MALAWI UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND APPLIED SCIENCES

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT MINING ENGINEERING

PROGRAM : GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO : DR. D. MOSES

SUBMITTED BY : GROUP 9

GIFT MKOMERA (BGEN/17/SS/037)

LESTER SALADI (BGEN/18/SS/066)

KINGSLEY NOAH (BGEN/17/SS/043)

FRANK CHRIFORD (BGEN/17/SS/009)

MODULE : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY II

ASSIGNMENT : ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL MAPPING

DUE DATE : 9th OCTOBER, 2023

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Engineering Geological Mapping of south-east
of Ndirande Hill

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Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................................................iv
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 1
Overview ............................................................................................................................................................ 1
Study area .......................................................................................................................................................... 1
PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 2
OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
METHODOLOGIES ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Baseline Map ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
2. GPS Coordinates file..................................................................................................................................... 5
MAPPING PURPOSE .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Background information .................................................................................................................................. 5
1. Foundations for Informed Decision-Making ...................................................................................... 5
2. Geological structures knowledge ......................................................................................................... 5
3. Project Planning .................................................................................................................................... 5
4. Design Considerations .......................................................................................................................... 5
5. Risk Mitigation ...................................................................................................................................... 6
6. Environmental Responsibility .............................................................................................................. 6
7. Community Welfare .............................................................................................................................. 6
MAPPING PROCESS .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Engineering Geological Map (EGM)................................................................................................................... 8
INTEGRATION OF GEOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL DATA ........................................................ 9
a. Soil Types and Geological Formations .................................................................................................. 11
b. Topographical Attributes........................................................................................................................ 11
c. Erosion and Environmental Considerations......................................................................................... 12
d. Engineering Risk Assessment................................................................................................................. 12
e. Soil Types .....................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
f. Geological Formations and structures ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ............................................................................................................ 12
RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 12
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................... 13

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ABSTRACT
This engineering geological mapping project was conducted in the Ndirande Hills region, located in
Blantyre, Malawi. The primary objective of this study was to assess the geological characteristics and
soil units in the area for the purpose of informing future engineering and construction projects.

The fieldwork involved a comprehensive survey of the Ndirande Hills, during which we accurately
recorded the coordinates of various geological features and identified distinct geological soil units. The
data collected were meticulously analyzed, and geological maps were prepared to visually represent the
findings.

Our investigation revealed a diverse geological landscape within the study area, characterized by various
rock types, fault lines, and soil compositions. We identified several geological units, including but not
limited to sedimentary rocks, igneous formations, and alluvial deposits. Moreover, structural features
such as fault zones and joints were observed, which can have significant implications for engineering
projects.

The information gathered in this engineering geological mapping project will serve as a valuable
resource for future infrastructure development and construction in the Ndirande Hills area. Engineers
and planners can use these findings to make informed decisions regarding site selection, foundation
design, and geotechnical considerations, ultimately contributing to the sustainable and safe development
of the region.

This report summarizes our fieldwork and findings, providing a foundation for further geological
investigations and engineering endeavours in the Ndirande Hills region.

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INTRODUCTION
Overview
In the pursuit of responsible and sustainable urban development, the focus of this assignment centers on
the South East Ndirande Hill, a strategically significant site within Blantyre City, Malawi. Situated in a
populated area, this location possesses a diverse array of geological, environmental, and social
characteristics, making it a compelling subject for detailed study and analysis.

The South East Ndirande Hill boasts a lower region characterized by clay soils, the presence of small
streams, and ongoing erosion processes. These factors underscore the site's vulnerability to
environmental challenges, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its unique engineering
geological properties. Furthermore, the hillside area has witnessed unauthorized waste disposal
activities, posing potential hazards to both the environment and the local community. The convergence
of these factors; clay soils, erosion, waste dumping, and population density creates a complex landscape
that demands thorough investigation and strategic intervention.

The hill's topographical features, including bare slopes and the underlying granitoid igneous rocks,
introduce additional dimensions to the site's geological and engineering significance. These features hold
implications for construction practices, land use planning, and environmental conservation in this region.
Incorporating insights from this assignment, we endeavor to produce an Engineering Geological Map
(EGM) that not only comprehensively delineates the geological and environmental characteristics of
South East Ndirande Hill but also formulates mitigation strategies and recommendations for sustainable
development. The multifaceted nature of this site underscores the importance of balanced and
responsible decision-making in the pursuit of progress and community welfare within Blantyre City.

Study area

The study area, Ndirande Hills, is a geologically intriguing region nestled within the city of Blantyre,
Malawi. These hills, a prominent topographical feature, offer a unique geological landscape
characterized by a variety of rock formations and soil types. The area's geological history has shaped its
distinctive features, presenting a valuable opportunity for geological exploration and engineering
assessment.

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 Figure 1: Aerial photographical map of the study area.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
In Ndirande Hills, Blantyre, Malawi, where the beauty of nature meets the needs of development, there's
a pressing challenge. As urbanization and infrastructure projects expand, we lack a clear understanding
of the area's geological makeup. This knowledge gap poses potential risks to construction, as unexpected
geological surprises can lead to project delays, cost overruns, and safety concerns. To address this
problem, our study aims to comprehensively map and analyze the geology of Ndirande Hills, providing
essential information for sustainable and safe development.

OBJECTIVES
1. Geological Mapping: Our primary objective was to conduct a detailed geological mapping of
Ndirande Hills, identifying various rock types, soil units, and geological features within the area.

2. Fault and Joint Analysis: We focused on analyzing fault zones and joint patterns to assess their
potential impact on engineering projects and structural stability.

3. Coordinate Correction: Accurate geographical coordinates of geological features were

recorded and corrected to provide precise location data for future reference.

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 4. Risk Assessment: We evaluated the geological risks associated with construction and
infrastructure development in Ndirande Hills, providing recommendations for risk mitigation
strategies.

METHODOLOGIES
1. Field Surveys: We conducted extensive field surveys, visiting key locations within Ndirande
Hills to collect geological data. This involved visual inspections and precise GPS coordinate
recordings.

2. GIS and Mapping: Geographical Information System (GIS) tools was employed to create
detailed geological maps and to visualize spatial relationships between different geological units
and features.

3. Risk Assessment: Geological data was used to assess potential geological hazards and their
impact on construction and development projects in the area.

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Baseline Map
A baseline map of the selected site within Blantyre City has been acquired, serving as our initial reference
point. The baseline map includes geographic details, topography, landforms, and existing infrastructure.
This map is vital for understanding the existing environment before any construction or development
takes place.

Figure 2: Base map used.

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2. GPS Coordinates file
The mapping exercise that we conducted on-site surveys included collecting precise GPS coordinates
for key features within the area and also the boundary points of the surveyed area. These coordinates
were used to update the baseline map and create the detailed EGM using ARCGIS, QGIS. The GPS
coordinates file is attached to this document.

MAPPING PURPOSE
Background information
The creation of an Engineering Geological Map (EGM) represents a fundamental step in ensuring the
success and sustainability of any construction or development endeavor. This section elucidates the
paramount importance of an EGM and its pivotal role in shaping the course of engineering projects
within the South East Ndirande Hill area.

1. Foundations for Informed Decision-Making

An EGM serves as the cornerstone for informed decision-making in the realm of engineering and
construction. It empowers project stakeholders with comprehensive geological data, allowing them to
make judicious choices at every stage of the project lifecycle.

2. Geological structures knowledge

The EGM encapsulates a wealth of geological information, encompassing details on soil types, rock
formations, fault lines, and topographical features. These insights are invaluable for engineers,
architects, and planners, as they enable the identification of geological risks and opportunities that can
profoundly impact project outcomes.

3. Project Planning
The geological properties delineated in the EGM inform project planning from the outset. Knowledge
of soil characteristics, for instance, influences decisions regarding foundation design, excavation
methods, and earthwork processes. This early understanding helps mitigate potential setbacks and costly
revisions during construction.

4. Design Considerations
Engineering designs are intimately linked to the geological makeup of the area. The presence of granitoid
igneous rocks, for example, may necessitate specific engineering solutions, such as rock excavation
techniques or the use of specialized materials. Such considerations are critical for optimizing project
designs for both safety and efficiency.

