ZIET BHUBANESWAR

Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS:

S.No. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions based on it.
P-I ELECTRON EMISSION- Minimum energy required to emit the electron from the surface of conductor

is called work function ( W or ) . It is measured in eV (electron volt).

1 eV- The energy gained by an electron when it is accelerated by a potential difference of 1 volt.
Methods of electron emission-(i) Thermionic emission, (ii) Field emission, (iii) Secondary emission,
(iv) Photoelectric emission
Work function (ϕ0)- The minimum energy that must be supplied to liberate the most weakly bound
surface electrons from a metal without giving them any velocity is called the work function of the
metal. Work function is measured in electron volt (eV). Work function depends on the properties of
metal and the nature of its surface.
1 Photoelectric emission occurs only when the incident light has more than a certain minimum:
(a) power
(b) wavelength
(c) intensity
(d) none of these
2. Light of wavelength λ falls on a metal having work function hc/λ0 . Photoelectric effect will take place
only if:
(a) λ ≥ λο
(b) λ ≥ 2λο
(c) λ ≤ λο
(d) λ = 4λο
3 A radio transmitter operates at a frequency 880 kHz and a power of 10 kW. The number of photons
emitted per second
(a) 1.72 × 1031
(b) 1.327 x 1025
(c) 1.327 x 107
(d) 1.327 x 1045

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4. The threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission from a material is 3900 Å. Photoelectrons will be
emitted when this material is illuminated with monochromatic radiation from:
(a) 50 W infrared lamp
(b) 1 W infrared lamp
(c) 1W ultraviolet lamp
(d) none of these
5. 1 eV is the energy gained by an electron when it is accelerated by a potential difference of 1 volt. Its
value in joule is
(a) 1.602 x 10-15
(b) 1.612 x 10-19
(c) 2.602 x 10-19
(d) none of these
P-II de Broglie wave associated with an electron can form a standing wave between the atoms arranged in
one-dimensional array with nodes at each of the atomic sites. For a standing wave, the separation
between two consecutive nodes is λ/2, where λ is the wavelength of the wave. It is found that one such
standing wave is formed if the distance (d) between two atoms is 2 Å. A similar standing wave is
formed if d is increased to 2.5 Å but not for any intermediate value of d as for standing waves d=nλ/2.
choose the most appropriate alternative to the following questions:
1. Wavelength of de Broglie wave is :
(a) 1 Å
(b) 1 nm
(c) 0.1 nm
(d) 0.1 mm
2. Energy (in eV) of the electron associated with the de Broglie wave is approximately:
(a) 300
(b) 440
(c) 150
(d) 500
3. The least value of d for which the standing wave described above can form is:
(a) 2 Å
(b) 1 Å
(c) 3 Å
(d) 0.5 Å

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4. What is the de Broglie wavelength of electron accelerated through a potential difference of 56 V?
(a) 0.264 nm
(b) 0.164 nm
(c) 0.112 nm
(d) 0.145 nm
5. Which of these particles having same kinetic energy has the largest de Broglie wavelength?
(a) Electron
(b) Alpha particles
(c) Proton
(d) Neutron

1.KEY/ANSWER SHEET
Q.No. ANSWER
P-I. 1 (d)

2 (c)

3 (a)

4 (c)

5. (d)

P-II. 1. (a)

2. (c)

3. (d)

4. (b)

5. (a)

2.CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS:

S.No. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions based on it.

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P-I Photocell:
A photocell is a technological application of the photoelectric effect. It is a device which can convert
light energy to electrical energy. It is also sometimes called an electric eye or LDR(Light Dependent
Resistance)
A photocell consists of a semi-cylindrical photo-sensitive metal plate C (emitter) and a wire loop A
(collector) supported in an evacuated glass or quartz bulb. It is connected to the external circuit having
a high-tension
Battery B and micro ammeter (μA)
Sometimes, instead of the plate C, a thin layer of photosensitive material is pasted on the inside of the
bulb. A part of the bulb is left clean for the light to enter it. When light of suitable wavelength falls on
the emitter C, photoelectrons are emitted.
These photoelectrons are drawn to the collector A. Photocurrent of the order of a few microampere
can be normally obtained from a photo cell. A photocell converts a change in intensity of illumination
into a change in photocurrent. This current can be used to operate control systems and in light
measuring
Devices.

1 Photocell works on the principle of

(a) photoelectric effect
(b) thermoelectric effect
(c) magnetic effect
(d) chemical effect

2. Incident light from the source falls on the photosensitive surface.it should be connected with:
(a) positive terminal of the battery
(b) negative terminal of the battery
(c) any of the above will work
(d) none of the above

3 Photocurrent in the cell is in the order of

(a) Ampere
(b) Mill ampere
(c) Micro ampere
(d) None of the above

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4. The intensity of incident radiation is doubled , Photoelectrons emitted from the surface should move
towards
(a) Anode with increased speed
(b) Cathode with increased speed
(c) Any direction
(d) Anode with the same speed

5. Photocell is used in
(a) automatic fire alarm
(b) automatic switching of street light
(c) automatic temperature controlling system
(d) All of the above

P-II

Figure given above shows experimental arrangement for the study of the photoelectric effect. It
consists of an evacuated glass/quartz tube having a photosensitive plate C and another metal plate A.
Monochromatic light from the source S of sufficiently short wavelength passes through the window W
and falls on the photosensitive plate C (emitter). A transparent quartz window is sealed on to the
glass tube, which permits radiation to pass through it and incident on the photosensitive plate C. The
electrons are emitted by the plate C and are collected by the plate A (collector), by the electric field
created by the battery. The battery maintains the potential difference between the plates C and A, that
can be varied. The polarity of the plates C and A can be reversed by a commutator.
Thus, the plate A can be maintained at a desired positive or negative potential with respect to emitter
C. When the collector plate A is positive with respect to the emitter plate C the electrons are attracted
to it causes flow of electric current in the circuit.
The potential difference between the emitter and collector plates is measured by a voltmeter (V)
whereas the resulting photo current
flowing in the circuit is measured by a microammeter (μA).
The intensity and frequency of the incident light can be varied, as can the potential difference V
between the emitter C and the collector A.

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1. Photoelectric current in the vacuum tube is directly proportional to

(a) No of photoelectrons emitted

(b) Intensity of the incident light
(c) Frequency of the incident light
(d) Both (a) and (b) above

2. When all the photoelectrons emitted by the cathode reach the anode the maximum constant current
can be obtained which is called
(a) Saturation current
(b) Eddy current
(c) Displacement current
(d) None of these

3. A source of 60 watt is emitting Red light of wavelength 7000 A0. Calculate the number of photons per
second emitted by the source:
(a) 2.11 X 10 21
(b) 2.11 X 10 20
(c) 2.11 X 10 24
(d) 2.11 X 10 19

4. Consider a beam of electrons (each electron with energy E0) incident on a metal surface kept in an
evacuated chamber. Then?
(a) No electrons will be emitted as only photons can emit electrons.
(b) Electrons can be emitted but all with an energy, E0.
(c) Electrons can be emitted with any energy, with a maximum of E0– W (W is the work function).
(d) Electron can be emitted with energy, with a maximum of E0

5. Photoelectrons emitted from a metal surface in the above experiment have

(a) Different speeds starting from 0 to certain maximum.
(b) same kinetic energy
(c) same frequency
(d) Both (b) & (c)

2. KEY/ANSWER SHEET

Q.No. Answer

P-I. 1 (a)

2 (b)

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3 (c)

4 (d)

5. (d)

P-II. 1. (d)

2. (a)

3. (b)

4. (d)

5. (a)

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 3.CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS:
Sl.No Question

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions…
Rutherford was the pioneer who postulated and established the existence of the atomic nucleus. At
Rutherford’s suggestion, Geiger and Marsden performed their classic experiment: on the scattering of
α-particles from thin gold foils. Their experiments revealed that the distance of closest approach to a
gold nucleus of an αparticle of kinetic energy 5.5 MeV is about 4.0 × 10–14 m. The scattering of α-
particle by the gold sheet could be understood by Rutherford by assuming that the coulomb repulsive
force was solely responsible for scattering. Since the positive charge is confined to the nucleus, the
actual size of the nucleus has to be less than 4.0 × 10–14 m. If we use αparticles of higher energies
than 5.5 MeV, the distance of closest approach to the gold nucleus will be smaller and at some point
the scattering will begin to be affected by the short range nuclear forces, and differ from Rutherford’s
calculations. Rutherford’s calculations are based on pure coulomb repulsion between the positive
charges of the α particle and the gold nucleus. From the distance at which deviations set in, nuclear
sizes can be inferred. By performing scattering experiments in which fast electrons, instead of
αparticles, are projectiles that bombard targets made up of various elements, the sizes of nuclei of
various elements have been accurately measured. It has been found that a nucleus of mass number A
has a radius R = R0 A1/3, where R0 = 1.2 × 10–15 m. This means the volume of the nucleus, which is
proportional to R3 is proportional to A. Thus the density of nucleus is a constant, independent of A, for
all nuclei. Different nuclei are likes drop of liquid of constant density. The density of nuclear matter is
approximately 2.3 × 1017 kgm–3 . This density is very large compared to ordinary matter, say water,
which is 103 kg m–3 . This is understandable, as we have already seen that most of the atom is empty.
Ordinary matter consisting of atoms has a large amount of empty space.

Q1. Relative density of nucleus with respect to water is

a) 2.3 × 1017 kgm–3 b) 2.3 × 1014 kgm–3 c) 23 × 1017 kgm–3 d) .23 × 1017 kgm–3

Q2. From R = R0A1/3 how can we conclude that density of almost all the nucleus is same
a) Volume being proportional to square of R density becomes independent of mass number A
b) Volume being proportional to cube of R density becomes independent of mass number A
c) Volume being proportional to R density becomes independent of mass number A
d) Density has no relation with R

Q3. What is the kinetic energy of α-particles bombarded towards the gold nucleus in Geiger and
Marsden classic experiment?
a) 8.8 x 10-13 Joule b) 8.5 x 10-15 Joule
c) 8.8 x 10-13 Joule d) 8.9 x 10-13 Joule
e) 8.5 x 10-13 Joule

Q4. What is the range of volume of hydrogen nucleus?

a) 10-45m. b) 10-30m. c) 10-15m. d) 10-60m

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 2 According to the third postulate of Bohr’s model, when an atom makes a transition from
the higher energy state with quantum number ni to the lower energy state with quantum number nf (nf
< ni), the difference of energy is carried away by a photon of frequency ν such that hν = Eni – Enf.
Since both nf and ni are integers, this immediately shows that in transitions between different atomic
levels, light is radiated in various discrete frequencies. For hydrogen spectrum, the Balmer formula
corresponds to nf = 2 and ni = 3, 4, 5 etc. The results of the Bohr’s model suggested the presence of
other series spectra for hydrogen atom–those corresponding to transitions resulting from nf = 1 and ni
= 2, 3, etc; nf = 3 and ni = 4, 5, etc. and so on. Such series were identified in the course of
spectroscopic investigations and are known as the Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett, and Pfund
series. The electronic transitions corresponding to these series are shown in Fig. The various lines in
the atomic spectra are produced when electrons jump from higher energy state to a lower energy state
and photons are emitted. These spectral lines are called emission lines. But when an atom absorbs a
photon that has precisely the same energy needed by the electron in a lower energy state to make
transitions to a higher energy state, the process is called absorption. Thus if photons with a continuous
range of frequencies pass through a rarefied gas and then are analysed with a spectrometer, a series of
dark spectral absorption lines appear in the continuous spectrum. The dark lines indicate the
frequencies that have been absorbed by the atoms of the gas. The explanation of the hydrogen atom
spectrum provided by Bohr’s model was a brilliant achievement, which greatly stimulated progress
towards the modern quantum theory.

Q1. The series of spectrum when electron jumps from n = 5 to n = 3 is

a) Lymen b) Balmer c) Paschen d) Bracket

Q2. Balmer series is obtained when electron transits from

a) n = 1,2,3, … to n = 5
b) n = 3,4,5 … to n = 2
c) n = 1,2,3, … to n = 4
d) n = 1,2,3, … to n = 6 Q3.
From Fig. shown predict which series has waves of maximum frequency
a) Lymen b) Balmer c) Paschen d) Bracket

Q4. What is the maximum energy of photon in emission spectrum of hydrogen atom
a) 13.6 eV b) 1.36 eV c) 1.5 eV d)
1eV

3. KEY/ANSWER SHEET
Q.No.1 Q1 – b; Q2 – b; Q3 – a; Q4 – a
2 Q1 – c; Q2 – b; Q3 – a; Q4 – a

4.CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS:

SI No Read the passage given below and answer the following questions

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1 Richa wanted to give a gift to her cousin a burglar alarm. But she did not know about its working principle
and its significance. She discussed it with her friend Shyama. Shyama explained him that in burglar alarm,
ultraviolet light is continuously made to fall on a photocell installed at doorway. A person entering the door
interrupts the beam falling on the photocell. The abrupt change in photocurrent is used to start an electric
bell ringing.

i) The photocurrent generated in the order of

a) mA
b) µA
c) A
d) All of these
ii) A photocell converts a change in ------ of incident light into a change in ------
a) intensity, photo-voltage
b) intensity, photocurrent
c) frequency, photocurrent
d) frequency, photo-voltage
iii) Photosensitive material should be connected to
a) Positive terminal of the battery
b) Negative terminal of the battery
c) Connected to ground
d) Positive terminal of the battery and ground
iv) The energy of a photon in eV corresponding to the visible light of maximum wavelength is
a) 1.4 eV
b) 1.5 eV
c) 1.6 eV
d) 1.7 eV
v) Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0x1014 Hz is produced by a laser. What is the energy of a
photon in the light beam?
a) 2.5 eV
b) 4x10-19 J
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of these

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2 According to de-Broglie a moving particle sometimes acts as a wave and sometimes as a particle or a wave
is associated with moving material particle which controls the particle in every respect. The wave
associated with moving material particle is called matter wave of de-Broglie wave whose wavelength
called de-Broglie wavelength.
i) De-Broglie waves associated with a moving material particles are independent of
a) Mass
b) Frequency
c) Charge
d) Momentum
ii) If a material particle moves faster, the de-Broglie wavelength associated with it is
a) longer
b) shorter
c) does not change
d) none of these
iii) The de-Broglie wavelength associated with a ball of mass 150 g travelling at 30.0 ms-1
a) 1.47x10-34 m
b) 1.47x10-33 m
c) 1.47x10-35 m
d) 1.50x10-34 m
iv) A particle is dropped from a height H. The de-Broglie wavelength of the particle as a function of
height is proportional to
a) H
b) H1/2
c) H-1/2
d) H2
v) The ratio of de-Broglie wavelength associated with two electrons accelerated through 25 V and 36 V
is
a) 5/6
b) 6/5
c) 25/36
d) 36/25

4. KEY/ANSWER SHEET
Q.No.1 i) b ii) b iii) b iv) c v) c
Q.No.2 i) c ii) b iii) a iv) c v) b

5.CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS:

SI No Read the passage given below and answer the following questions
(i) According to de-Broglie a moving material particle sometimes acts as a wave and
sometimes as a particle or a wave is associated with moving material particle which
controls the particle in every respect. The wave associated with moving material particle is
called matter wave or de-Broglie wave whose wavelength called de-Broglie wavelength, is
given by λ = h/mv

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 1. The dual nature of light is exhibited by
(A) diffraction and photo electric effect
(B) photoelectric effect
(C) refraction and interference
(D)diffraction and reflection.

2. If the momentum of a particle is doubled, then its de-Broglie wavelength will

(A)remain unchanged
(B)become four times
(C) become two times
(D)become half

3. If an electron and proton are propagating in the form of waves having the sameλ, it implies that
they have the same
(A)energy
(B)momentum
(C)velocity
(D)angular momentum

4. Velocity of a body of mass m, having de-Broglie wavelength λ, is given by relation

(A) v = λ h/m
(B) v = λ m/h
(C) v = λ/hm
(D) v = h/ λ m

5. Moving with the same velocity, which of the following has the longest de Broglie wavelength?
(A) ᵦ -particle
(B) α -particle
(C) proton
(D) neutron.

(ii) The photoelectric emission is possible only if the incident light is in the form of packets of energy,
each having a definite value, more than the work function of the metal. This shows that light is not of
wave nature but of particle nature. It is due to this reason that photoelectric emission was accounted
by quantum theory of light.

1. Packet of energy are called

i. (A) electron
ii. (B) quanta
iii. (C)frequency
iv. (D)neutron

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 2.One quantum of radiation is called
i. (A) meter
ii. (B) meson
iii. (C) photon
iv. (D)quark

3.Energy associated with each photon

i. (A) h c
ii. (B) mc
iii. (C) h v
iv. (D)h k

4.Which of the following waves can produce photo electric effect

(A) UV radiation
(B) Infrared radiation
(C) Radio waves
(D) Microwaves

5.Work function of alkali metals is:

i. (A) less than zero
ii. (B) just equal to other metals
iii. (C) greater than other metals
(D) quite less than other metals

5. KEY/ANSWER SHEET
Q. No.(i)1 A- diffraction and photo electric effect

Q. No.2 D - become half

Q. No.3 B – momentum

Q. No.4 D - v = h/ λ m

Q. No.5 A - ᵦ -particle

Q. No.(ii)1 B – quanta

Q. No.2 C – photon

Q. No.3 C- h v

Q. No.4 A - UV radiation

Q. No.5 D - quite less than other metals

6.CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS:

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S.No. Questions
Read the passage given below and answer the following questions……..

1. Dual nature of Matter

The wave nature of light shows up in the phenomena

of interference, diffraction and polarisation. On the other hand, in
photoelectric effect and Compton effect which involve energy and
momentum transfer, radiation behaves as if it is made up of a bunch of
particles – the photons. In 1924, the French physicist Louis Victor de Broglie (pronounced as de Broy)
(1892-1987) put forward the bold hypothesis that moving particles of matter should display wave-like
properties under suitable conditions. He reasoned that nature was symmetrical and that the two basic
physical entities – matter and energy, must have symmetrical character. If radiation shows dual aspects, so
should matter. De Broglie
proposed that the wave length λ associated with a particle of momentum
p is given as
λ = h/p = h/mv
where m is the mass of the particle and v its speed.

For a photon, also as we have seen,

p = hν /c

where c is velocity of light.

The de Broglie wavelength λ of the electron is then
λ = h/p =h/ = h/
where V is the magnitude of accelerating potential.

i) Wave nature of light is shown up by the phenomenon

e) Intereference (B) Diffraction (C) Polarisation (D ) All of the above

ii) As the accelerating voltage increases, the wavelength of electron as wave

(A) decreases. (B) increases. (C) remains same. (D) upto 100 keV increases and then decreases

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iii) A proton, a neutron, an electron and an α-particle have same energy. Then, their de-Broglie wavelengths
compare as

iii) λp = λn > λe > λα (B) λα < λp= λn> λe

(C) λe < λp = λn > λα (D) λe= λp= λn= λα

iv) Who showed that electron also propagates like a wave?

(A) Louis de Broglie (B) Albert Einstein
(C) Philipp Lenard (D) Wilhelm Ludwig

2. EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION:

In 1905, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) proposed a radically new picture

of electromagnetic radiation to explain photoelectric effect. In this picture,
photoelectric emission does not take place by continuous absorption of
energy from radiation. Radiation energy is built up of discrete units – the
so called quanta of energy of radiation. Each quantum of radiant energy
has energy hν, where h is Planck’s constant and ν the
frequency of light. In photoelectric effect, an electron
absorbs a quantum of energy (hν ) of radiation. If this
quantum of energy absorbed exceeds the minimum
energy needed for the electron to escape from the metal
surface (work function φ), the electron is emitted with
maximum kinetic energy
Kmax = hν – φ
More tightly bound electrons will emerge with energies less than the maximum value. Increasing
intensity will increase the number of electrons emitted per second.

i) What is a quantum of light called?

(A)electron

(B)neutron

( C)photon

( D ) proton

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ii) Photoelectric emission occurs only when the incident light has more than a certain minimum
( A) power
(B) wavelength
(C) intensity
(D) frequency

iii) If the work function for a certain metal is 3.2 x 10-19 joule and it is illuminated with light of frequency 8 x
1014 Hz. The maximum kinetic energy of the photo-electrons would be (h= 6.63 x 10-34 Js).

( A) 2.1 x 10-19 J

( B )8.5 x 10-19 J

(C)5.3 x 10-19 J

(D) 3.2 x 10-19 J

iv) The minimum energy required to remove an electron is called

( A ) Stopping potential

( B )Kinetic energy

( C) Work function

( D ) None of these

6. KEY/ANSWER SHEET;
Q.No. Answer

1.(i) D

(ii) A

(iii) B

(iv) A

2.(i) C

(ii) D

(iii) A

(iv) C

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 7.CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS:

21 According to wave theory of light, the light of any frequency can emit electrons from metallic
surface provided the intensity of light be sufficient to provide necessary energy for emission of
electrons, but according to experimental observations, the light of frequency less than threshold
frequency can not emit electrons; whatever be the intensity of incident light. Einstein also proposed
that electromagnetic radiation is quantised.

(i) In photoelectric effect, electrons are ejected from metals, if the incident light has a certain
minimum
(a) wavelength
(b) frequency
(c) amplitude
(d) angle of incidence
(ii) Kinetic energy of emitted electrons depends upon :
(a) frequency
(b) intensity
(c) nature of atmosphere surrounding the electrons
(d) none of these
(iii)The work function of photoelectric material is 3.3 eV. The threshold frequency will be equal to:
(a) 8 × 1014 Hz
(b) 8 × 1010 Hz
(c) 5 × 1010 Hz
(d) 4 × 1014 Hz
(iv) The strength of photoelectric current depends upon :
(a) angle of incident radiation
(b) frequency of incident radiation
(c) intensity of incident radiation
(d) distance between anode and cathode
(v) In photo electric emission, for alkali metals the threshold frequency lies in the:
(a) visible region
(b) ultraviolet region
(c) infrared region
(d) far end of the infrared region

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22 Very low mass particles moving at speed less than that of light behave like a particle and wave. De
Broglie derived an expression relating the mass of such smaller particles and its wavelength.

Plank’s quantum theory relates the energy of an electromagnetic wave to its wavelength or
frequency.

E = hν =hc/ λ …….(1)
Einstein related the energy of particle matter to its mass and velocity, as
E = mc2……..(2)
As the smaller particle exhibits dual nature, and energy being the same, de Broglie equated both
these relations for the particle moving with velocity ‘v’ as,

E =hv/ λ = mv 2
Then, h/ λ= mv
Or λ = h/mv= h/ momentum
: where ‘h’ is the Plank’s constant.

This equation relating the momentum of a particle with its wavelength is de Broglie equation and the
wavelength calculated using this relation is de Broglie wavelength.

(i)De-Broglie equation states the:

(a) dual nature
(b) particle nature
(c) wave nature
(d) none of these

(ii)Protons and alpha particles have the same de-Broglie wavelength. What is same for both of them
?
(a) Energy
(b) Time period
(c) Frequency
(d) Momentum

(iii) What is the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated from rest through a potential
difference of V volts?
(a) 12.3/ V2 Å
(b) 12.3/V Å
(c) 12.2/V2Å
(d) None of these

(iv) According to de Broglie’s hypothesis, the wavelength of electron is………..

a) directly proportional to velocity of particle
b) directly proportional to square velocity of particle
c) inversely proportional to velocity of particle
d) inversely proportional to square of velocity of particle
(v) Speed of electron emitted with wavelength of 5000 Ao will be
a) 1.457 ×105 m/s
b)1.457 ×106 m/s
c) 1.457 ×107 m/s
d) 1.457 ×108 m/s

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 7. KEY/ANSWER SHEET;
Q.No.21 ( i) b ,(ii) a (iii) a, (iv) b , (v) a
Q.No.22 (i) a, (ii) d (iii) a (iv) c (v) c

Chapter 11 Dual nature of radiation and matter

(Case study question)
Q1: According to wave theory of light, the light of any frequency can emit electrons from metallic surface
provided the intensity of light is sufficient to provide necessary energy for emission of electrons, but
according to experimental observations, the light of frequency less than threshold frequency can not emit
electrons; whatever be the intensity of incident light. Einstein also proposed that electromagnetic radiation is
quantized.
If photoelectrons are ejected from a surface when light of wavelength λ1 = 550 nm is incident on it. The
stopping potential for such electrons is Vs =0.19V. Suppose the radiation of wavelength λ2 = 190 nm is
incident on the surface.

