Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings

Ilango M

November 8, 2023

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 1 / 30

Rolling contact bearings
Sliding contact bearings applications: (i)
crankshaft bearings in petrol and diesel
engines; (ii) centrifugal pumps; (iii) large size
electric motors; (iv) steam and gas turbines;
and (v) concrete mixers, rope conveyors and
marine installations.

Rolling contact bearings applications:(i)

machine tool spindles; (ii) automobile front
and rear axles; (iii) gear boxes; (iv) small size
electric motors; and (v) rope sheaves, crane
hooks and hoisting drums.

Both are designed to reduce the friction loss

between the stationary and moving
components.
Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 2 / 30
Components of rolling contact bearings

Sliding contact bearings:

Journal- part of shaft in contact with the housing
Bearing- part of the housing in contact with shaft
Lubricant
. Rolling contact bearings:
Inner race- part of the bearing in contact wth the shaft
Rolling element- ball or cylinders
Cage- for holding the rolling elements
Outer race- part of the bearing in contact with the housing
For starting conditions and at moderate speeds, the frictional
losses in rolling contact bearing are lower than that of equivalent
hydrodynamic journal bearing.

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 3 / 30

Types of rolling contact bearings
Deep Groove ball bearing- The most frequently used
bearing, the radius of the ball is slightly less than the radii of
curvature of the grooves in the races. Kinematically, this
gives a point contact between the balls and the races.
Therefore, the balls and the races may roll freely without any
sliding.
Cylindrical roller bearing- When maximum load carrying
capacity is required in a given space, the point contact in ball
bearing is replaced by the line contact of roller bearing.
Angular contact bearing the grooves in inner and outer
races are so shaped that the line of reaction at the contact
between balls and races makes an angle with the axis of the
bearing. This reaction has two components— radial and
axial. Therefore, angular contact bearing can take radial and
thrust loads.
Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 4 / 30
Types of rolling contact bearings

Taper roller bearing consists of rolling elements in the form

of a frustum of cone. They are arranged in such a way that
the axes of individual rolling elements intersect in a common
apex point on the axis of the bearing. In kinematics’ analysis,
this is the essential requirement for pure rolling motion
between conical surfaces. In taper roller bearing, the line of
resultant reaction through the rolling elements makes an
angle with the axis of the bearing.
Thrust ball bearing consists of a row of balls running
between two rings—the shaft ring and the housing ring.
Thrust ball bearing carries thrust load in only one direction
and cannot carry any radial load. The use of a large number
of balls results in high thrust load carrying capacity in smaller
space.
.
Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 5 / 30
Static load carrying capacity- Stribeck’s equation
Static load is defined as the load acting on the
bearing when the shaft is stationary. Assumptions-(i) The races are rigid and retain
The static load carrying capacity of a bearing their circular shape. (ii) The balls are equally
is defined as the static load which corresponds spaced. (iii) The balls in the upper half do not
to a total permanent deformation of balls and support any load.
races, at the most heavily stressed point of
contact, equal to 0.0001 of the ball diameter.

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 6 / 30

Stribeck’s equation

C0 = P1 + P2 cos(β) + P3 cos(2β) + P4 cos(3β) + ...

δ2 = δ1 ∗ cos(β) and δ3 = δ1 ∗ cos(2β)
Using Hertz’s law of contact for contact of an elastic
sphere on a elastic half space F = 43 E ∗ R 1/2 d 3/2

d ∝ F 2/3 =⇒ δ ∝ P 2/3

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 7 / 30

Stribeck’s equation
C0 = P1 + 2P2 cos(β) + 2P3 cos(2β) + 2P4 cos(3β) + ...
δ2 = δ1 ∗ cos(β) and δ3 = δ1 ∗ cos(2β)
d ∝ F 2/3 =⇒ δ ∝ P 2/3 =⇒ δδ12 = cos(β) = ( PP21 )2/3
P2 3/2 =⇒ P = P (cos(β))3/2
P1 = (cos(β)) 2 1
Similarly P3 = P1 (cos(2β))3/2 and P4 = P1 (cos(3β))3/2
C0 = P1 +2P1 (cos(β))5/2 +2P1 (cos(2β))5/2 +2P1 (cos(3β))5/2 +...
C0 = P1 1 + 2(cos(β))5/2 + 2(cos(2β))5/2 + 2(cos(3β))5/2 + ...
 

β = 360
z , C0 = P1 [M]
Let z be the number of rollers in the bearing, if z = 8 then there
will be 3 rollers in the lower half M = 1 + 2 ∗ (cos(45))5/2 = 1.84

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 8 / 30

Stribeck’s equation
C0 = P1 1 + 2(cos(β))5/2 + 2(cos(2β))5/2 + 2(cos(3β))5/2 + ...
 

β = 360
z , C0 = P1 [M]

It is seen from the above table that (z/M) is practically constant.

Stribeck suggested the value for (z/M) as 5.
z z
M = 5, C0 = P1 5
From experimental evidence, it is found that the force P1 required
to produce a given permanent deformation of the ball is given by,
P1 = kd 2 where d is the ball diameter and the factor k depends
upon the radii of curvature at the point of contact, and on the
2
modulii of elasticity of materials. C0 = kd5 z is the Stribeck’s
equation giving static load carrying capacity.
Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 9 / 30
Dynamic load carrying capacity
Life of a ball bearing is limited by the
fatigue failure at the surfaces.
Life of an individual ball bearing is defi
ned as the number of revolutions, which
the bearing runs before the first evidence
of fatigue crack in balls or races.
Life of a single bearing is difficult to
predict, it is necessary to define it in terms
of the statistical average performance of a
group of bearings.
Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings
The rating life of a group of identical ball
bearings is defined as the number of
revolutions that 90% of the bearings will
complete or exceed before the first
evidence of fatigue crack, represented by
L10 .
The dynamic load carrying capacity of a
bearing is defined as the radial load in
radial bearings (or thrust load in thrust
bearings) that can be carried for a
minimum life of 106 revolutions. The
minimum life in this definition is the L10
life, which 90% of the bearings will reach
or exceed before fatigue failure.
November 8, 2023 10 / 30
Equivalent bearing load

In actual applications, the force acting on the bearing has two components—radial and
thrust. It is therefore necessary to convert the two components acting on the bearing into
a single hypothetical load.

The expression for the equivalent dynamic load is written as, P = XVFr + YFa
where, P = equivalent dynamic load (N), Fr = radial load (N), Fa = axial or thrust load
(N), V = race-rotation factor, X and Y are radial and thrust factors respectively and
their values are given in the manufacturer’s catalogues.

The race-rotation factor depends upon whether the inner race is rotating or the outer
race. The value of V is 1 when the inner race rotates while the outer race is held
stationary in the housing. The value of V is 1.2 when the outer race rotates with respect
to the load, while the inner race remains stationary..

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 11 / 30

Load-life relationship

The relationship between the dynamic load carrying capacity, the equivalent dynamic
load, and the bearing life is given by,

p
L10 = CP
where, L10 − rated bearing life, C − dynamic load capacity (N), and p = 3 for ball
bearings, p = 10/3 for roller bearings.

The relationship between life in million revolutions and life in working hours is given by
60nL10h
L10 = 106
where, L10h − rated bearing life in hours, n− speed of rotation in rpm

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 12 / 30

Practice problems on rolling bearing design

(1) In a particular application, the radial load acting on a ball bearing is 5kN and the expected
life for 90% of the bearings is 8000h. Calculate the dynamic load carrying capacity of the
bearing, when the shaft rotates at 1450rpm.

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 13 / 30

Practice problems on rolling bearing design

(2) A taper roller bearing has a dynamic load capacity of 26kN. The desired life for 90% of
the bearings is 8000h and the speed is 300rpm. Calculate the equivalent radial load that the
bearing can carry.

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 14 / 30

Selection of roller bearing

Selecting the proper size of a bearing, it is necessary to specify the expected life of the bearing
for the given application. The information regarding the life expectancy is generally vague and
values based on past experience is used.

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 15 / 30

Load factor
The forces acting on the bearing are calculated by considering the equilibrium of forces in
vertical and horizontal planes. These elementary equations do not take into consider the effect
of dynamic load. The forces determined by these equations are multiplied by a load factor to
determine the dynamic load carrying capacity of the bearing.

