PREFACE OF THE PROJECT REPORT

I have experienced with this Vocational Training in WBSEDCL

Berhampore Division from 26 th June 2023 to 12 th July 2023.

I am very thankful to all the officers for their precious time for me. We
have electrical power system lab, machine lab in our college where
we have been trained in educational environment. However, by this
vocational training I have learnt many things in real life environment,
which will be helpful for my future. By the practical knowledge,
application, and higher rated machine (transformer (10 MVA, 6.3
MVA, 100 KVA), cable), I am getting helpful to realize the theoretical
knowledge.

Therefore, I am very thankful to WBSEDCL Gar Berhampore Division

for allowing me to perform this Vocational Training on their substation.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the people who had
been associated with me in some way or the other and helped me avail
this opportunity for my Vocational Training on the topic

I am especially thankful to Md. Nasiruddin sir Division Manager and

DE(T), Swaraj Das sb, AE(T), Wasikur Rahaman of WBSEDCL
Berhampore Division for providing me excellent guidance and to
explain different equipment, relay, Panel etc.

I would like to thanks Assistant Engineer of WBSEDCL Berhampore

Division for their support and guidance throughout the Vocational
Training.

I am also thankful to the other officers for sharing their valuable

experiences at the yard with the practical phenomenon.

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

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INTRODUCTION
Gar-Berhampore Substation is a 33/11 kV with capacity 30 MVA substation
located in Berhampore, West Bengal, India (LATITUDE N24°05.782' LONGITUDE
E88°15.703'). The Gar-Berhampore sub-station project’s construction has begun in
2007. The substation has been commissioned in 2008.

Description: Gar-Berhampore Substation is very vital substation under

Berhampore town. This sub-station is serving major area of Berhampore town
and the substation is operated by WBSEDCL. (A Government of West Bengal
Enterprise)

The operating voltage level of

the substation is 33 kV & 11
kV.

• ABOUT WBSEDCL

The Government of West Bengal unbundled the erstwhile West Bengal State
Electricity Board (WBSEB) into two companies viz., West Bengal State
Electricity Distribution Company Limited (WBSEDCL) and West Bengal
State Electricity Transmission Company Limited (WBSETCL).

The main business of WBSEDCL is distribution and hydro generation of

electricity. It is also the nodal Agency of the Government of West Bengal for
undertaking Rural Electrification task in the State with objective of providing
access of electricity to all rural households in the state in line with the National
Rural Electrification Policy.

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Study of Gar- Berhampore Division 33/11 KV substation
under Berhampore Division WBSEDCL

11

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SUBSTATION SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

42 KV LA

42 KV LA

33KV
CB
150 KV
EEDER

CB CB CB S
CB
33/
T
0.4
N
CT CT kV CT
CT

150 KV
FEEDER

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 Equipment’s of 33KV Switchyard:

1) 33 KV Circuit Breaker (Vacuum Circuit Breaker)

2) C.T. (33 kV)
3) P.T. (33 kV)
4) 33 KV CR type Isolator with W.O Earth Switch
5) 42 kV Lightning Arrester
6) 33 KV Pin Insulator
7) Guy Insulator
8) 11*3 kV Disk Insulator
9) 33/11KV Power Transformer
10) 33 KV XLPE Cable (400 mm2)
11) 11 KV XLPE Cable (300 mm2)
12) 1.5’’ Aluminum Pipe Bus

Circuit Breaker:
An electrical circuit breaker is a switching device which can be operated manually and
automatically for controlling and protecting an electrical power system. As the modern power
system deals with huge currents, special attention should be given during designing of a circuit
breaker to ensure it is able to safely interrupt the arc produced during the closing of a circuit
breaker. This was the basic definition of circuit breaker.

Working Principle of Circuit Breaker:

The circuit breaker mainly consists of fixed contacts and moving contacts. In normal “ON”
condition of the circuit breaker, these two contacts are physically connected to each other
due to applied mechanical pressure on the moving contacts. There is an arrangement stored
potential energy in the operating mechanism of circuit breaker which is released if the
switching signal is given to the breaker.

The potential energy can be stored in the circuit breaker by different ways like by
deforming metal spring, by compressed air, or by hydraulic pressure. But whatever the source
of potential energy, it must be released during operation. The release of potential energy
makes the sliding of the moving contact in a speedy manner.

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Properties of Circuit Breaker:
(i) High dielectric strength.
(ii) Thermal and chemical stability.
(iii) Non-inflammability.
(iv) High thermal conductivity: This assists cooling of current carrying conductors
immersed in the gas and assists the arc extinction process.
(v) Arc extinguishing ability
(vi) Economical

Types of Circuit Breaker:

The most general way of the classification of the circuit breaker is based on the medium of arc
extinction. Such types of circuit breakers are as follows: -

• Oil Circuit Breaker

• Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker
• Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
• Air Circuit Breaker
• Air Blast Circuit Breaker
• Vacuum Circuit Breaker
• Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker (SF6)

Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

A breaker which used vacuum as an arc extinction medium is called a vacuum circuit
breaker. In this circuit breaker, the fixed and moving contact is enclosed in a permanently sealed
vacuum interrupter. The arc is extinct as the contacts are separated in high vacuum. It is mainly
used for medium voltage ranging from 11 KV to 33 KV.

Vacuum circuit breaker has a high insulating medium for arc extinction as compared to the
other circuit breaker. The pressure inside the vacuum interrupter is approximately 10-4 torrent
and at this pressure, very few molecules are present in the interrupter. The vacuum circuit
breaker has mainly two phenomenal properties.

1. High insulating strength: In comparison to various other insulating media used in circuit
breaker vacuum is a superior dielectric medium. It is better than all other media except air and
SF6, which are employed at high pressure.

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 2. When an arc is opened by moving apart the contacts in a vacuum, an interruption occurs
at the first current zero. With the arc interruption, their dielectric strength increases up to a rate
of thousands time as compared to other breakers.

The above two properties make the breakers more efficient, less bulky and cheaper in
cost. Their service life is also much greater than any other circuit breaker, and almost no
maintenance are required.

Construction of Vacuum Circuit Breaker: It is very simple in construction as

compared to any other circuit breaker. Their construction is mainly divided into three parts, i.e.,
fixed contacts, moving contact and arc shield which
is placed inside the arc interrupting chamber.
The outer envelope of vacuum circuit breaker is
made up of glass because the glass envelope help in
the examination of the breaker from outside after
the operation. If the glass becomes milky from its
original finish of silvery mirror, then it indicates that
the breaker is losing vacuum.

When the fault occurs in the system, the contacts of the breaker are moved apart and hence the
arc is developed between them. When the current carrying contacts are pulled apart, the
temperature of their connecting parts is very high due to which ionization occurs. Due to the
ionization, the contact space is filled with vapor of positive ions which is discharged from the
contact material.

The density of vapor depends on the current in the arcing. Due to the decreasing mode of current
wave their rate of release of vapor fall and after the current zero, the medium regains its
dielectric strength provided vapor density around the contacts reduced. Hence, the arc does not
restrike again because the metal vapor is quickly removed from the contact zone.

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 Current Transformer (33 KV):
A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to reduce or multiply an alternating
current (AC). It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional to the current in its primary.
Current transformers, along with voltage or potential transformers, are instrument transformers.
Instrument transformers scale the large values of voltage or current to small, standardized values that are
easy to handle for measuring instruments and protective relays. The instrument transformers isolate
measurement or protection circuits from the high voltage of the primary system. A current transformer
provides a secondary current that is accurately proportional to the current flowing in its primary. The current
transformer presents a negligible load to the primary circuit.
Current transformers are the current-sensing units of the power system and are used at generating
stations, electrical substations, and in industrial and commercial electric power distribution.
CT Core: Current transformers typically consist of a silicon steel ring core wound with many turns of copper
wire, as shown in the illustration to the right. The conductor carrying the primary current is passed through
the ring. The CT's primary, therefore, consists of a single 'turn'. There are 3 cores:
Metering Core: A metering current transformer is designed to measure current continuously and work
accurately within the rated current range. Current error and phase displacement limits are determinedby the
accuracy class. Accuracy classes are: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 and ISF<5(ISF- Insulation Safety Factor).
Protection Core: IDMTL Overcurrent Protection (ANSI 51) The addition of one of the IDMTL tripping
curves to the existing long-time overcurrent protection helps to facilitate selectivity with an upstream
protection device. The ANSI 51 – IDMTL overcurrent protection Digital Module can be used to generate either
a trip or an alarm. Example: 5P20 (5 percent accuracy 20amp secondary current) for 33 kV. 5P10 (5 percent
accuracy 10amp secondary current) for 11 KV.
Special Core: Here Earth fault relay and Differential Protection relay are Present.
Working Principle of Current Transformer: AC is induced within the secondary winding. Whenever AC
is supplied throughout the primary winding, an alternating magnetic flux is produced. The load impedance
for this kind is relatively low. As a result, this transformer operates in a short circuit.

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 Potential Transformer (33 KV):
A potential transformer (P.T.) is an instrument transformer which is used for the protection and
measurement purposes in the power systems. A potential transformer is mainly used to measure high
alternating voltage in a power system.
Potential transformers are step-down transformers, i.e., they have many turns in the primary winding while
the secondary has few turns. The figure shows a typical potential transformer for the measurement of high
alternating voltage. From the figure, it is clear that a P.T. is a well designed step down transformer.
The stepped down voltage by the Potential transformer can be measure using a low range AC voltmeter. The
potential transformer has shell type construction of its magnetic core for better accuracy. One end of the
secondary winding of the potential transformer is grounded to provide the proper protection to the operator.

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Isolator(33KV):

Used to ensure that an electrical circuit is

completely de energized for service or
maintenance. Such switches are often found in
electrical distribution and industrial applications,
where machinery must have its source of driving
power removed for adjustment or repair. High
voltage isolation switches are used in electrical
substations to allow isolation of apparatus such
as circuit breakers, transformers and
transmission lines for maintenance. The
disconnector is usually not intended for normal
control of the circuit, but only the safety
isolation. Disconnector can be operated either
manually or automatically (motorized
disconnector).

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33 kV Lightning Arrester:

A lightning arrester is a device used on

electrical power system to protect the
insulation on the system from the
damaging effect of lightning.

Insulator:
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and
which therefore does not conduct an electric current, under the influence of an electric field. A
perfect insulator does not exist, but some materials such as glass, paper and Teflon, which have
high resistivity, are very good electrical insulators.

Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors without
allowing current through themselves.

Types of Insulators:
There are several types of insulators but the most commonly used are :

• Pin type Insulator.

• Suspension Insulator.
• Strain Insulator
• Shackle insulator.
• Stay type insulator or Guy Insulator.

Pin Type Insulator: (33 KV) : A pin insulator consists of a nonconducting material such as
porcelain, glass, plastic, polymer, or wood. As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is
secured to the cross-arm on the pole.

There is a groove on the upper end of the insulator for housing

the conductor. The conductor passes through this groove and is
bound by the annealed wire of the same material as the
conductor.

Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of

electric power at voltages up to 33 kV.

Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators

become too bulky and hence uneconomical.
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Strain Insulator: When there is a dead end of the line or there is corner or sharp curve, the
line is subjected to greater tension. In order to relieve the line of excessive tension, strain
insulators are used.
For low voltage lines (< 11 kV), shackle insulators are
used as strain insulators.

However, for high voltage transmission lines, strain

insulator consists of an assembly of suspension
insulators as shown in Figure. The discs of strain
insulators are used in the vertical plane.

When the tension in lines is exceedingly high, at long

river spans, two or more strings are used in parallel.

Stay or Guy Insulator:

• The stay Insulator are to be Insulated from ground at a
height (>3m).
• It is used for low voltage line nearly about 33kv.
• It is usually made of porcelain and is so designed that in
case of breaks them the stay wire will not fall on the ground.
• A Guy Strain Insulator's primary function is to provide
electrical separation from the pole to the guy wire for safety
and system reliability.

String Efficiency The ratio of voltage across the whole string to the product of the voltage
across the disc nearest to the conductor and the number of discs in the string is known as string
efficiency.

String efficiency =Voltage across the string / (number of discs X voltage across the disc nearest
to the conductor).

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 Station Service Transformer:
Transformer stations convert the electrical energy that arrives at several thousand volts
(medium voltage) from distribution grids to the 230 or 400 volts (low voltage) needed in homes.
A transformer station can supply one or several low-voltage electrical circuits and at switching
stations by tapping directly from the high voltage line.

33 KV 3 Core XLPE (400 sq mm):

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XLPE Cable: Cross Linked Polyethylene underground Cable is to be manufactured in

continuous
process at catenary process
controlled elevated temperature and pressure in inert
atmosphere with use of suitable materials for XLPE main insulation
and XLPE semi-conducting Insulation & XLPE screen. The inner and
outer semiconducting sheaths and main polyethylene insulation
between the sheaths are to be 5 simultaneously extruded during the
Tripple Extrusion Process of manufacturing and main insulation of
the Cable is to be extruded unfilled. The XLPE Cable in this
specification does not have any metal sheath and the short circuit
rating of the cable will depend on the conductivity and continuity of
the strands of the armor wires which shall be ensured by guarding
against corrosion.

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Aluminum conductor steel-reinforced cable (ACSR) is a type of high-capacity,
high-strength stranded conductor typically used in overhead power lines. The outer strands are
high-purity aluminum, chosen for its good conductivity,
low weight, low cost, resistance to corrosion and decent
mechanical stress resistance. The center strand is
steel for additional strength to help support the weightof
the conductor. Steel is of higher strength than aluminum
which allows for increased mechanical tension to be
applied on the conductor. Steel also has lower elastic and
inelastic deformation (permanent elongation) due to
mechanical loading (e.g. wind and ice) as well as a lower
coefficient of thermal expansion under current
loading. These properties allow ACSR to sag significantly
less than all-aluminum conductors. As
per the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Sample cross-section of high-
and The CSA Group (formerly the Canadian Standards tension power (pylon) line,
Association or CSA) naming convention, ACSR is showing 1 strand (7 wires) of steel
designated A1/S1A. surrounded by 4 concentric layers
of aluminum.

Note:
Panther Conductor: one Aluminum layer of ACSR 'Panther' conductor removed
having 7-strands of Steel of 3.00 mm diameter plus 12-Aluminium strands of 3.00 mm
dia.
Squirrel Conductor: ACSR Squirrel Conductor consists of a solid or stranded
steel core and stranded aluminum. The number and diameter of aluminum wire is
6/2.11mm, and the stranding steel is 1/2.11mm. The steel as the inner core has the high
strength and ruggedness.
Wolf Conductor: ACSR Wolf Conductor is a special type of aluminum conductor
steel reinforced, has high strength of steel and good electrical conductivity. As well as
light weight of aluminum. So, the conductor has greatly improved the connection. It is
used as bare overhead transmission conductor.
Rabbit Conductor: Form the name, we can know the ACSR rabbit conductor
is aluminum conductor steel reinforced. ACSR rabbit conductor belongs to BS-215
standard, which is British standard. The nominal aluminum area of ACSR rabbit conductor
is 50 mm2. it strands aluminum and steels with the same diameter.
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 33 KV BUS:
An Electric Bus is any bus whose propulsion and accessory systems are powered exclusively by a
zero-emissions electricity source. The electricity source can be onboard batteries, a hydrogen-
fuel cell, overhead wires, like a trolleybus application, or ground-based non-contact conductors.

33 kV Bus Bar: A busbar is a metallic bar in a switchgear panel used to carry electric power
from incoming feeders and distributes to the outgoing feeders. In simple terms, busbar is a
electrical junction where incoming and outgoing currents exchange.

Main Bus Bar: A busbar is an electrical junction used for collecting electric power from the
incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders. The main purpose of a busbar
is to carry electricity and distribute it. Busbars are used to make the systems more efficient.

Transfer Bus Bar: This type of bus bar is designed by combining the auxiliary type and the
main bus bar by using a bus coupler to connect the circuit breaker and isolated switches. In case
of overloading, the load is transferred from one to another bus bar by using a bus coupler.

Bus Bar Types:

o Single bus-bar system.
o Double bus-bar system.
o Ring bus-bar system.

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Duplicate Bus bar arrangement:

Advantages:

1. Reliability is higher compared to single bus bar arrangement.

2. Provide option for maintenance without hampering power
MAIN BUS
supply.

Disadvantages:

1. Possibility of future extension is less.

TRANSFER BUS

• 1.5” Diameter 33kV Pipe Bus:

Aluminium is a lightweight, highly conductive material. In its pure form, aluminium has an
electrical conductivity of 65 percent of the
International Annealed Copper Standard. This
conductivity changes when its composition is
altered, such as when it is combined with other
types of metal to create alloys.

The high conductivity of aluminium, as well as

its relative strength, is why it is used to create
aluminium bus pipe and other types of
aluminium products for the electrical generation and utilities industries.

Aluminium bus pipe is an extruded tubular product widely used in the construction of
electrical components and equipment within switches, panel boards and enclosures within
electric substations. These products are also used to connect high voltage and low voltage
equipment.

Note: Earth Mat: An Earth Mat is a mesh formed of bare metallic conductors and buried
in shallow soil to provide better safety from touch and step potential. Earth mats are a
part of the grounding system implemented in substations, production plants, industrial
areas, etc., where high power handling occurs.

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33KV/11KV Power Transformer (10 MVA): The power transformer is a device
that converts bulk electrical power from one frequency
to another. It uses an electromagnetic field to create a
magnetic field in the metal coils, which stores electrical
energy and then provides it back in the form of an
electric field when the action button is turned on. Here
3 PTR are used.

Different Parts Of Transformer :

Lamination core: core is made of magnetic material which provides low reluctance
path. It has a conductor which is made of steel, when time varying flux flows through it, according
to faraday’s law of electromagnetic Induction, there is an emf & hence induced current flows,
which is known as eddy current. Due to eddy current is known as eddy current loss. Laminated
core reduces the eddy current loss.

Windings: It is made up of solid a stranded copper a laminated strip.

Transformer Oil: When transformer is loaded due to copper losses and core losses, the
windings and core are metal. To reduce temperature, transformer oil is used. It acts as both
constant and Instant.

It has two types Mineral oil and Synthetic Oil. This oil is purely crude Petroleum. It has an
advantage of possibility.

Conservation tank: When load changes the level of the oil also increases when load
increases temperature increases and oil expands, so the
level of oil increases, whereas load decreases, temperature
decreases. Hence the load. Conservation tank or expansion
tank keeps, maintain to greater than the half of tank. It is a
cylindrical drum-type structure installed on the top of the
main tank of the transformer. It is connected to the main
tank through a pipe and a Buchholz relay mounted on the
pipe. A level indicator is also installed on the oil conservator
to indicate the quantity of oil inside the conservator tank.

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 Breather: When temperature increases oil expands, the gas at the top of the oil level
expands out, whereas when temperature decreases, oil contracts and the air is drawn from
outside of transformer. The air consists of moisture, due to this moisture, this air with moisture
enters the tank. The breather is used to restrict the moisture. The consist of silica gel, which
absorb moisture.

Bushings: Used for insulating and bringing out terminals of windings. As windings
are of two types and so bushings are also of two types as named below:

1. High-voltage bushing
2. Low-voltage bushing

Tap Changer: The main function of the tap changer is to regulate the output voltage of
transformer by changing its turns ratio. There are two types of tap changers.
On-load tap changer: - in an on-load tap
changer, tapping can be changed without isolating the
transformer from the supply. Hence it is capable to
operate without interrupting the power supply.

Off-load tap changer: - in off-load tap changer,

the transformer needs to isolate from supply to
change its tapping (turns ratio).

An automatic tap changer is also available.

Explosion vent: Explosion vent is a metallic pipe with a diaphragm at one end and
installed on the main tank slightly above than conservator tank. It is available only in high rated
power transformer.

The main function of the explosion vent is to protect power transformer against explosion during
excessive pressure build up in the main tank due to severe internal faults. It acts as an emergency
exit for oil and hot air gases inside the main tank of the transformer.

Radiator and fans: Since power losses in the transformer are dissipated in the form of
heat. So a cooling arrangement is required for the power transformer. Dry-type transformers are
generally natural air-cooled. But when we talk about oil-immersed transformers then several
cooling methods are used depending upon kVA rating, power losses, and level of coolingrequired.
Hence to provide proper cooling, radiators and fans are installed on the main tank of the power
transformer. Radiators are also called cooling tubes.

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The main function of cooling tubes or radiators is to transfer heat generated by core and windings
to the environment by circulating heated oil throughout the cooling tubes. In a large power
transformer, forced cooling is achieved with the help of cooling fans fitted on the radiator.

Buchholz Relay: Buchholz relay is the most important part of a power transformer
rated more than 500kVA. It is a gas-actuated relay mounted on the pipe connecting the main
tank and conservator tank. The function of the Buchholz relay is to protect the transformer from
all internal faults such as short circuit fault, inter-turn fault, etc. When short circuit occurred in
winding then it generates enough heat to decompose transformer oil into gases (hydrogen,
carbon monoxide, methane, etc.). These gases move towards the conservator tank through a
connecting pipe, then due to these gases, Buchholz relay gets activated. It sends signal to trip and
alarm circuits and activate it. Then circuit breaker disconnects the transformer from the supply.

Oil Temperature Indicator (OTI): The (OTI) oil temperature indicator consists of a
sensor bulb, capacity tube, and a dial thermometer, the sensor bulb is fitted at the location of
hottest oil. The sensor bulb and capacity tube are fitted with an evaporation liquid. The vapor
pressure varies with temperature and is transmitted to a bourdon tube inside the dial
thermometer, which moves in accordance with the changes in pressure, which is proportional to
the temperature. In OTI, there are 2 (two) nos. of mercury switch i.e. (S1 and S2). S1 is used for
Alarm and the S2 switch is used for Trip.

Winding Temperature Indicator (WTI): Winding temperature indicator (WTI)

consists of a sensor bulb placed in the oil filled pocket in the transformer tank top cover. The bulb
is connected to the instrument housing by means of two flexible capillary tubes. One capillary is
connected to the measuring bellow of the instrument. The measuring system is filled with a
liquid, which changes its volume with rising temperature. Inside the instrument is fitted with a
heating resistance which is fed by a current proportionate to the current flowing through the
transformer winding.
The instrument is provided with a maximum temperature
indicator. The heating resistance is fed by a current
transformer associated with the loaded winding of the
transformer. (The heating resistance is made from the same
materials as that of the winding) The increase in the
temperature of the resistance is proportionate to that of
the winding. The sensor bulb of the instrument is in the
hottest oil of the transformer; therefore, the winding temperature indicates (WTI) a temperature
of hottest oil plus the winding temperature above hot oil i.e. the hot spot temperature. In the
WTI, there are four nos. of the mercury switch. Two of them is used for Fan and motor pump
control and another two nos. The switch is used for high-temperature warning alarm and trip
circuit contact.

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Transformer Oil Test:

BDV Test: Break Down Voltage test is conducted to know breakdown voltage or
dielectric strength of the transformer oil by using BDV kit. The dielectric strength of the oil is the
most important property of oil. If the dielectric strength of the oil is reduced by water and
impurities etc., a breakdown of the insulation can occur. Testing of the dielectric strength of the
oil is normally conducted on-site to get a quick check of the purity of the oil.

PPM Test: Parts per Million test is to do for knowing the percentage of moisture
content present in the transformer oil. Moisture content results in the dielectric strength of oil
being reduced and flashover occurs.

DGA Test: The Dissolved Gas Analysis test is to identify various gas levels present in
the transformer oil. Due to thermal and electrical stresses in the transformer, the gases are
dissolved in the transformer oil. The dissolved gases are mainly hydrocarbon gases like Methane,
Ethane, Ethylene, Acetylene, Propane, Hydrogen. Carbon monoxide and Carbon dioxide. With
the help of DGA, the concentration of these gases in PPM can be known and can be cross-checked
with the IS standard.

Oil Level Monitoring: The oil level must be monitored; a breakdown of the
insulation occurs if the oil level gets too low.

Acidity Test: The transformer oil is used for insulation and cooling purpose in a
transformer. Acidity Test of Transformer oil is very important test for analyzing the oxidation of
transformer oil. The acidity test is conducted to measure the acidity content in the transformer
oil.

Insulation Resistance test or Megger test of transformer oil:

Insulation resistance is the ratio of applied voltage to the resulting current at a specified time
after the voltage is applied. Direct voltage are used for measuring insulation resistance values.

Insulation resistance test of transformer is essential type test. This test is carried out to ensure
the healthiness of overall insulation system of an electrical power transformer. The insulation
resistance (IR) test (also commonly known as a Megger test) is a spot insulation test which uses
an applied DC voltage (typically 250Vdc, 500Vdc or 1,000Vdc for low voltage equipment >600 V
and 2500 Vdc and 5000 Vdc for high voltage equipment) to measure insulation resistance in either
kΩ, MΩ or GΩ. The measured resistance is intended to indicate the condition of the insulation or
dielectric between two conductive parts, where the higher the resistance, the better the
condition of the insulation. Ideally, the insulation resistance would be infinite, but as no
insulators are perfect, leakage currents through the dielectric will ensure that a finite (though
high) resistance value is measured.

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Because IR testers are portable, the IR test is often used in the field as the final check of
equipment insulation and also to confirm the reliability of the circuit and that there are no
leakage currents from unintended faults in the wiring (e.g. a shorted connection would be
obvious from the test results).

Transformer Test:

There are mainly three types of tests –

1. Type tests
2. Routine tests
3. Special tests
Test done at site:
a. Pre-commissioning tests
b. Periodic/condition monitoring tests
c. Emergency tests

Type tests of transformer include:

1. Winding resistance test of transformer

2. Transformer ratio test
3. Transformer vector group test
4. Measurement of impedance voltage/short circuit impedance (principal tap)
and load loss (Short circuit test)
5. Measurement of no-load loss and current (Open circuit test)
6. Measurement of insulation resistance
7. Dielectric tests of transformer
8. Temperature rise test of transformer
9. Tests on on-load tap-changer
10.Vacuum tests on tank and radiators

Routine tests of transformer include:

1. Winding resistance test of transformer

2. Transformer ratio test
3. Transformer vector group test
4. Measurement of impedance voltage/short circuit impedance (principal tap)
and load loss (Short circuit test)
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 5. Measurement of no-load loss and current (Open circuit test)
6. Measurement of insulation resistance
7. Dielectric tests of transformer.
8. Tests on on-load tap-changer.
9. Oil pressure test on transformer to check against leakages past joints and
gaskets

Special Tests of transformer include:

1. Dielectric tests.
2. Measurement of zero-sequence impedance of three-phase transformers
3. Short-circuit test
4. Measurement of acoustic noise level
5. Measurement of the harmonics of the no-load current.
6. Measurement of the power taken by the fans and oil pumps.
7. Tests on bought out components / accessories such as Buchholz relay,
temperature indicators, pressure relief devices, oil preservation system etc.
8. Open Circuit Test

Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement: Transformer Winding

Resistance Measurement is carried out to calculate the I2R losses and to calculate winding
temperature at the end of a temperature rise test. It is carried out as a type test as well as
routine test. It is also done at site to ensure healthiness of a transformer that is to check loose
connections, broken strands of conductor, high contact resistance in tap changers, high voltage
leads and bushings etc.
There are different methods for measuring of the transformer winding, likewise:

• Current-voltage method of measurement of winding resistance.

• Bridge method of measurement of winding resistance.
• Kelvin bridge method of Measuring Winding Resistance.
• Measuring winding resistance by Automatic Winding Resistance Measurement Kit.
Note: Transformer winding resistance measurement shall be carried out at each tap.

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Transformer Ratio Test: The performance of a transformer largely depends upon
perfection of specific turns or voltage ratio of transformer. So transformer ratio test is an
essential type test of transformer. This test also performed as a routine test of transformer. So
for ensuring proper performance of electrical power transformer, voltage and turn ratio test of
transformer one of the important tests.
The procedure of the transformer ratio test is simple. We just apply three phase 415 V supply to
HV winding, with keeping LV winding open. We measure the induced voltages at HV and LV
terminals of the transformer to find out actual voltage ratio of the transformer. We repeat the
test for all tap position separately.

Magnetic Balance Test of Transformer: Magnetic balance test of transformer is

conducted only on three-phase transformers to check the imbalance in the magnetic circuit.

Procedure of Magnetic Balance Test of Transformer

1. Keep the tap changer of transformer in normal position.

2. Now disconnect the transformer neutral from ground.
3. Then apply single phase 230 V AC supply across one of the HV winding terminals and
neutral terminal.
4. Measure the voltage in two other HV terminals in respect of neutral terminal.
5. Repeat the test for each of the three phases.

In case of an autotransformer, a magnetic balance test of transformer should be repeated for LV

winding also.
There are three limbs placed side by side in a core of the transformer. One phase winding is
wound in one limb. The voltage induced in different phases depends upon the respective position
of the limb in the core. The voltage induced in different phases of a transformer in respect to
neutral terminals.

Magnetizing Current Test of Transformer: Magnetizing current test of transformer

is performed to locate defects in the magnetic core structure, shifting of windings, failure in
between turn insulation or problem in tap changers. These conditions change the effective
reluctance of the magnetic circuit, thus affecting the current required to establish flux in the core.

