Machine Design & CAD-II

Text Book Reference Books

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering 1. Design of Machine Elements
Design 9th Edition by
by M. F. Spotts
Richard G. Budynnas 2. Machine Design, An integrated
J. Keith Nisbett approach
by
R. L. Norton
   
INSTRUCTOR Engr. Muhammad Rizwan

Credit Hours 02
 
TIME TABLE
  Day: Time:
Section A    
Tuesday 01:00PM … 03:00PM

Section B    
Monday 01:00PM … 03:00PM
S. No. CLO/PLOS MAPPING DOMAIN PLO

Calculate stresses in gear teeth, flywheels, power

1 C3 02
screws, etc

Identify the parameters for the selection of

standard machine elements, such as journal
2 C4 02
bearings, rolling contact bearings, chains, belts,
clutches and brakes.
Design the machine elements for desired outputs,
including gears, flywheels, clutches, brakes,
3 C5 03
journal bearings, rolling contact bearings, power
screws, chains and belts etc
 Course contents
 1. Spur, