Jee 2024 Modern Physics

Dual nature Atoms
● Photoelectric effect
● Rutherford experiment
● De-Broglie wave
● Bohr Model
Modern Physics
Nucleus
● Size of nucleus
● Mass defect
● Radioactivity
Dual Nature
Light is a Wave , But it Also has a Particle Nature .

Photoelectric Effect
It is a proof of particle nature of light
The phenomenon of ejection of electrons from
surface of metal when Light of Suitable frequency
[f > f0] falls on it is called as Photoelectric Effect .
Photon
● Photon is a Particle of Light .
● It Travels with Speed of Light .
● It Posses Both Energy and Momentum .

f Incident< f Threshold
Light 621 (nm)
Metal
ϕ = 2.5 eV
f Incident> f Threshold
Light 621 (nm)
Metal
ϕ = 1.2 eV
Intensity [I]
It is defined as energy passing per second per unit Area .
Light
Intensity [I]
It is defined as energy passing per second per unit Area
ΔU, Δt, ΔA
Light
[JS-1 m-2] Or (wm-2)
● Intensity of light is linked with No of photons
striking per second.
● Frequency is linked with Energy of Single

Photon .
Light
[I, f]
Metal
V
These Electrons have Range of K.E
Light [I, f]
0 ≤ K ≤ Kmax Metal
Kmax = hf - ϕ
Kmax = hf - hfo
v
Current [I]
[I, f]
is
Kmax = hf - ϕ
Kmax = eVo
-vo is = Saturation Current VOLTAGE
Vo = stopping Voltage
Current [I]
Vo remains Same
I3, f I3 > I2 > I1
Saturation current Increases I2, f
I1, f
f = fixed
I = Increases
-vo VOLTAGE
Saturation
current [is]
is ∝ I
Intensity [I]
Current
Vo Increases
Saturation current remains same

f3 > f2 > f1
f3, I I = Fixed
f2, I f = Increases
f1, I
VOLTAGE
Vo stopping potential
eVo = hf - ϕ
θ
f
[Freq]
[0, - ϕ/e]
JEE Main 6th April 2023 S-2
The work functions of Aluminium and Gold are

4.1 eV and and 5.1 eV respectively. The ratio of
the slope of the stopping potential versus
frequency plot for Gold to that of Aluminium is
A 1
B 2
C 1.24
D 1.5
Using KEmax = eVs = hf –𝜙0
where 𝜙0 is work function, Vs is stopping potential
and f is frequency
therefore the slope m will be same for all graphs

and will be independent of 𝜙0.
The work functions of Aluminium and Gold are

4.1 eV and and 5.1 eV respectively. The ratio of
the slope of the stopping potential versus
frequency plot for Gold to that of Aluminium is
A 1
B 2
C 1.24
D 1.5
31 Jan-Shift 2 JEE 2023
If the two metals A and B are exposed to radiation

of wavelength 350 nm. The work functions of
metals A and B are 4.8 eV and 2.2 eV. Then choose
the correct option.
Metal B will not emit

A
photoelectron
Both metals A and B will emit

B photoelectrons
C Both metals A and B will not

emit photoelectrons
D Metal A will not emit

photoelectron
If the two metals A and B are exposed to radiation

of wavelength 350 nm. The work functions of
metals A and B are 4.8 eV and 2.2 eV. Then choose
the correct option.
Metal B will not emit

A
photoelectron
Both metals A and B will emit

B photoelectrons
C Both metals A and B will not

emit photoelectrons
D Metal A will not emit

photoelectron
In photoelectric effect
A. The photocurrent is proportional to the intensity of the
incident radiation.
B. Maximum Kinetic energy with which photoelectrons are
emitted depends on the intensity of incident light.
C. Max K.E with which photoelectrons are emitted depends on
the frequency of incident light.
D. The emission of photoelectrons require a minimum threshold
intensity of incident radiation.
E. Max. K.E of the photoelectrons is independent of the frequency
of the incident light.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
A B and C only B A and C only
C A and E only D A and B only

In photoelectric effect
A. The photocurrent is proportional to the intensity of the
incident radiation.
B. Maximum Kinetic energy with which photoelectrons are
emitted depends on the intensity of incident light.
C. Max K.E with which photoelectrons are emitted depends on
the frequency of incident light.
D. The emission of photoelectrons require a minimum threshold
intensity of incident radiation.
E. Max. K.E of the photoelectrons is independent of the frequency
of the incident light.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
A B and C only B A and C only
C A and E only D A and B only

From the photoelectric effect experiment, following observations are

made. Identify which of these are correct
A. The stopping potential depends only on the work function of the
metal.
B. The saturation current increases as the intensity of incident light
increases.
C. The maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron depends on the
intensity of the incident light.
D. Photoelectric effect can be explained using wave theory of light.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: HOME WORK
A B, C only B A, C, D only
C B only D A, B, D only
The variation of stopping potential (V0) as a

function of the frequency (v) of the incident light
for a metal is shown in figure. The work function
of the surface is
A 2.07 eV
B 18.6 eV
C 2.98 eV
D 1.36 eV
The variation of stopping potential (V0) as a

function of the frequency (v) of the incident light
for a metal is shown in figure. The work function
of the surface is
A 2.07 eV
B 18.6 eV
C 2.98 eV
D 1.36 eV
A metallic surface is illuminated with radiation of

wavelength 𝞴, the stopping potential is Vo. If the same
surface is illuminated with radiation of wavelength 2𝞴,
the stopping potential becomes . The threshold
wavelength for this metallic surface will be
B 4𝞴
C 3𝞴
D
A metallic surface is illuminated with radiation of

wavelength 𝞴, the stopping potential is Vo. If the same
surface is illuminated with radiation of wavelength 2𝞴,
the stopping potential becomes . The threshold
wavelength for this metallic surface will be
B 4𝞴
C 3𝞴
D
01 Feb-Shift 2 JEE 2023
The threshold frequency of metal is f0. When the light of

frequency 2f0 is incident on the metal plate, the maximum
velocity of photoelectron is v1. When the frequency of
incident radiation is increased to 5f0, the maximum velocity
of photoelectrons emitted is v2. The ratio of v1 to v2 is:
D
The threshold frequency of metal is f0. When the light of

frequency 2f0 is incident on the metal plate, the maximum
velocity of photoelectron is v1. When the frequency of
incident radiation is increased to 5f0, the maximum velocity
of photoelectrons emitted is v2. The ratio of v1 to v2 is:
D
JEE Advanced 2011
A silver sphere of radius 1 cm and work function 4.7 eV is

suspended from an insulating thread in free-space. It is
under continuous illumination of 200 nm wavelength light.
As photoelectrons are emitted, the sphere gets charged
and acquires a potential. The maximum number of
photoelectrons emitted from the sphere is A × 10z
(where 1 < A < 10). The value of ‘Z’ is
JEE Advanced 2011
A silver sphere of radius 1 cm and work function 4.7 eV is

suspended from an insulating thread in free-space. It is
under continuous illumination of 200 nm wavelength light.
As photoelectrons are emitted, the sphere gets charged
and acquires a potential. The maximum number of
photoelectrons emitted from the sphere is A × 10z
(where 1 < A < 10). The value of ‘Z’ is
Answer - 7
De - Broglie Wavelength
● A Particle Also has a wave Nature with Wavelength.
Important Expressions
where V is in volts & λ in A

Electron beam used in an electron microscope, when

accelerated by a voltage of 20 kV has a de-Broglie
wavelength of 𝜆0. If the voltage is increased to 40 kV.
then the de-Broglie wavelength associated with the
electron beam would be:
A 3𝜆0
B 9𝜆0
D
Electron beam used in an electron microscope, when

accelerated by a voltage of 20 kV has a de-Broglie
wavelength of 𝜆0. If the voltage is increased to 40 kV.
then the de-Broglie wavelength associated with the
electron beam would be:
A 3𝜆0
B 9𝜆0
D
Proton (P) and electron (e) will have same de-

Broglie wavelength when the ratio of their
momentum is (assume, mp = 1849 me):
A 1 : 43
B 43 : 1
C 1 : 1849
D 1:1
Proton (P) and electron (e) will have same de-

Broglie wavelength when the ratio of their
momentum is (assume, mp = 1849 me):
A 1 : 43
B 43 : 1
C 1 : 1849
D 1:1
An α-particle, a proton and an electron have the

same kinetic energy. Which one of the following
is correct in case of their De-Broglie wavelength:
A 𝜆α > 𝜆p > 𝜆e
𝜆α < 𝜆p < 𝜆e
B
C 𝜆α = 𝜆p = 𝜆e
D 𝜆α > 𝜆p < 𝜆e
An α-particle, a proton and an electron have the

same kinetic energy. Which one of the following
is correct in case of their De-Broglie wavelength:
A 𝜆α > 𝜆p > 𝜆e
𝜆α < 𝜆p < 𝜆e
B
C 𝜆α = 𝜆p = 𝜆e
D 𝜆α > 𝜆p < 𝜆e
A proton and an ⍺-particle are accelerated from

rest by 2 V and 4 V potentials, respectively. The
ratio of their de-Broglie wavelength is :
A 2:1
B 4:1
C 8:1
D 16 : 1
A proton and an ⍺-particle are accelerated from

rest by 2 V and 4 V potentials, respectively. The
ratio of their de-Broglie wavelength is :
A 2:1
B 4:1
C 8:1
D 16 : 1
The de Broglie wavelength of a molecule in a

gas at room temperature (300 K) is λ1. If the
temperature of the gas is increased to 600 K,
then the de Broglie wavelength of the same gas
molecule becomes
A 2λ1
D
The de Broglie wavelength of a molecule in a

gas at room temperature (300 K) is λ1. If the
temperature of the gas is increased to 600 K,
then the de Broglie wavelength of the same gas
molecule becomes
A 2λ1
D
Rutherford Experiment
2e
θ
2e
v
b
+Ze
+2e
BOHR Model
Electron orbit
For nth Bohr orbit
Radius
Velocity
Electron orbit
Kinetic energy of an electron in

nth orbit
Potential energy of an electron

in nth orbit
Electron orbit
Total energy in nth orbital of

an electron is
For electron in nth orbital,
● TE = -PE/2
● KE = |TE|
Energy of Hydrogen Shells
● For Hydrogen-Atom (Z=1):
n=∞
Increasing energy
0 eV
n=3
-1.51 eV
n=2
-3.40 eV
n=1
–13.6 eV
K n =1 Increasing distance
from the nucleus
L n =2
n =3
M
n =∞
Bohr’s postulate
ni
Photon [λ]
nf
Atomic Spectrum
Energy of Electron in Different Orbits
n =∞
n =5
λmin λmin λmin Pfund series
n=4 IR
Brackett series
λmax IR
n=3
Paschen series
λmax IR
n=2
Balmer series
Visible
λmax
n=1
Lyman series
UV
1. Lyman series: Ultraviolet
2. Balmer series: Visible
3. Paschen series: Infrared
4. Brackett series: Infrared
5. Pfund series: Infrared

n =∞ (0 eV)
1.51 eV
n = 4 (-0.81 eV)
Brackett series
E(n) - E(n=4) 0.66 eV
n = 3 (-1.51 eV)
Paschen series
2nd excited state E(n) - E(n=3) 1.89 eV
n = 2 (-3.4 eV)
Balmer series
1st excited state E(n) - E(n=2) 2.59eV
12.8 eV
12.1 eV
10.2 eV
13.6 eV
n = 1 (-13.6 eV)
Lyman series
E(n) - E(n=1) When we go from T → Inc
n = 0 to n =∞ U → Inc
K → Dec
24 June-Shift 2 JEE 2022
In Bohr’s atomic model of hydrogen, let K, P and E

are in kinetic energy, potential energy and total
energy of the electron respectively. Choose the
correct option when the electron undergoes
transitions to a higher level:
A All K, P and E increase
B K decreases. P and E increase
C P decreases. K and E increase
D K increases. P and E decrease

24 June-Shift 2 JEE 2022
In Bohr’s atomic model of hydrogen, let K, P and E

are in kinetic energy, potential energy and total
energy of the electron respectively. Choose the
correct option when the electron undergoes
transitions to a higher level:
A All K, P and E increase
B K decreases. P and E increase
C P decreases. K and E increase
D K increases. P and E decrease

The radius of fifth orbit of the Li++ is__ × 10-12 m.