(i) Photoelectric effect supports quantum nature of light because

(A) there is a minimum frequency of light below which no photoelectrons are emitted.
(B) the maximum K.E. of photoelectric depends only on the frequency of light and not on its intensity.
(C) even when the metal surface is faintly illuminated, the photo electrons leave the surface immediately.
(D) electric charge of the photoelectrons is quantized.
(a) A, B, C (b) B, C (c) C, D (d) A, D, C

(ii) In photoelectric effect, electrons are ejected from metals, if the incident light has a certain minimum
(a) wavelength (b) frequency (c) amplitude (d) angle of incidence

(iii) Calculate the stopping potential Vs2 of surface.

(a) 4.47 (b) 3.16 (c) 2.07 (d) 5.28

(iv) Calculate the work function of the surface.

(a) 3.75 (b) 2.07 (c) 4.20 (d) 3.60

(v) Calculate the threshold frequency for the surface.

(a) 500 x 1012 Hz (b) 480 x 1013 Hz (c) 520 x 1011 Hz (d) 460 x 1013 Hz

ANSWERS:
Q1 Case study question
(i) (a) A, B, C

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(ii) (b) frequency
(iii) (c) 2.07
(iv) (b) 2.07
(v) (a) 500 x 1012 Hz

Q2: When a monochromatic radiation of suitable frequency obtained from source S as shown in figure (a),
after being filtered by a filter attached on the window W, fall on the photosensitive place C, the photo
electrons are emitted from C, which get accelerated towards the plate A if it is kept at positive potential.
These electrons flow in the outer circuit resulting in photoelectric current. Due to it, the micro-ammeter
shows a deflection. The reading of microammeter measures the photoelectric current.

(a) (b)

An experimental setup of verification of photoelectric effect is shown in figure(b). The voltage across the
electrodes is measured with the help of an ideal voltmeter, and which can be varied by moving jockey J
on the potentiometer wire. The battery used in potentiometer circuit is of 16 V and its internal resistance
is 2 Ω .The resistance of 100 cm long potentiometer wire is 8 Ω.
The photocurrent is measured with the help of an ideal ammeter. Two plates of potassium oxide of area
50 cm2 at separation 0.5 mm are used in the vacuum tube. Photocurrent in the circuit is very small, so we
can treat the potentiometer circuit as an independent circuit
Light Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
λ in 4000- 4500- 5000- 5500- 6000- 6500-
A 5000 5000 5500 6000 6500 7500

Answer the following questions on the basis of the above case:

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I) When radiation falls on the cathode plate, a current of 2 μA is recorded in the ammeter. Assuming that the
vacuum tube setup follows Ohm's law, the equivalent resistance of vacuum tube operating in the case when
jockey is at end P is
(a) 8 x 108Ω (b) 16 x 106Ω (c) 8 x 106Ω (d) 10 x 106Ω

Ii) It is found that ammeter current remains unchanged (2 μA) even when the jockey is moved from the end
P to the middle point of the potentiometer wire. Assuming that all the incident photons eject electrons and
the power of the light incident is 4 x 10-6ΩThen, the color of the incident light is
(a) Green (b) Violet (c) Red (d) Orange

Iii) Which of the following colors may not give a photoelectric effect for this cathode?
(a) Green (b) Violet (c) Red (d) Orange

Iv) When other light falls on the anode plate, the ammeter reading zero till jockey is moved from the end P
to the middle point of the wire PQ. Therefore, the deflection is recorded in the ammeter. The maximum
kinetic energy of the emitted electron is:
(a) 16 eV (b) 4 eV (c) 8 eV (d) 10 eV

V) If the intensity of incident radiation is increased twice, the number of photoelectrons emitted per second
will be
(a) halves (b) four times (c) remain same (d) double

ASNSWER:
Q2 Case study question
(i) b
(ii) a
(iii) b
(iv) c
(v) d

Q3: When light of sufficiently high frequency is incident on a metallic surface, electrons are emitted from
the metallic surface. This phenomenon is called photoelectric emission. Kinetic energy of the emitted
photoelectrons depends on the wavelength of incident light and is independent of the intensity of light.
Number of emitted photoelectrons depends on intensity. (hv – ϕ0 ) is the maximum kinetic energy of emitted
photoelectrons (where ϕ0 is the work function of metallic surface). Reverse effect of photo emission

