Chain and Compass Survey

CHAIN SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS USED IN CHAIN SURVEY
• CHAIN AND TAPE

• ARROWS AND PEGS
• RANGING RODS
• OFF SET RODS
• PLUMB BOB
• CROSS STAFF
• PLASTERER’S LATHS AND WHITES
ELEMENTS OF SURVEYING 2
CHAINS
Chains are formed of straight links of galvanized mild steel wires,
CHAINS \….
Metric chains:
• Available in lengths of 5, 10, 20 and 30 m
• Tallies are fixed at every 2 m intervals
• Circular tally is placed at the center of the chain
• Grooves are provided at the ends to facilitate the placement of arrows
• Length of the chain is engraved on the brass handle of the chain
Gunter’s or surveyor's chain:
• Before independence India used to follows FPS (foot, pound and second)
system
]’[/
\
/\`\ |ength of the cbq6t5rc
• 10 Gunter’s square chain in 1 acre (4047 sqm)
CHAINS CONTD….
Engineer’s chain:
• Length is 100 feet (30 m) with 100 links with 1 foot each (30 cm)
• Brass tag is provide at every 10 links
Revenue chain:
• Length of chain is 33 feet (10 m) with 16 links with 2.06 feet (62 cm)
each
• Used in cadastral survey
Steel band or Band chain:
• It consists of long narrow strip of steel on uniform dimensions (12-
46mm width and 0.3-0.6 mm thick)
• They are available in 20 m and 30 m lengths
• Brass studs are provided at every 20 cm and it is numbered at every 1 m
• First and last links are subdivided into cm and mm.
TESTING AND ADJUSTING CHAINS CONTD…..
• As we use the chain continuously, the length of it may be shortened
[bending of the links, wearing out of the links ] or elongated
[stretching of the links, opening of the rings etc. ], So, it becomes
essential to check the chain length often before using it.
• Temporary gauge station is established by driving two pegs at requisite

distance apart, and inserting nails into their tops to mark exact points.
• Overall length of a chain, when measured at 8 kg pull and checked
against a steel tape @20 0C shall be within the following limits: 20 m
Chain = ± 5 mm 30 m Chain = ± 8 mm.
TESTING AND ADJUSTING CHAINS
Adjusting the chain:

If the Chain is found to be long:
• Closing the joints of the rings
• Reshaping the elongated rings
• Removing one or more small circular rings
• Replacing worn out rings
• Adjusting the links at the ends.
If the Chain is found to be short:
• Straightening the links
• Flattening the circular rings
• Replacing one or more small circular rings by bigger ones
• Inserting additional circular rings
• Adjusting the links at the end.
TAPES
Cloth or Linen Tape:
• Closely woven linen, 12 to 15 mm wide varnished to resist moisture.
• Commonly available in 10, 20, 25 and 30 m; 33’, 50’, 66’ and 100’.
• End of tape is provided with small brass ring whose length is included in
the total length of the tape.
Why are they not good for accurate measurements?
• It is easily affected by moisture
• Its length gets altered by stretching
• It is likely to sag
• Further, its life is short.
TAPES
Metallic tapes:
• Metallic tape is nothing but a cloth tape that is reinforced with brass or
copper wires.
• Commonly available in 10, 15, 20, 30 and 50m.
• End of tape is provided with small brass ring whose length is included in the
total length of the tape and they are supplied in a leather case.
Steel tape:
• They are made of steel strips having width of 6 – 10 mm.
• Available in lengths of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 m.
• These tapes are more durable and accurate than the metallic tape.
• End of tape is provided with small brass ring whose length is included in the
total length of the tape.
• They are supplied in a leather case or a corrosion resistant metal case.
• They are used for accurate measurement of distance.
TAPES
Invar Tape:
• Invar tapes are made of alloy which contains 64% of steel and 36% of
nickel
• Its coefficient of thermal expansion is very less ≈ 0.000000122/1 0C
• It is 6 mm in width and available in lengths of 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100m.
• Invar is soft in nature and so, should be carefully handled to avoid
damage.
• They are used for accurate survey. They can also be used in places where
the temperature varies drastically
ARROWS;
• They are used to mark the position of the ends of the chain on the
ground.
• They are made of steel wires of diameter 4 mm.
• The length of the arrow ranges from 25 to 50 cm.
• One end of the arrow is bent in the form of a loop / circle and the other
end pointed.
RANGING RODS:
• Ranging rods are used to fix up intermediate points on
a survey line or establish the position of a station.
• They are made with well seasoned timber with an
iron shoe at the bottom.
• They are circular in C/S with 3 cm Dia. Their
lengths vary from 2 to 3 m.
• They are painted alternately with white ‐red
(or) white‐black bands. Each band being 20 cm in length.
PLUMB BOB:
• It consists of a string attached at the top of the metal bob.
• As the bob always points towards the gravity, it represents the vertical
line.
• They are used to transfer the points on the ground while chaining along a
sloping ground.
• It is further used in the primary adjustments of all the surveying
instruments.
PEGS:
• They are used to mark the positions of the survey stations or the end
points of a survey line.
• They are made of stout timber. They are generally square in section
and tapered at the end.
• They are 22 mm X 25 mm in C/S and 150 mm long.
• These pegs are driven by hammer.
CROSS STAFF:
The cross staff is used for
• Finding out foot of the perpendicular from a given point to a line
• Setting right angle at a given point on a line
TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN CHAIN SURVEY
Survey Stations
Chain Line or survey lines
• Main Survey Line
• Base line
• Tie Lines
• Check Lines
Offsets
• Perpendicular offsets
• Oblique offsets
• long offsets
• short offsets
SURVEY STATIONS:
• Main Stations
• Subsidiary or tie
Main Stations:
• Main stations are the end of the lines, which command the
boundaries of the survey
Subsidiary or tie stations:
• Subsidiary or the tie stations are the point selected on the main
survey lines, where it is necessary to locate the interior detail such as
fences, hedges, building etc.
CHAIN OR SURVEY LINES:
Main Survey Line:
• The lines joining the main stations are called the main survey line or
the chain lines.
Base Lines:
• It is main and longest line, which usually passes approximately through
the center of the field. All the other measurements to show the details
of the work are taken with respect of this line.
Tie or subsidiary lines:
• A tie line joins two fixed points on the main survey lines. It helps to
check the accuracy of survey and to locate the interior details. The
position of each tie line should be close to some features, such as paths,
building etc.
Check Line:
• A check line also termed as a proof line is a line joining the apex of a
triangle to some fixed points on any two sides of a triangle. A check line
is measured to check the accuracy of the framework. The length of a
check line, as measured on the ground should agree with its length on the
plan.
OFFSETS:
These are the lateral measurements from the base line to fix the positions
of the different objects of the work with respect to base line. These are
generally set at right angle offsets. It can also be drawn with the help of a
tape.
• Perpendicular offset: The measurements are taken at right angle to the
survey line are called perpendicular offsets or
right angled offsets.
• Oblique offsets: The measurements which are not made at right
angles to the survey line are called oblique offsets
or tie line offsets.
• Long offset: Length of the offset ≥15 m.
• Short offset: Length of the offset < 15 m
SELECTION OF SURVEY STATIONS:
• Survey stations must be mutually visible.
• Survey lines must be few as practically possible so that the frame
work can be plotted conveniently.
• The frame work must have one or two base lines. If one base line is
used, it must run along the length and through the middle of the field.
If two base lines are there, it should cross in the form of letter ‘X’.
• The lines should run on a level ground as far as possible.
• The main lines should form well conditioned triangles.
• Each triangle or portion of frame work must be provided with
sufficient check lines.
• All the lines from which the offsets are taken should be placed close
to the corresponding surface features so as to get short offset.
PROCEDURE FOR CARRYING OUT CHAIN SURVEY:
There are four steps in chain survey:
• Reconnaissance Survey
• Marking stations
• Running Survey Lines
• Taking offsets
Reconnaissance Survey:
The preliminary inspection of the area to be surveyed is called
reconnaissance. The surveyor inspects the area to be surveyed, survey or
prepares index sketch or key plan.
Marking Stations:
Surveyor fixes up the required no. of stations at places from where
maximum possible stations are visible.
Running Survey Lines:
Then he selects the way for passing the base line, which should be
horizontal and should pass approximately through the center of work.
• Ranging rods are fixed on the stations.
• After fixing the stations, chaining could be started.
• Make ranging wherever necessary.
• Measure the chainage and offset.
• Enter it in the field book.
Taking offsets:
After plotting the survey lines, the offsets are taken wherever required to
note down some data regarding the objects inside the survey field.
RANGING:
If the length of the survey line exceeds the length of the survey chain or
survey tape, some intermediate points will have to be established in the
line within the two terminal points before chaining is started. The
process of fixing or establishing such intermediate points is known as
ranging. There are two types of ranging i.e.
• Direct ranging
• Indirect ranging
Direct ranging
It is done when the two ends of survey lines are intervisible. In such
cases, ranging can be done by either eye or some optical instruments.
Indirect ranging or reciprocal ranging
This type of ranging is adopted when both the ends of the survey line is
not intervisible, either due to some obstructions or due to very long
distance.
FEILD BOOK:
The book in which the chain or tape measurements are entered is called
the field book.
Book in which chainage, offsets and sketches of features are entered is
called a field book.
It is a rectangular book of about 20 cm X 12 cm in size.
It is of two types:
• Single line
• Double line
Instructions for booking field notes:
• All the measurements should be recorded as soon as they are taken
• Each chain line, tie line, name of the survey line should be clearly
written
• The chainage of the starting station is zero and increases as we
proceed forward.
• The notes should be complete, accurate and neat
• Suitable scale is chosen
• The figure should not be crowded together
• In case of a long survey lines, there should be an entry at the end of
every 10 chains.
COMPASS SURVEYING
Chain Survey can be used when the area to be surveyed is comparatively
small and fairly flat, when large areas are involved, methods of chain
surveying alone are insufficient and one has to use a combination of
many surveys.
Compass Survey is one such type of survey in which the angles or
direction of survey lines are measured.
Instruments used:
For direct measurement of directions:
• Surveyor’s compass
• Prismatic compass
For measurements of angles:
• Sextant
• Thoedilite
Prismatic compass Surveyor’s compass
Sextant
Theodilite
Traverse survey:
A series of connected straight lines is called as traverse
There are of two types i.e.
• Open traverse
• Closed traverse
units of measurement:
Sexagesimal System: 1 circumference: 360 0
1 degree : 60’
1 minute : 60’’
Centesimal System: 1 circumference: 400g
1 grad : 100c (centigrads)
1 centigrad : 100cc (centicentigrads)
In the centesimal system, a right angle is divided into 100 centesimal degrees; each
centesimal degree, into 100 centesimal minutes; and each centesimal minute into 100
centesimal seconds. (Centesimal degrees are also known as grads, grades, or gon.)
Hours System: 1 circumference: 24h
1 hour : 60m
1 minute : 60s
BREARINGS AND ANGLES:
The direction of a survey line can be established in two different ways
• With reference to each other
• With reference to a particular direction
Bearing: It is defined as the angle of a line with reference to a particular
direction.
The particular direction is also known as the meridian
So the definition of the bearing can be redefined as
The angle of a line with reference to a meridian
“All bearings are angles but all angles are not bearings”
(1) (2)
MERIDIAN:
Fixed direction on the surface of the earth with reference to which the
directions of the survey lines are expressed is known as Meridian
True meridian:
True meridian at a place is a direction indicated by an imaginary circle