Take : radius of hydrogen atom = 0.51 Å
The radius of fifth orbit of the Li++ is__ × 10-12 m.

Take : radius of hydrogen atom = 0.51 Å
Answer: 425
If 917 Å be the lowest wavelength of Lyman

series then the lowest wavelength of Balmer
series will be _________ Å.
If 917 Å be the lowest wavelength of Lyman

series then the lowest wavelength of Balmer
series will be _________ Å.
Answer: 3668
The angular momentum for the electron in

Bohr's orbit is L. If the electron is assumed to
revolve in second orbit of hydrogen atom, them
the change in angular momentum will be
A L/2
B zero
C L
D 2L
The angular momentum for the electron in

Bohr's orbit is L. If the electron is assumed to
revolve in second orbit of hydrogen atom, them
the change in angular momentum will be
A L/2
B zero
C L
D 2L
The energy of He+ ion in its first excited state is,

(The ground state energy for the Hydrogen
atom is –13.6 eV):
A –13.6 eV
B –54.4 eV
C -27.2 eV
D -3.4 eV
The energy of He+ ion in its first excited state is,

(The ground state energy for the Hydrogen
atom is –13.6 eV):
A –13.6 eV
B –54.4 eV
C -27.2 eV
D -3.4 eV
A photon is emitted in transition from n = 4 to

n = 1 level in hydrogen atom. The corresponding
wavelength for this transition is:
(given, h = 4 × 10-15 eVs):
A 94.1 nm
B 941 nm
C 97.4 nm
D 99.3 nm
A photon is emitted in transition from n = 4 to

n = 1 level in hydrogen atom. The corresponding
wavelength for this transition is:
(given, h = 4 × 10-15 eVs):
A 94.1 nm
B 941 nm
C 97.4 nm
D 99.3 nm
The energy levels of an atom is shown is figure.

Which one of these transitions will result in the
emission of a photon of wavelength 124.1 nm?
Given (h = 6.62 × 10-34 Js)
A B
B A
C C
D D
The energy levels of an atom is shown is figure.

Which one of these transitions will result in the
emission of a photon of wavelength 124.1 nm?
Given (h = 6.62 × 10-34 Js)
A B
B A
C C
D D
Speed of an electron in Bohr’s 7th orbit for

Hydrogen atom is 3.6 × 106 m/s. The
corresponding speed of the electron in 3rd orbit,
in m/s is:
A (1.8 × 106)
B (7.5 × 106)
C (3.6 × 106)
D (8.4 × 106)
Speed of an electron in Bohr’s 7th orbit for

Hydrogen atom is 3.6 × 106 m/s. The
corresponding speed of the electron in 3rd orbit,
in m/s is:
A (1.8 × 106)
B (7.5 × 106)
C (3.6 × 106)
D (8.4 × 106)
JEE Advanced 2023
A Hydrogen-like atom has atomic number Z. Photons

emitted in the electronic transitions from level n = 4 to
level n = 3 in these atoms are used to perform
photoelectric effect experiment on a target metal. The
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons generated
is 1. 95 eV. If the photoelectric threshold wavelength for
the target metal is 310 nm, the value of Z is _______.
[Given: hc = 1240 eV-nm and Rhc = 13.6 eV, where R is the
Rydberg constant, h is the Planck’s constant and c is the
speed of light in vacuum]
JEE Advanced 2023
A Hydrogen-like atom has atomic number Z. Photons

emitted in the electronic transitions from level n = 4 to
level n = 3 in these atoms are used to perform
photoelectric effect experiment on a target metal. The
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons generated
is 1. 95 eV. If the photoelectric threshold wavelength for
the target metal is 310 nm, the value of Z is _______.
[Given: hc = 1240 eV-nm and Rhc = 13.6 eV, where R is the
Rydberg constant, h is the Planck’s constant and c is the
speed of light in vacuum]
Answer : 3
Nucleus
Constituents of Nucleus
Neutral
mn > m n
mn = 1.674 × 10–27 kg
We assume
mp ≈ mn ≈ mo ≈ 1.67 × 10-27 kg +
Charge = +e
mp = 1.672 × 10–27 kg
Z = Atomic No = No of Protons = NP
A = Mass No = No of Protons + No of Neutrons = NP+ Nn