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produces X-ray. X-ray is not deflected by electric and magnetic fields. Wavelength of a continuous X-ray
depends on potential difference across the tube. Wavelength of characteristic X-ray depends on the atomic
number.
Answer the following questions on the basis of the above case:
I) Einstein's photoelectric equation is:
(a) Emax=hv−ϕ0 (b) E=mc2 (c) E2=p2c2+(m0)2c4 (d) E=½mv2
II) Light of wavelength λ which is less than threshold wavelength is incident on a photosensitive
material. If incident wavelength is decreased so that emitted photoelectrons are moving with
some velocity then stopping potential will
(a) increase
(b) decrease
(c) be zero
(d) become exactly half
III) When ultraviolet rays incident on metal plate then photoelectric effect does not occur, it may
occur by incident of
(a) Infrared rays
(b) X-rays
(c) Radio wave
(d) Micro wave
IV) If frequency (v > v0) of incident light becomes n times the initial frequency (v), then K.E. of the
emitted photoelectrons becomes (v0 threshold frequency).
(a) n times of the initial kinetic energy
(b) More than n times of the initial kinetic energy
(c) Less than n times of the initial kinetic energy
(d) Kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons remains unchanged
V) A polychromatic light is used in a photoelectric experiment. The stopping potential
(a) Is related to the mean wavelength
(b) Intensity of incident light
(c) Is not related to the minimum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons
(d) Is related to the shortest wavelength

ASNSWER:
Q3 Case study question
(i) A
(ii) A
(iii) B
(iv) B

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(v) D

Q4: A photocell is a technological application of the photoelectric effect. It is a device whose electrical
properties are affected by light. It is also sometimes called an electric eye. A photocell consists of a semi
cylindrical photo-sensitive metal plate C (emitter) and a wire loop A (collector) supported in an evacuated
glass or quartz bulb. It is connected to the external circuit having a high tension battery B and micro
ammeter as shown in the figure:

Sometimes instead of the plate C, A thin layer of photosensitive material is pasted on the inside of the bulb.
A part of the bulb is left clean for the light to enter it. When light of suitable wavelength falls on the emitter
C, Photoelectrons are emitted. These photoelectrons are drawn to the collector A. photocurrent of the order
of a few microampere can be normally obtained from a photocell. A photocell converts a change in intensity
of illumination into a change in photocurrent. This current can be used to operate control systems and in
light measuring devices.
Answer the following questions on the basis of the above case:
I) Photocell is also known as:
(a) electric sense
(b) electric eye
(c) Photo emitter
(d) Photo Transducer
II) A photocell consists of:
(a) a semi cylindrical photo-sensitive metal plate called emitter and a wire loop called collector
(b) a metal cylinder called emitter and a filament called collector
(c) two semi cylindrical photo sensitive metal-plates one is called emitter and the other is called collector
(d) a wire mesh called emitter and a photo sensitive wire loop called collector
III) Which of the following statement is true?
(a) The photocell is totally painted black
(b) a part of the photocell is left clean
(c) the photocell is completely transparent
(d) a part of the photocell is made black
IV) The photocurrent generated is in the order of:
(a) ampere
(b)milliampere

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(c) microampere
(d) none of the above
V) A photocell converts a change in ______ of incident light into a change in________
(a) intensity, photovoltage
(b) Wavelength, photovoltage
(c) Frequency, photocurrent
(d) intensity, photocurrent

Q5: THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

The theory of light being a particle completely vanished until the end of the 19 th century when Albert
Einstein revived it. Einstein believed light is a particle (photon) and the flow of photons is a wave. The main
point of Einstein's light quantum theory is that light's energy is related to its oscillation frequency. He
maintained that photons have energy equal to "Planck's constant times oscillation frequency ( )," and this
photon energy is the height of the oscillation frequency while the intensity of light is the quantity of photons.
Albert Einstein, famous for his theories of relativity, conducted research on the photoelectric effect. The
strange thing about the photoelectric effect is the energy of the electrons (photoelectrons) that fly out of the
metal does not change whether the light is weak or strong. (If light were a wave, strong light should cause
photoelectrons to fly out with great power.) Another puzzling matter is how photoelectrons multiply when
strong light is applied. Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by saying that "light itself is a particle
(photon)" and concluded that when a photon having energy with frequency greater than certain minimum
value is incident on the metal surface, electron gets ejected with some kinetic energy which is equal to the
difference between the photon energy and the work function (the minimum energy required for the electron
emission from the metal surface).

(i) The correct expression for Einstein’ photoelectric equation is given by (all the symbols have their usual
meaning)

(A)

(B)

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(C)

(D)

(ii) For a photoelectric experiment, if the wavelength of incident radiation is reduced, then
(A) the value of work function will increase.
(B) the value of work function will decrease.
(C) the value of stopping potential will increase.
(D) the value of stopping potential will decrease.
(iii) According to Einstein's photoelectric equation, the correct graph between the kinetic energy of photo
electrons ejected and the frequency of incident radiation will be

(iv) A metal of work function is exposed to a radiation of wavelength . The stopping potential
will be _____. (
(A) 2.43 V
(B) 4.86 V
(C) 8.64 V
(D) 3.24 V
ASNSWER:

Q6: WAVE NATURE OF MATTER

In 1923 a French physics graduate student named Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie (1892–1987) made a
radical proposal based on the hope that nature is symmetric. If EM radiation has both particle and wave
properties, then nature would be symmetric if matter also had both particle and wave properties. If what we
once thought of as an unequivocal wave (EM radiation) is also a particle, then what we think of as an
unequivocal particle (matter) may also be a wave. De Broglie’s suggestion, made as part of his doctoral
thesis, was so radical that it was greeted with some skepticism. A copy of his thesis was sent to Einstein,
who said it was not only probably correct, but that it might be of fundamental importance. With the support
of Einstein and a few other prominent physicists, de Broglie was awarded his doctorate.
De Broglie took both relativity and quantum mechanics into account to develop the proposal that all
particles have a wavelength, given by