passing around the earth through that place and the two geographical
poles.
True bearing:
The Horizontal angle between the true meridian and the survey line in
clockwise direction is known as true bearing
Magnetic meridian:
Direction indicated by a freely suspended and properly balanced
magnetic needle unaffected by local attractive force is called magnetic
bearing
Magnetic bearing:
The Horizontal angle between the Magnetic meridian and the survey line
in clock‐wise direction known as magnetic bearing
Arbitrary meridian:
For small surveys any temporary direction shall be taken as fixed
direction and the angles of the lines can be measured with respect to
this. This temporary direction assumed is termed as arbitrary meridian
Arbitrary bearing:
The Horizontal angle between the arbitrary meridian and the survey line
in clock wise direction is known as arbitrary bearing
Note: All the bearings with respect to the meridians be taken in
clockwise direction.
DIP AND DECLINATION:
Magnetic bearing of a line AB is S 28 030’ E. Calculate the true bearing if
the declination
is 7030’ west
We know that TB = MB± Declination
As the declination is towards west, it is –ve.
TB = 28030’‐ 7030’
FORE AND BACK BEARING:
Bearings taken in the forward direction of the line is called as fore
bearing and the bearings taken in the reverse or backward direction is
known as back bearing
Back bearing=
Fore bearing+1800
.
WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING SYSTEM:
The horizontal angle which a line makes with the magnetic meridian in
the clock wise direction is known as Whole Circle Bearing [WCB]
AB θ1
AC θ2
AD θ3
AE θ4
Therefore the value of the bearing lies between 0 0 to 3600
QUADRANTAL BEARING SYSTEM (REDUCED BEARING):
The horizontal angle which a line makes with the magnetic meridian in
the clock wise or anticlockwise direction from Magnetic North or
Magnetic south is known as Quadrantal Bearing [QB]
In this type of bearing system both north and south meridians are taken
as reference (whichever is nearer) and the bearing can measured in both
clockwise or anticlockwise direction.
AB N Φ1E
AC S Φ2E
AD S Φ3W
AE N Φ4W
CONVERSION OF WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING TO QUADRANTAL
BEARING:
LINE WCB QB
AB ϴ1 Nϴ1E
AC ϴ2 S(180-ϴ2)E
AD ϴ3 S(ϴ3-180)W
AE ϴ4 N(360-ϴ4)W
The bearings of the sides of closed traverse A,B,C,D,E,A are as follows
Calculate the
interior angles and
do the check
The interior angles of the closed traverse are as follows
ϴA= 160030’
ϴB= 94045’
ϴC= 79030’
ϴD= 87045’
ϴE= 115030’
Therefore sum of the angles 540 0
Check: sum of the internal angles of a closed traverse = [2n-4]x90 0
Ie. In this case n=5
Therefore sum of internal angles = [(2x5)-4]x90 0=5400
LOCAL ATTRACTION:
A magnetic meridian at a place is established by a magnetic needle
which is influenced by other attracting forces, these forces can be named
as local attracting forces.
Generally, if the a magnetic needle is suspended freely, it should point
towards earth’s magnetic north. [If not influenced by any other external
forces other than earth’s magnetic field]
If the magnetic needle is influenced by any other external forces other
than earth’s magnetic field, the magnetic needle deviates from the actual
magnetic north.
This deviation of the needle arising from such local attracting forces is
called local attraction.
Sources of Local attraction:
• Steel tapes
• Arrows
• Axe
• Bunch of keys
• Knife
• Steel bowed spectacles
• Steel structures
• Metallic pipes
• Railways
• Magnetite in the ground
Detection and elimination of Local attraction:
• If the difference in angle between Fore bearing and back bearing of a
survey line is 180 0, it is said that there is no local attraction
Elimination:
• Calculate the interior angles of the traverse and check their sum
against [ 2n‐4] X 90 0
• Distribute the error, if any, equally to all the angles. Locate the lines
whose difference in FB and BB is nearest to 180 0
• Find the correct bearing of lines by distributing the error.
The following bearings are observed while traversing with a compass
Line FB BB
AB 45045’ 226010’
BC 96055’ 27705’
CD 29045’ 209010’
DE 324048’ 144048’
Find out the stations which are affected by local attraction
Line Observed Correction Corrected Remarks
bearing bearing
AB 45045’ 0@A 45045’
BA 226010’ -25’@B 225045’
BC 96055’ -25’@B 96030’
CB 22705’ -35’@B 276030’ The stations

affected by
local
CD 29045’ -35’@B 29010’ attractions are
B and C
DC 209010’ 0@D 209010’
DE 324048’ 0@D 324048’
ED 144048’ 0@E 144048’
Apply the corrections to the bearings, if the bearings are given in
quadrantal bearing system as follows
Line FB BB
AB N45045’E S46010’W
BC S83005’E N82055’W
CD N29045’E S29010’W
CE N35012’W S35012’E

Chain and Compass Survey

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Chain and Compass Survey

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CHAIN SURVEYING

INSTRUMENTS USED IN CHAIN SURVEY

• CHAIN AND TAPE

• Temporary gauge station is established by driving two pegs at requisite

Adjusting the chain:

Therefore the value of the bearing lies between 0 0 to 3600

Find out the stations which are affected by local attraction

BA 226010’ -25’@B 225045’

BC 96055’ -25’@B 96030’

CB 22705’ -35’@B 276030’ The stations

DE 324048’ 0@D 324048’

ED 144048’ 0@E 144048’

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