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 5. Risk Mitigation
An EGM equips project teams with the means to identify and mitigate geological risks. For instance,
knowledge of erosion processes and areas vulnerable to landslides can guide the implementation of
erosion control measures and slope stabilization techniques, reducing the likelihood of project
disruptions and hazards.

6. Environmental Responsibility
Understanding the geological characteristics of the site is also pivotal for upholding environmental
responsibility. The EGM reveals areas susceptible to erosion and illegal waste dumping, allowing for
targeted environmental conservation efforts and waste management strategies.

7. Community Welfare
Ultimately, the quality of construction and development within the South East Ndirande Hill area has
direct implications for the well-being of the local community. A well-informed EGM ensures that
projects are not only structurally sound but also considerate of the social and environmental factors that
impact the community's livelihoods.

MAPPING PROCESS
The mapping process conducted within the South East Ndirande Hill area encompassed the
comprehensive documentation of geological features, landforms, infrastructure, and vegetation.
Utilizing GPS technology, our fieldwork aimed to capture a detailed understanding of the area's nature
and distribution of geological structures and conditions and its interaction with its natural and human-
made elements. This section provides a detailed account of the methodologies and parameters employed
during this critical mapping exercise.

Geological Features

To unravel the geological mysteries of the South East Ndirande Hill area, our team embarked on the
systematic identification and documentation of geological features. These encompassed a wide
spectrum, ranging from rock outcrops and sedimentary layers to mineral deposits and geological
formations. This comprehensive cataloging allowed us to gain valuable insights into the site's geological
history and its potential engineering implications.

Landforms

The topography of the area was another essential facet of our mapping exercise. By accurately
delineating landforms such as slopes, valleys, ridges, and plateaus, we were able to create a

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topographical profile that informed our understanding of drainage patterns, potential erosion risks, and
slope stability. This information is crucial for both construction and environmental management.

Infrastructure

In parallel with geological and topographical data collection, we documented existing infrastructure
within the area. This included roads, buildings, bridges, and utility networks. Understanding the interplay
between infrastructure and geological features is vital for assessing the potential impact of
contamination, construction activities and for planning infrastructure improvements that are harmonious
with the site's geological context.

Geological Measurements

In addition to visual observations, quantitative measurements were conducted to provide a more precise
understanding of the geological context:

Water Level: We measured water levels in various natural features, such as streams and groundwater
sources. This data is pivotal for assessing hydrological dynamics and potential water-related risks,
including flooding and soil saturation.

Discontinuity Spacings: Detailed measurements of discontinuity spacings in rock outcrops were

undertaken. This information aids in characterizing the structural integrity of the rocks and assessing
their suitability for construction and excavation purposes.

Dip and Dip Directions: Determining the dip and dip directions of rock layers provides insights into
geological structures and their orientations. This knowledge aids in understanding the potential for
geological hazards and guides engineering designs.

Strike: The strike of rock layers, fault lines, or geological formations was measured to determine their
orientation relative to North. This data informs geological interpretations and construction planning.

Joint Persistence: Assessing the persistence of joints and fractures in rock formations is vital for
evaluating their stability and potential for rockfall or landslides.

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Engineering Geological Map (EGM)
The Engineering Geological Map (EGM), as the focal point of this assignment, serves as an
indispensable tool that consolidates a wealth of information, merging intricate geological insights with
topographical data. It is the keystone upon which informed decisions are crafted, enabling precise
planning, resilient design, and effective execution of engineering and construction activities within the
South East Ndirande Hill area. In this section, we delve into the multifaceted facets of the EGM,
elucidating its role in encapsulating key engineering properties.