1. Keep the tap changer in the lowest position and open all IV and LV terminals
2. Then apply three phase 415 V supply on the line terminals for three-phase transformers
and single phase 230 V supply on single phase transformers
3. Measure the supply voltage and current in each phase
4. Now repeat the magnetizing current test of transformer test with keeping tap changer in
normal position
5. Repeat the test while keeping the tap at highest position

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Normally, there are two similar higher readings on two outer limb phases on transformer core
and one lower reading on the center limb phase, in the case of three phase transformers.

An agreement to within 30% of the measured exciting current with the previous test is usually
considered satisfactory. If the measured exciting current value is 50 times higher than the value
measured during factory test, there is a likelihood of a fault in the winding which needs further
analysis.

Caution: This magnetizing current test of a transformer is to be carried out before DC resistance
measurement.

Vector Group Test of Transformer : In a 3 phase transformer, it is essential to carry

out a vector group test of transformer. Proper vector grouping in a transformer is an essential
criterion for parallel operation of transformers.
There are several internal connections of three-phase transformer are available on the market.
These several connections give various magnitudes and phase of the secondary voltage; the
magnitude can be adjusted for parallel operation by suitable choice of turn ratio, but the phase
divergence cannot be compensated.
So we have to choose a transformer suitable
for parallel operation whose phase
sequence and phase divergence are same.
All the transformers with the same vector
ground have same phase sequence and
phase divergence between primary and
secondary.

Before procuring an electrical power transformer, you should ensure the vector group of the
Insulation Resistance
transformer, whether it will beTest orwith
matched Megger
his or herTest ofsystem
existing Transformer : Insulation
or not. The vector group
resistance test of transformer
test of transformer is or
confirms his essential type test. This test is carried out to ensure the
her requirements.
healthiness of the overall insulation system of an electrical power transformer.

Procedure of Insulation Resistance Test of Transformer

1. Disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the transformer
2. Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV bushing studs to measure insulation
resistance IR value in between the LV and HV windings
3. Megger leads to be connected to HV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to
measure insulation resistance IR value in between the HV windings and earth

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26
 4. Megger leads to be connected to LV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to
measure insulation resistance IR value in between the LV windings and earth

NB: It is unnecessary to perform insulation resistance

test of transformer per phase wise in three-phase
transformer. IR values are taken between the
windings collectively as because all the windings on
HV side are internally connected together to form
either star or delta and also all the windings on LV side
are internally connected together to form either star
or delta.

Temperature Rise Test of Transformer: Temperature Rise Test of

Transformer is included in type test of
transformer. In this test, we check
whether the temperature-rising limit of
the transformer winding and oil as per
specification or not. In this type test of the
transformer, we must check oil
temperature rise as well as winding
temperature rise limits of an electrical
transformer.

Dielectric Tests of Transformer: Dielectric test of a transformer is one kind of insulation

test. This test is performed to ensure the expected overall insulation strength of the transformer.
There are several tests performed to ensure the required quality of transformer insulation; the
dielectric test is one of them. Dielectric test of the transformer is performed in two different
steps.
First one is called Separate Source Voltage
Withstand Test of transformer, where a single-
phase power frequency voltage of prescribed
level, is applied on transformer winding under
test for 60 seconds while the other windings
and tank are connected to the earth, and it is
observed that whether any failure of
insulation occurs or not during the test.
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27
The second one is the induced voltage test of Transformer where, three-phase voltage, twice of
rated secondary voltage is applied to the secondary winding for 60 seconds by keeping the
primary of the transformer open circuited.

The frequency of the applied voltage should be double of power frequency too. Here also if no
failure of insulation, the test is successful.

In addition to dielectric tests of transformers, there are other types of test for checking insulation
of transformer, such as lightning impulse test, switching impulse test and partial discharge test.

Induced Voltage Test of Transformer: The induced voltage test of the transformer is
intended to check the inter-turn and line end insulation as well as main insulation to earth and
between windings-

1. Keep the primary winding of transformer

open circuited.
2. Apply three-phase voltage to the secondary
winding. The applied voltage should be twice
of the rated voltage of secondary winding in
magnitude and frequency.
3. The duration of the test shall be 60 seconds.
4. The test shall start with a voltage lower than
1/3 the full test voltage, and it shall be quickly increased up to the desired value.
The test is successful if no breakdown occurs at full test voltage during the test.

DVDF Test: The induced over voltage test

is also called as double voltage double
frequency test. This test is carried out at a test
frequency which is twice the rated frequency
at which the equipment is supposed to operate
during its life time, so that the core does not
saturate.

In this case we used induction machine to

developed 2x frequency (near about 100 Hz).
The ratio of f/v and is constant which is proportional to speed of rotor in induction machine and
we used this phenomenon and we can generate double frequency and double voltage and
successfully test this.

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28
Open Circuit Test: The connection diagram for open circuit test on transformer is shown
in the figure. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in LV side of the
transformer as shown. The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that LV side with the help of
a variac of variable ratio auto transformer.

The HV side of the transformer is kept open. Now with the help of variac, applied voltage gets
slowly increased until the voltmeter gives reading equal to the rated voltage of the LV side. After
reaching rated LV side voltage, we record all the three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter,
and Wattmeter readings).

The ammeter reading gives the no load current Ie. As no load current Ie is quite small compared
to rated current of the transformer, the voltage drops due to this current that can be taken as
negligible.

Since voltmeter reading V1 can be considered equal to the secondary induced voltage of the
transformer, wattmeter reading indicates the input power during the test. As the transformer is
open circuited, there is no output, hence the input power here consists of core losses in
transformer and copper loss in transformer during no load condition. But as said earlier, the no-
load current in the transformer is quite small compared to the full load current so, we can neglect
the copper loss due to the no-load current. Hence, can take the wattmeter reading as equal to
the core losses in the transformer.
Let us consider wattmeter reading is Po.

Where, Rm is shunt branch resistance of transformer.

If, Zm is shunt branch impedance of transformer.

Therefore, if shunt branch reactance of transformer is Xm,

These values are referred to the LV side of the transformer due to the tests being conducted on
the LV side of transformer. These values could easily be referred to HV side by multiplying these
values with square of transformation ratio.