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where h is Planck’s constant and p is momentum. This is defined to be the de Broglie wavelength.
The hallmark of a wave is interference. If matter is a wave, then it must exhibit constructive and destructive
interference. Why isn’t this ordinarily observed? The answer is that in order to see significant interference
effects, a wave must interact with an object about the same size as its wavelength.
De Broglie’s proposal of a wave nature for all particles initiated a remarkably productive era in which the
foundations for quantum mechanics were laid.
(i) The wave associated with a particle is known as
(A) longitudinal wave
(B) sound wave
(C) matter wave
(D) radio wave
(ii) An object of mass is moving with a kinetic energy . The de-Broglie wavelength associated with
the object is

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(iii) Of the following having the same kinetic energy, the one which has the largest wavelength is
(A) a neutron
(B) an electron
(C) an alpha particle
(D) a proton
(iv) An electron and alpha particle have same kinetic energy, then their De- Broglie wavelengths
can be related as
(A) λe
(B) λ
(C) λ
(D) λ

Q7: Electron Microscope Electron microscopes use electrons to illuminate a sample. In Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM), electrons pass through the sample and illuminate film or a digital camera.

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Resolution in microscopy is limited to about half of the wavelength of the illumination source used to image
the sample. Using visible light the best resolution that can be achieved by microscopesis about ~200 nm.
Louis de Broglie showed that every particle or matter propagates like a wave. The wavelength of
propagating electrons at a given accelerating voltage can be determined by



Thus, the wavelength of electrons is calculated to be 3.88 pm when the microscope is operated at 100 keV, 2.
74 pm at 200 keV and 2.24 pm at 300 keV. However, because the velocities of electrons in an electron
microscope reach about 70% the speed of light with an accelerating voltage of 200 keV, there are relativistic
effects on these electrons. Due to this effect, the wavelength at 100 keV, 200 keV and 300 keV in electron
microscopes is 3.70 pm, 2.51 pm and 1.96 pm, respectively. Anyhow, the wavelength of electrons is much
smaller than that of photons (2.5 pm at 200 keV). Thus if electron wave is used to illuminate the sample, the
resolution of an electron microscope theoretically becomes unlimited. Practically, the resolution is limited to
~0.1 nm due to the objective lens system in electron microscopes. Thus, electron microscopy can resolve
subcellular structures that could not be visualized using standard fluorescences microscopy.

I. In electron microscope, electron is used:

(A) to charge the sample.
(B) to clean the sample.
(C) to illuminate the sample.
(D) All of the above
II. Who showed that electron also propagates like a wave?
(A) Louis de Broglie
(B) Albert Einstein
(C) Philipp Lenard
(D) Wilhelm Ludwig Franz Hallwachs
III. Why electron as wave is used in electron microscope to illuminate the sample?
(A) The wavelength of electrons as wave is much larger than that of photons, hence resolution is
much better.
(B) The wavelength of electrons as wave is much smaller than that of photons, hence resolution
is much better.
(C) Electron as wave wave is much brighter than normal light and hence resolution is much
better.
(D) Speed of electron as wave wave is greater than the speed of light and hence offers better
resolution.
IV. As the accelerating voltage increases, the wavelength of electron as wave (A) decreases.
(B) increases.

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 (C) remains same.
(D) upto 100 keV increases and then decreases.
V. Wavelength of electron as wave at accelerating voltage 200 keV is
(A) 2.5 nm
(B) 2.5 mm
(C) 2.5 pm
(D) 2.5 mm
ANSWERS:
Q4 Case study question
(i) D
(ii) B
(iii) A
(iv) D
(v) B
Q5 Case study question
(i) (A)

(ii) (ii) (C) the value of stopping potential will increase.

(iii) (iii) (D)
(iv) (iv) (B) 4.86 V

Q6:
(i) (C) matter wave

(ii) (A)

(iii) (B) an electron

(iv) (B)λe

Q7:
I) ANS C) [Electrons as wave is used in electron microscopes to illuminate a sample since it
enhances the resolving power]
II) Ans. (A) [Louis de Broglie showed that every particle or matter propagates like a wave]
III) Ans. (B)
[Using visible light, the best resolution that can be achieved by microscopes is about ~200 nm.
The wavelength of electrons as wave is much smaller than that of photons as wave (2.5 pm at
200 keV). Thus if electron as wave is used to illuminate the sample, the resolution of an electron
microscope theoretically becomes unlimited. Practically, the resolution is limited to ~0.1 nm]

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 IV) Ans. (A)

[ So, as V increases, decreases]

V) Ans. (C)

PREPARED BY :
PGTs OF BHUBANESWAR, GUWAHATI,KOLKOTA ,RANCHI,SILCHAR,TINSUKIA regions.

VETTED BY :SILCHAR REGION

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