-dung is
obtained from dairy farms & farmer groups. All these raw materials are stored in appropriate storage facilities
composed of bins and appropriate enclosing structure.
 The food waste is sent to crusher which essentially crushes the various sizes food waste into an
appropriate size & form to be used for making slurry. This crushed food waste, along with Cow-dung is added
to slurry tank with water.
 The slurry tank has its own agitator to form a uniform slurry. The Slurry is then pumped into digester of
biogas plant which essentially decomposes the organic waste, releasing mostly methane and other gases, which
are collectively called as biogas.
 The gas deposits in dome or floating cover, from where it’s extracted via flow control valve
periodically.

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  The used slurry or sludge is pumped out of digester into a sludge tank which can be used as manure.
 The biogas is collected in a large gas receiver from, where it’s sucked in by compressor and collected
in its receiver, which acts as a temporary holding tank. This gas is then either filled in large pressure vessels
from where the supply is provided to Bio-CNG Processing Plant.

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