C E 2 11 :

F U N D A M E N TA L S
OF SURVEYING
——
MEASUREMENT OF DIRECTIONS AND ANGLES
( PA RT 1 )
I n s t r u c t o r : E n g r. E r n e s t M a e L . S a b i t
 MEASUREMENT OF
DIRECTIONS AND ANGLES
——

( PA R T 1 )
PART 01
Directions of Lines
The direction of a line is defined as the horizontal angle
the line makes with an established line of reference. There
are various kinds of angles which can be used to describe
the direction of lines. In surveying practice, directions may
be defined by means of interior angles, deflection angles,
angles to the right, bearings, and azimuths.
PART 01
Interior Angles
• The angles between adjac ent lines in a cl osed pol ygon are
called interior angles.

∑ Interior Angles = (n -2)180°

Where:

n = Number of Sides
PART 01
Exterior Angles
• Exterior angles are loc ated outside a closed pol ygon and are
referred to as explements of interior angles.

• An explement is the difference between 360 degrees and an y

one angle.

∑ Exterior Angles = (n+ 2)180°

Where:

n = Number of Sides
PART 01
Deflection Angles
• The angle between a line and the prol ongation of the prec eding
line is called a deflection angle.

Angles to the Right

• Angles to the right are measured clock wi se from the preceding
line to succeeding line.
PART 01
Deflection
Angles
PART 01
Angles to
the Right
PART 01
Bearings
• The di rec tion of a line may be desc ri bed by giving its beari ng . The beari ng of a
line is the acute horizontal angle between the referenc e meridian and the line.

BEARING = N 30 ° E

Note:
Always measured either
from North or South.
 PART 01

Forward and Back

Bearing
Using the quadrantal s ys tem, any line on the s urface of the earth m ay be defi ned by
two directions which differ from each other by exactly 180 degrees.
 PART 01
Azimuths
The azim uth of a line is i ts di rec tion as given by the angle between the meridian and the
line measured in a clock wis e di rec tion from ei ther the north or south branc h of the
meridian.

TWO TYPES OF AZIMUTH

1. Engineering Azi muth – It is an angle f ormed between the meridian and the line
starting from south taken clockwise.

2. Military Azimuth – Started from north

Azimuths may be called tr ue, magnetic, as sumed, or gri d, depending on the reference
meridian form which they have been measured
PART 01
Forward and Back Azimuths
Any line es tablished on the earth’s surf ace has two azimuths – a forward azimuth and a
back azimuth.

RULES:

Rule 1: If the forward azimuth of the line is greater than 180 deg., subtrac t 180 deg. to
obtain the back azimuth.

Example:
Forward Azimuth = 340°
Backward Azimuth = 340° - 180° = 160°
PART 01
Forward and Back Azimuths
Any line es tablished on the earth’s surf ace has two azimuths – a forward azimuth and a
back azimuth.

RULES:

Rule 2: W hen the forward azimuth of the line is less than 180 deg., add 180 deg. t o
determine the back azimuth.

Example:
Forward Azimuth = 80°
Backward Azimuth = 80° + 180 ‫ =ۦ‬260°
 Illustrative Problem
DETERMINING ANGLES FROM AZIMUTHS. Compute the anglesAPB, CPD, and EPF from
the following set of lines whose azimuths are given.

a. AZIMn of Line PA = 39°48’ ; AZIMn of Line PB = 115°29’

b. AZIMs of Line PC = 320°22’ ; AZIMs of Line PD = 62°16’

c. AZIMn of Line PE = 219°02’ ; AZIMs of Line PF = 154°16’

Solution: 2. A1 = Azimuth from south of line PC or 320°22’
A2 = Azimuth from south of line PD or 62°16’
ϴ = Angle CPD

ϴ = A2 + (360° - A1)
ϴ = 62°16’ + (360° - 320°22’)
ϴ = 101°54’

3. A1 = Azimuth from north of line PE or 219°02’

A2 = Azimuth from south of line PF or 154°16’
ϴ = Angle EPF

ϴ = A2 - (A1 – 180°)
ϴ = 154°16’ - (219°02’– 180°)
ϴ = 115°14’
QUESTION & ANSWER
Thank you
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