CE120-05/F

FUNDAMENTALS OF
SURVEYING
1 Q S. Y. 2 3 - 2 4

ENGR. RAINBOW PROVO B. AYONG

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
AND DIRECTION
MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE AND
DIRECTION
Measurement of Angle and Direction

The purpose of a survey is to determine the relative location of

points on or near the surface of the earth. The location of a point
is fixed if measurements are made of:
a. Its direction and distance from a known point
b. Its direction from two known points
c. Its distance from two known points
d. Its distance from one known point and its direction from
another
Units of Angular Measurement

Degree – The angle of one degree is defined as the angle which

requires 1/360 of the rotation needed to obtain one revolution.

Grad – It is the unit of measure in the centesimal system.

Mil – The circumference is divided into 6400 parts which is called

mils.

Radian – One radian is defined as the angle subtended at the

center of the circle by an arc length exactly equal to the radius of
the circle.
Units of Angular Measurement

Sexagesimal System Mil

2𝜋
1 complete circle = 360 degrees Degree to radian = degree *
360°
1 degree º = 60 minutes ‘ 𝜋
Degree to radian = degree *
1 minute ‘ = 60 seconds “ 180°

Centesimal System
1 complete circle = 400 grads
1 grad = 100 centesimal minutes
1 centesimal minute = 100 centesimal seconds

Mil
1 complete circle = 6400 mils
 Units of Angular Measurement

Example: Convert 67º 18’ 45” to radians, grad and mils

67º 18’ 45”

1° 1′ 1°
67° + 18′ ∗ + ° + 45" ∗ ∗ = 67.3125°
60′ 60" 60′

𝜋
67.3125° ∗ = 1.1748 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180°

67.3125° ∗ 400 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 = 174.7917 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑

360°

6400 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠
67.3125° ∗ = 1196.6667 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠
360°
Measurement of Angle and Direction

Median – A line of the mean surface of the

earth joining the north and south poles. It
is called TRUE if the poles used are the
geographic poles; MAGNETIC if the poles
used are the magnetic poles.

Bearing – The angle which line makes with

either the south or north end of the
reference line. It is called TRUE if the
meridian is true; MAGNETIC, if the meridian
is magnetic.

The range of a bearing angle is from 0º to 90º is either due north

or due south; bearing 90º is either due east or due west.
Measurement of Angle and Direction

Azimuth – the angle which a certain line makes with south end of
the reference line measured clockwise, magnetic or assumed.

English azimuth is one that is measured from the north end of the
reference line also in the direction clockwise.

The range of an azimuth angle is from 0º to 360º , and no

direction is required to define it.
Comparison of Azimuth and Bearing
Measurement of Angle and Direction

Example: Example: Compute the angle AOB from the following set of lines
where magnetic bearing are given: OA, N 39ᴼ 25’ E and OB, N 75ᴼ 50’ E

W E

S
Measurement of Angle and Direction

Example: Example: Compute the angle AOB from the following set of lines
where magnetic bearing are given: OA, N 39ᴼ 25’ E and OB, N 75ᴼ 50’ E

N
A

W E

75ᴼ 50’ - 39ᴼ 25’

36ᴼ 25’

S
 Measurement of Angle and Direction

Example: Compute the angle APB from the following set of lines whose
azimuths are given: AZIMn of line PA = 39ᴼ41’; AZIMn of line PB = 115ᴼ29’;

W E

S
 Measurement of Angle and Direction

Example: Compute the angle APB from the following set of lines whose
azimuths are given: AZIMn of line PA = 39ᴼ41’; AZIMn of line PB = 115ᴼ29’;

N
A

W E

115ᴼ 29’ - 39ᴼ 41’

75ᴼ 48’
S
 Measurement of Angle and Direction

Example: Compute the angle CPD from the following set of lines whose
azimuths are given: AZIMn of line PC = 320ᴼ22’; AZIMn of line PD = 62ᴼ16’;

W E

S
 Measurement of Angle and Direction

Example: Compute the angle CPD from the following set of lines whose
azimuths are given: AZIMn of line PC = 320ᴼ22’; AZIMn of line PD = 62ᴼ16’;

N
C
D

320ᴼ 22’
W E

360ᴼ - 320ᴼ 22’ + 62ᴼ 16’

101ᴼ 54’
S
Measurement of Angle and Direction

Magnetic Declination – sometimes called magnetic variation, is

the angle between magnetic north and true north Declination is
positive east of true north and negative when west
 Measurement of Angle and Direction
The magnetic bearings can be converted to true bearings by the following rule:

Rule 1:
True bearing of a line = magnetic bearing of the line ± declination.

Use (+) sign, when the declination is east as in fig (a) and (-) sign when it is
west as in fig (b)
 Measurement of Angle and Direction

The magnetic bearings can be converted to true bearings by the following rule:

Rule 2:
Magnetic bearing of a line = true bearing of the line ± declination.
Use (-) sign, when the declination is east and (+) sign when it is west

Note: The above rules apply only to the Whole Circle Bearing (W.C.B.)

Whole Circle Bearing (W.C.B.) – also

known as the azimuth system, is the
horizontal angle made by a line with the
magnetic north in the clockwise direction.

In this system, only the north direction is

used as reference meridian.
 Measurement of Angle and Direction

Example: The magnetic bearing of a line is 197º. Find its true bearing, if the
magnetic declination is 3ºW

TN
 Measurement of Angle and Direction

Example: The magnetic bearing of a line is 197º. Find its true bearing, if the
magnetic declination is 3ºW
Rule 1:
MN TN True bearing of a line = magnetic
bearing of the line ± declination.
3ᴼ
Use (+) sign, when the declination is
east and (-) sign when it is west

MB
197ᴼ
TB = 197º - 3º
TB = 194º
TB
Measurement of Angle and Direction

Example: The magnetic bearing of a line is N 37º W and the magnetic

declination is 2º E, find the true bearing.

TN
 Measurement of Angle and Direction

Example: The magnetic bearing of a line is N 37º W and the magnetic

declination is 2º E, find the true bearing.

TN
MN
TB

37ᴼ 2ᴼ
MB

Rule 1:
True bearing of a line = magnetic bearing
of the line ± declination. TB = 37º - 2º
TB = 35º
Use (+) sign, when the declination is east
and (-) sign when it is west
 Measurement of Angle and Direction

Example: True bearing of a line is 217º and magnetic variation is 2º W. Find the
magnetic bearing.

TN
 Measurement of Angle and Direction

Example: True bearing of a line is 217º and magnetic variation is 2º W. Find the
magnetic bearing.

TN Magnetic bearing of a line = true

MN bearing of the line ± declination.

2ᴼ Use (-) sign, when the declination is

east and (+) sign when it is west

MB
217ᴼ
MB = 217º + 2º
MB = 219º

TB