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 16 / 30

Selection of bearing from manufacturer’s catalogue
1 Calculate the radial and axial forces acting on the bearing and determine the diameter of
the shaft where the bearing is to be fitted.
2 Select the type of bearing for the given application
3 Determine the values of X and Y , the radial and thrust factors, from the catalogue. The
values of X and Y factors for single-row deep groove ball
bearings

are given in the form
Fa Fa
of table below. The values depend upon two ratios Fr and C0 , where C0 is static load
capacity. e - is the axial load factor.

The selection of the bearing is, therefore, done

by trial and error. To begin with, a bearing of
light series, such as 60, is selected for the given
diameter of the shaft and the value of C0 is
found
from FTable 15.5. Knowing the ratios
Fa


C0 and Fr the values of X and Y factors
a

are found from Table 15.4.

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 17 / 30
Selection of bearing from manufacturer’s catalogue

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 18 / 30

Selection of bearing from manufacturer’s catalogue

4 Calculate the equivalent dynamic load from the equation. P = XFr + YFa
5 Make a decision about the expected bearing life and express the life L10 in million
revolutions.
6 Calculate the dynamic load capacity from the equation C = P(L10 )1/3
7 Check whether the selected bearing of series 60 has the required dynamic capacity. If not,
select the bearing of the next series and go back to Step 3 and continue.

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 19 / 30

Selection of bearing from manufacturer’s catalogue -example
In order to explain the selection procedure, let us consider a numerical example. Suppose it is
required to select a single-row deep groove ball bearing, for a shaft that is 75mm in diameter
and which rotates at 125rpm. The bearing is subjected to a radial load of 21kN and there is
no thrust load. The expected life of the bearing is 10000 hours.
1 Fr = 21000N, Fa = 0, d = 75mm
2 Type: single-row deep groove ball bearing
3 Since there is no axial load, P = Fr = 21000N
60nL10h
4 L10 = 106
= 60∗125∗10000
106
= 75 ∗ 106 rev
C 3


5 L10 = P , C = 88650.43N
6 It is observed from Table 15.5, that following bearings are available with 75 mm bore
diameter, No. 6015 (C = 39700N) No. 6215 (C = 66300N) No. 6315 (C = 112000N)
No. 6415 (C = 153000N) Therefore, bearing No. 6315 is selected for the above
application.
Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 20 / 30
Selection of bearing from manufacturer’s catalogue -example
In order to explain the selection procedure, let us consider a numerical example. Suppose it is
required to select a single-row deep groove ball bearing, for a shaft that is 75mm in diameter
and which rotates at 125rpm. The bearing is subjected to a radial load of 21kN and there is
no thrust load. The expected life of the bearing is 10000 hours.
1 Fr = 21000N, Fa = 0, d = 75mm
2 Type: single-row deep groove ball bearing
3 Since there is no axial load, P = Fr = 21000N
60nL10h
4 L10 = 106
= 60∗125∗10000
106
= 75 ∗ 106 rev
C 3


5 L10 = P , C = 88650.43N
6 It is observed from Table 15.5, that following bearings are available with 75 mm bore
diameter, No. 6015 (C = 39700N) No. 6215 (C = 66300N) No. 6315 (C = 112000N)
No. 6415 (C = 153000N) Therefore, bearing No. 6315 is selected for the above
application.
Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 21 / 30
Ball bearing series number

While selecting a ball bearing from the manufacturer’s catalogue, very often a term ‘series’ of
the bearing is used. Some manufacturers use terms such as light series, medium series and
heavy series.
1 The last two digits indicate the bore diameter of the bearing in mm (bore diameter
divided by 5). For example, 6214 indicates a bearing of 70 mm bore diameter.
2 The third digit from the right indicates the series of the bearing. The numbers used to
indicate the series are as follows: Extra light series –1, Light series – 2, Medium series –
3, Heavy series – 4, For example, 6214- represents a light series bearing.
3 The fourth digit and sometimes fi fth digit from the right specifi es the type of rolling
contact bearing. For example, the digit 6 indicates deep groove ball bearings

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 22 / 30

Practice problems on rolling bearing design

(3) A single-row deep groove ball bearing is subjected to a radial force of 8kN and a thrust
force of 3kN. The shaft rotates at 1200rpm. The expected life L10h of the bearing is 20000h.
The minimum acceptable diameter of the shaft is 75mm. Select a suitable ball bearing for this
application.