Size of Nucleus
● Radius of nucleus,
R = R0A1/3
Where, R0 = 1.1 ×10–15 m
A = Mass number
Density of Nucleus
The ratio of the density of oxygen nucleus and

helium nucleus is
A 4:1
B 8:1
C 1:1
D 2:1
The ratio of the density of oxygen nucleus and

helium nucleus is
A 4:1
B 8:1
C 1:1
D 2:1
26 July-Shift 2 JEE 2022
Mass numbers of two nuclei are in the ratio of 4 : 3.

Their nuclear densities will be in the ratio of
A 4:3
C 1:1
D
26 July-Shift 2 JEE 2022
Mass numbers of two nuclei are in the ratio of 4 : 3.

Their nuclear densities will be in the ratio of
A 4:3
C 1:1
D
B.E. and Mass Defect
B.E. and Mass Defect
Mass defect
Δm = (NMn + ZMp – Mo)
Binding energy is Energy

ΔE =(Δm)c2 = (NMn+ ZMp– Mo)c2
B.E for 1 AMU mass Defect is 931.5 MeV

More Binding Energy Per Nucleon More is
the Stability of Nucleus.
10 8.8 MeV
6
BE/ Nucleon (MeV)
0
50 100 150 200 250
Mass Number
The mass of proton, neutron and helium nucleus

are respectively 1.0073 u, 1.0087 u and 4.0015u.
The binding energy of of helium nucleus is:
A 14.2 MeV
B 28.4 MeV
C 56.8 MeV
D 7.1 MeV
The mass of proton, neutron and helium nucleus

are respectively 1.0073 u, 1.0087 u and 4.0015u.
The binding energy of of helium nucleus is:
A 14.2 MeV
B 28.4 MeV
C 56.8 MeV
D 7.1 MeV
⍺-Decay
⍺-Decay
Z decreases by 2
A decreases by 4
β-- Decay
β-- Decay
Anti-Neutrino
β-
[Electron]
Z increases by 1
A remains same
Back Ground
β+- Decay
β+- Decay
Neutrino
β+
[positron]
Z decreases by 1
A remains Same
Back Ground
K -Capture
-e, m
p
+Ze
γ -Decay
Z remains Same
A remains Same
JEE Advanced 2023
List-I shows different radioactive decay processes and List-II provides

possible emitted particles. Match each entry in List-I with an appropriate
entry from List-II, and choose the correct option.
List-I List-II
(P) (1) one α

particle and one β+ particle
(Q) (2) three β−
particles and one α particle
(R) (3) two β−
A P → 4,Q → 3, R → 2, S → 1 B P → 4,Q → 1, R → 2, S → 5
(S) (4) one α
particle
C andPone β− particle
→ 5,Q → 3, R → 1, S → 4 D P → 5,Q → 1, R → 3, S → 2
(5) one α
+
JEE Advanced 2023
List-I shows different radioactive decay processes and List-II provides

possible emitted particles. Match each entry in List-I with an appropriate
entry from List-II, and choose the correct option.
List-I List-II
(P) (1) one α

particle and one β+ particle
(Q) (2) three β−
(R) (3) two β−
A P → 4,Q → 3, R → 2, S → 1 B P → 4,Q → 1, R → 2, S → 5
(S) (4) one α
particle
C andPone β− particle
→ 5,Q → 3, R → 1, S → 4 D P → 5,Q → 1, R → 3, S → 2
(5) one α
+
Radioactivity
Time = 0 Time = t Time = t + dt
Decay LAW
N
No
t=0 THL 2THL t
Amount of substance
Left After n half Lifes
● Half life period is given as, ● After every half life, number of
atoms remaining is (n is number
of half lives)
● Mean life is given as, ● Number of nuclei decayed

A
Ao
Ao
1 dps
t=0 THL 2THL t

The half life of a radioactive substance is T. The

time taken, for disintegrating 7/8 th part of its
original mass will be:
A T
B 2T
C 3T
D 8T
The half life of a radioactive substance is T. The

time taken, for disintegrating 7/8 th part of its
original mass will be:
A T
B 2T
C 3T
D 8T
A radioactive nucleus decays by two different processes.