Therefore it is seen that the open circuit test on transformer is used to determine core losses in
transformer and parameters of the shunt branch of the equivalent circuit of the transformer.

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29
12. Short Circuit Test :The connection diagram for the short circuit test on the transformer
is shown in the figure below. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in HV side
of the transformer as shown. A low voltage of around 5-10% is applied to that HV side with the
help of a variac (i.e. a variable ratio auto transformer). We short-circuit the LV side of the
transformer. Now with the help of variac applied voltage is slowly increased until the wattmeter,
and an ammeter gives reading equal to the rated current of the HV side.
After reaching the rated current of the HV side, we record all the three instrument readings
(Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter readings). The ammeter reading gives the primary
equivalent of full load current IL. As the voltage applied for full load current in a short circuit test
on the transformer is quite small compared to the rated primary voltage of the transformer, the
core losses in the transformer can be taken as negligible here.

Let’s say, voltmeter reading is Vsc. The watt-meter reading indicates the input power during the
test. As we have short-circuited the transformer, there is no output; hence the input power here
consists of copper losses in the transformer. Since the applied voltage V sc is short circuit voltage
in the transformer and hence it is quite small compared to the rated voltage, so, we can neglect
the core loss due to the small applied voltage. Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken as
equal to copper losses in the transformer. Let us consider wattmeter reading is Psc.

Where, Re is equivalent resistance of transformer.

If, Ze is equivalent impedance of transformer.

Therefore, if equivalent reactance of transformer is Xe.

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30
These values are referred to the HV side of the transformer as the test is conducted on the HV
side of the transformer. These values could easily be converted to the LV side by dividing these
values with the square of transformation ratio.

Hence the short-circuit test of a transformer is used to determine copper losses in the
transformer at full load. It is also used to obtain the parameters to approximate the equivalent
circuit of a transformer.

High Voltage Test: High voltage test

transformers are single-phase solution of
transformers, which must raise supply voltage to
required value to make a dielectric withstand test of
liquid or solid insulation.

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31
Equipment’s in Control Room:

1.33 KV feeder control and relay panel

a. Earth fault over current relay

b. REF relay (Restricted Earth fault relay)
c. Dc fail Relay
d. Dc fail accept relay
e. Ac fail relay
f. Ac fail accept relay
g. Master trip relay
h. Trip Circuit super vision relay
i. Annunciator
j. Ammeter
k. Voltmeter
2. 33 KV transformer Control Panel (Control and relay Panel)

All relay of the above and Transformer supervision relay.

Transformer supervision relay:

I. MOG (magnetic oil gage) (magnetic alarm and magnetic trip)

II. Buchholz Alarm trip.
III. WTI and OTI alarm trip.
IV. PRV (Pressure Relief Valve) alarm trip.
V. OSR (Oil Surge Relay) alarm trip.
VI. Differential protection relay.
3. RTCC Panel (Remote tap changing and control panel)
I. Tap position indicator.
ii. Remote OTI and WTI display.
iii. Tap changing button (Lower and Increase)
iv. Selection between two modes (Individual mode and Master follower mode).

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32
33 KV feeder control and relay panel:

Earth fault over current relay: The

overcurrent unit and the earth-fault unit
continuously measure the phase currents and the
neutral current of the object. On detection of a fault,
the relay will start, trip the circuit breaker, provide
alarms, record fault data, etc., in accordancewith the
application and the configured relayfunctions.

REF relay (Restricted Earth fault relay) : Restricted earth fault protection
of a transformer's wye winding using VAMP 265
relay. All the CTs have the same ratio and the
nominal secondary current is 1 A. During a
through fault the residual secondary currents of
phase CTs and the neutral CT cancel each other.

Dc fail Relay: For D.C. Drives and

Instrumentation. The Field Failure Relay, when used in series with the field circuit, ensures that
no power is supplied to the Armature unless Field circuit is complete.

Dc Fail Accept Relay: This is a relay that performs high-voltage and high-capacity
urgent shutdown of DC circuits. These relays not only energize DC circuit but also shutdown the
high voltage circuit at high speed when an error occurs.

Ac Fail Relay: A mains failure relay is a type of relay that activates when the mains
supply fails. There are many different types of mains failure relay that monitor a range of
parameters and can be adjustable, both for the time before they activate after failure and the
level at which they consider the mains to have failed.

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 AC Fail Accept Relay: A mains failure relay is a type of relay that activates when
the mains supply fails. There are many different types of mains failure relay that monitor a range
of parameters and can be adjustable, both for the time before they activate after failure and the
level at which they consider the mains to have failed.

Master Trip Relay: Master trip relay is a contact multiplication or an Auxiliary

relay, which operates on the command from Multiple protection relays and gives a Single
Command to the Breaker Trip Coil. ANSI Code: Its ANSI Code is 86. Remarks: Master Trip Relay
(86) cannot Sense Faults.

Trip Circuit Super Vision Relay: The supervision relay type TCS is intended for
a continuous supervision of circuit breaker trip circuit and to give an alarm for loss of auxiliary
supply, faults on the trip-coil or its wires independent of the breaker position, faults on the
breaker auxiliary contacts and faults in the supervision relay itself.

Annunciator: An annunciator is an array of

indicator lights and associated circuitry designed to secure a
human operator's attention by blinking and sounding an
audible buzzer when a process changes into an abnormal
state.

Ammeter: Ammeter is a device used to measure

either alternating or direct current. We know that ampere is
the unit of current. Since this device measures the value in
amperes, It's known as ammeter.

Voltmeter: A voltmeter is a device that measures

voltages of direct current or alternating current on a scale,
commonly in volts, millivolts, or kilovolts. Most voltmeters are
digital that give readings as numerical displays.

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33 KV transformer (Control and relay Panel):

Transformer supervision relay: It measures phase currents. If one of the three

phase currents drops below min< setting, while another phase current is exceeding the max>
setting, the function will issue an alarm after the operation delay has elapsed.