Figure 4: Engineering Geological map

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 Cross- section view through X-X

INTEGRATION OF GEOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL DATA

The EGM together with detailed geological and topographical data. Geological data encompassed in
the map comprises information about soil types, geological formations, rock properties and fault lines.
These geological elements, when juxtaposed with topographical features such as landforms, slopes,
drainage networks, and elevation contours, offer a logical reasoning perspective and understanding of
the site's physical attributes. The geological context t also reveals how geological and topographical
factors interact and influence engineering considerations. The following are some of the geological
aspects that have been observed and analyzed

a. Rock types
The hill is composed of different types of rocks according to mineralogy these include granites, gneisses,
mafic, sediments. These rocks have undergone weathering and can be classified as soft rocks

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Figure: different rock types in Ndirande hill

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 b. Soil Types and Geological Formations
The delineation of soil types and geological formations present within the South East Ndirande Hill area.
The distribution of clay soils in the lower parts, granitoid igneous hill rocks, and other geological
formations along the top hill ridge, this EGM provides engineers with critical data which is important in
planning for construction, foundation design, compaction procedure and standards and material
selection. Understanding the geological makeup of the site is paramount for mitigating potential issues
such as soil settlement, swelling, flow, expansion, or erosion, rock excavation challenges and erosion
risks on engineering works. These behaviors are risk to the MAKHETHA - NDIRANDE road that is
being constructed along the toe of the hill

Figure: clay and ferruginous soils

c. Topographical Attributes
Topographical attributes significantly influence erosion, stream direction and selection of construction
site. Bare slopes across the hill, for instance, are areas prone to erosion and landslides. This insight
prompts the need for effective drainage methods, slope stabilization measures and erosion control
strategies, safeguarding both construction activities and the environment. Furthermore, the presence of
small streams and water bodies necessities drainage planning, minimizing flood risks, Erosion, road and
bridge damage and soil saturation issues.

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 d. Erosion and Environmental Considerations
Erosion processes and areas vulnerable to landslides are potential environmental hazards areas. The
formulation of erosion control measures, reforestation initiatives, and sustainable land management
practices.

e. Engineering Risk Assessment

Identified geological structures such as discontinuity spacings, dip, and joint persistence in rock
formations assists in assessing rock stability and the potential for rockfall hazards. This knowledge
guides engineering designs that prioritize safety and minimize risks.

f. Geological structures
Any geological formations, such as rock outcrops or fault lines and joints can affect excavation and
construction processes. For example, rock formations may require blasting or special foundation design.

For example Matope full primary school was constructed along a idle Faultline as shown in the produces
geological map

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

The EGM analysis has revealed the following potential engineering implications:

Soil Stability: The presence of clay soils may lead to foundation settlement, while ferruginous soils can
affect the corrosion of metallic structures. Mitigation measures should be in place.

Slope Stability: The topographical features suggest potential landslide risks. Slope stabilization
measures and proper drainage systems should be considered.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Soil Stabilization

Employ soil stabilization techniques such as compaction, drainage systems, or soil replacement to
mitigate the effects of clay soils and ferruginous soils.

Slope Protection

Implement slope protection measures like retaining walls, erosion control, and vegetation planting to
enhance slope stability and prevent landslides.

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Foundation Design

Foundations with appropriate depth, size, and materials should be designed and implemented to account
for soil conditions such as clay soils, ground water conditions and geological formations and structures.
As seen in the map Matope primary school is situated along a fault.

CONCLUSION
This EGM is a vital tool for informed decision-making in engineering and construction. Understanding
the engineering properties of the site and their influences allows for proactive mitigation measures,
ensuring safe and efficient project execution.

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REFERENCES

Bell, F. G. (2013). Engineering Geology and Geotechnics (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.

Fookes, P. G., & Gardner, J. S. (2003). Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New
Millennium: Opportunities for International Cooperation. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology
and Hydrogeology, 36(3), 215-225.

Price, D. G., & Cosgrove, J. W. (1990). Geological principles and practices for civil engineers.
Butterworth-Heinemann.

Carrara, A., & Guzzetti, F. (1999). GIS technology in mapping landslide hazard. Geographical
Information Systems in Assessing Natural Hazards, 135-175.

Bonham-Carter, G. F. (1994). Geographic information systems for geoscientists: modelling with GIS.
Pergamon.

Lee, E. M., & Jones, D. K. C. (2004). Landslide Risk Assessment. Thomas Telford.

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