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 23 / 30

Practice problems on rolling bearing design
(4) A transmission shaft rotating at 720rpm and transmitting power from the pulley P to the
spur gear G is shown in the figure. The belt tensions and the gear tooth forces are as follows:
P1 = 498N, P2 = 166N, Pt = 497N, Pr = 181N The weight of the pulley is 100N. The
diameter of the shaft at bearings B1 and B2 is 10mm and 20mm respectively. The load factor
is 2.5 and the expected life for 90% of the bearings is 8000h. Select single- row deep groove
ball bearings at B1 and B2 .

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 24 / 30

Selection of taper roller bearing
The terminology related to taper roller bearings is slightly different from that of ball or
cylindrical roller bearings.
The inner race is called a cone, and the outer race, the cup. The cup is separable from the
remaining assembly of the bearing, consisting of the cone, cage and rollers. These two parts
can be separately mounted to the housing and the journal.

In taper roller bearings, the line of action of the resultant reaction makes an angle with the
axis of the bearing. This reaction can be resolved into radial and axial components. Therefore,
taper roller bearings are suitable for carrying combined axial and radial loads.
Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 25 / 30
Selection of taper roller bearing
The conical surface of each roller is subjected to pressure, which acts normal to the surface.
Therefore, even if the external force acting on the bearing is purely radial, it induces a thrust
reaction within the bearing. To avoid separation of the cup from the cone, this thrust reaction
must be balanced by an equal and opposite force. One of the methods of creating this force is
to use at least two taper roller bearings on the same shaft. In such a case, the thrust reactions
of two bearings balance each other.

Two bearings with their backs facing each other, the mounting is said to be ‘back-to-back’
mounting. Two bearings with their fronts facing each other, is called ‘face-to-face’ mounting.
Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 26 / 30
Selection of taper roller bearing,Ka towards right
The thrust component Fa created due to radial load Fr is approximately given by
Fa = 0.5F
Y , based on the values of FrA , FrB and Ka (external axial force acting on the shaft)
r

there are three cases

The equations given are

based on the following
assumptions: (i) The
bearings are adjusted
against each other to give
zero clearance in operation
but are without pre-load.
(ii) Bearings A and B are
exactly identical
(YA = YB = Y ).

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 27 / 30

Selection of taper roller bearing, Ka towards left
The thrust component Fa created due to radial load Fr is approximately given by
Fa = 0.5F
Y , based on the values of FrA , FrB and Ka (external axial force acting on the shaft)
r

there are three cases if Ka is from A to B. Totally 6 cases - 3 cases for Ka towards left and 3
cases for Ka towards right

The equations given are

based on the following
assumptions: (i) The
bearings are adjusted
against each other to give
zero clearance in operation
but are without pre-load.
(ii) Bearings A and B are
exactly identical
(YA = YB = Y ).
Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 28 / 30
Selection of taper roller bearing
The equivalent dynamic load for single-row taper roller bearings is given by
P = Fr when FFar < e
Fa
P = 0.4Fr + YFa when Fr >e
Where e- is axial load factor.
The dimensions, dynamic load carrying capacity, values of factor Y, value of e and designation
of taper roller bearing will be available in manufacturer’s catalogue.

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 29 / 30

Problems on taper roller bearing
[5] A machine shaft, supported on two identical taper roller bearings A and B, is shown in the
figure. It is subjected to a radial force of 30kN and a thrust force of 10kN. The thrust is taken
by Bearing A alone. The shaft rotates at 300rpm. The machine is intermittently used and the
expected life L10h of the bearings is 4000h. The minimum acceptable diameter of the shaft,
where the bearings are mounted, is 60mm. Select suitable taper roller bearings for the shaft.

Ilango M Machine design II - Rolling contact bearings November 8, 2023 30 / 30