MOG (Magnetic Oil Gage)

(Magnetic Alarm and
Magnetic Trip): The MOG
(Magnetic Oil Gauge) is a device by
which we can supervise the level of
liquid/oil inside the tank or
conservator of power transformer
and gives us an alert low oil level
indication with making mercury
switch.

Buchholz Alarm trip: the oil level has

dropped below the Buchholz relay, then first the MOG

alarm and then the trip elements will operate.

This condition will also be confirmed by the oil
level indicator on the conservator.

PRV (pressure relief valve) alarm

trip: Pressure Relief Valve (PRV) trips when you
are having too much gas pressure within the
transformer oil conservator. Gas pressure
increases in the transformer for two reasons. (1)
The transformer is overloaded and (2) there is
some fault in the transformer.

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OSR (oil surge relay) alarm trip: It is mainly
used to limit the damage to the on-load tap changer in
case of failure. OSR is placed in between OLTC (On Load
Tap Changer) tank and OLTC conservator. Oil Surge
Relay-OSR responds only by the rate of rising pressure
resulting from internal arcing. When the rate of rising
pressure oil crosses a certain value then alarm and trip
contacts operate. Separation should be arranged such
that the oil in the OLTC chamber and transformer
chamber should not be mixed as shown in below fig.In
case of heavy faults due to a surge in oil OSR relay will
operate and causes tripping of both HT and LT breakers of the transformer.

Differential protection relay: Differential relays are commonly used to protect

generators, buses, and transformers. Fig. 13 illustrates the basic method of differential relaying
for generator protection. The protection of only one phase is
shown. The method is repeated for the other two phases.
When the relay in any one phase operates, all three phases
of the main circuit breaker will open, as well as the generator
neutral and field breakers. For the case of no internal fault
within the generator windings,

I1 = I2, and, assuming identical CTs, I1’ = I2’. For this case the
current in the relay operating coil is zero, and the relay does
not operate. On the other hand, for an internal fault such as a phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase
short within the generator winding, I1 ≠ I2, and I1’ ≠ I2’. Therefore, a difference current I1’-I2’
flows in the relay operating coil, which may cause the relay to operate. Since this relay operation
depends on a difference current, it is called a differential relay.

Differential protection scheme is also known as Merz Price Protection.

Transformer Differential Protection:

Application of differential protection relay:

Differential relay is used to protect the following –

• Bus bar
• Transformer
• Generator
• Switchyard

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11 KV Part of Sub-Station
i. 11 kV incomer with VCB.
ii. 11 kV outgoing panel with VCB.
iii. Bus coupler panel with VCB.
iv. VCB (11 kV).
v. 11 kV VCB Trolley.
vi. Earth fault over current Relay.
vii. Master Trip Relay.
viii. Ammeter.
ix. Voltmeter.
x. 11 kV Single Phase C.T.
xi. 11 kV P.T.
xii. Annunciator.

Battery Charger (30 V) (float boost come battery charger)

Battery Bank

DC Panel

AC Panel.

11 kV incomer and outgoing with VCB: These panels are designed for use
in 11kv/33kv systems and can be operated manually or with the help of a motor. It has a wide
range of 11KV VCB, which delivers excellent performance. In order to prevent fires and power
surges, these circuit breakers are used in areas where electric crisis may occur. These circuit
breakers finds application in medium voltage power system.

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Bus coupler panel with VCB: The bus coupler will connect both bus bars
simultaneously. In case the first bus bar fails, then the load will be connected through the second
bus bar. It will not stop consuming current even for a second. Thus, in any case, you can see that
the bus coupler is used to combine multiple bus bars together.

11 kV VCB Trolley: The circuit breaker

transfer trolley is a work trolley that pulls
or pushes the circuit breakers out of the
breaker room in the transfer switchgear.

VCB Panel:

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Battery Charger (30 V) (float boost
come battery charger): Battery charging
systems in substation provides security and
reliability for critical DC loads such as SCADA
System, protection, telecontrol systems,
automation and signalling units, measurement and
monitoring units and more critical equipment that
represent the core of any distribution and
transmission substations.

Battery Bank:

• Heart of Substation.
• Provide power to the relay.

DC Panel: DC DISTRIBUTION PANELS are used to distribute the DC power going to your
inverter or battery bank some attach directly to the inverter and others are standalone devices
these can be outfitted with bus bars, fuses, circuit breakers, and other devices based on your
system needs.

AC Panel: Substation AC auxiliary systems are typically used to supply loads such as
transformer cooling, oil pumps, and load tap changers, circuit breaker air compressors and
charging motors, outdoor device heaters, outdoor lighting and receptacles, motor-operated
disconnecting switches and control house.

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39
• All outgoing Feeder:

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Conclusion:
The central component of the substation is the transformer, as it provides the effective in
enface between the high-and low-voltage parts of the system. Other crucial components are
circuit breakers and switches. Breakers serve as protective devices that open automatically in
the event of a fault, that is, when a protective relay indicates excessive current due to some
abnormal condition. Switches are control devices that can be opened or closed deliberately to
establish or break a connection. An important difference between circuit breakers and switches
is that breakers are designed to interrupt abnormally high currents (as they occur only in those
very situations for which circuit protection is needed), whereas regular switches are designed to
be operable under normal currents. Breakers are placed on both the high-and low-voltage side
of transformers.

Now I have studied a lot about the electrical transmission system. One must have never
thought that so many things are required for just switching on a television or a refrigerator or
say an electric trimmer. The three wings of electrical system viz. Generation, transmission and
distribution are connected to each other and that too very perfectly. Here man and electricity
work as if they are a family. Lots of labor, capital and infrastructure is involved in the system
just to have a single phase,220V 50Hz power supply at our houses. At last I would say... Energy
Saved Is Energy Produced

One unit of power saved is worth two generated!

One unit saved means one unit is not required to be generated which also saves the cost for
fuel of generation as well as maintenance

Reference:
→https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer

→https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit breaker and Relay

→https://www.searchencrypt.com/click

→www.mechengg.net

→Power System analysis – Nagrath and Kothari

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