The half life of the first process is 5 minutes and that of
the second process is 30s. The effective half-life of the
nucleus is calculated to be The value of α is____.
A radioactive nucleus decays by two different processes.

The half life of the first process is 5 minutes and that of
the second process is 30s. The effective half-life of the
nucleus is calculated to be The value of α is____.
Answer: 300
JEE Advanced 2023
In a radioactive decay process, the activity is

defined as A = −dN/dt, where N(t) is the number
of radioactive nuclei at time t. Two radioactive
sources, S1 and S2 have same activity at time t =
0. At a later time, the activities of S1 and S2 are A1
and A2, respectively. When S1 and S2 have just
completed their 3rd and 7th half-lives,
respectively, the ratio A1/A2 is __________.
JEE Advanced 2023
In a radioactive decay process, the activity is

defined as A = −dN/dt, where N(t) is the number
of radioactive nuclei at time t. Two radioactive
sources, S1 and S2 have same activity at time t =
0. At a later time, the activities of S1 and S2 are A1
and A2, respectively. When S1 and S2 have just
completed their 3rd and 7th half-lives,
respectively, the ratio A1/A2 is __________.
Answer : 16

Jee 2024 Modern Physics

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Jee 2024 Modern Physics

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Dual nature Atoms

Light is a Wave , But it Also has a Particle Nature .

● Photon is a Particle of Light .

● It Travels with Speed of Light .

● It Posses Both Energy and Momentum .

● Frequency is linked with Energy of Single

-vo is = Saturation Current VOLTAGE

Saturation current remains same

The work functions of Aluminium and Gold are

therefore the slope m will be same for all graphs

The work functions of Aluminium and Gold are

If the two metals A and B are exposed to radiation

Metal B will not emit

Both metals A and B will emit

C Both metals A and B will not

D Metal A will not emit

If the two metals A and B are exposed to radiation

Metal B will not emit

Both metals A and B will emit

C Both metals A and B will not

D Metal A will not emit

A B and C only B A and C only

C A and E only D A and B only

A B and C only B A and C only

C A and E only D A and B only

From the photoelectric effect experiment, following observations are

The variation of stopping potential (V0) as a

The variation of stopping potential (V0) as a

A metallic surface is illuminated with radiation of

A metallic surface is illuminated with radiation of

The threshold frequency of metal is f0. When the light of

The threshold frequency of metal is f0. When the light of

A silver sphere of radius 1 cm and work function 4.7 eV is

A silver sphere of radius 1 cm and work function 4.7 eV is

where V is in volts & λ in A

Electron beam used in an electron microscope, when

Electron beam used in an electron microscope, when

Proton (P) and electron (e) will have same de-

Proton (P) and electron (e) will have same de-

An α-particle, a proton and an electron have the

An α-particle, a proton and an electron have the

A proton and an ⍺-particle are accelerated from

A proton and an ⍺-particle are accelerated from

The de Broglie wavelength of a molecule in a

The de Broglie wavelength of a molecule in a

Kinetic energy of an electron in

Potential energy of an electron

Total energy in nth orbital of

For electron in nth orbital,

1. Lyman series: Ultraviolet

2. Balmer series: Visible

3. Paschen series: Infrared

4. Brackett series: Infrared

5. Pfund series: Infrared

In Bohr’s atomic model of hydrogen, let K, P and E

A All K, P and E increase

B K decreases. P and E increase

C P decreases. K and E increase

D K increases. P and E decrease

In Bohr’s atomic model of hydrogen, let K, P and E

A All K, P and E increase

B K decreases. P and E increase

C P decreases. K and E increase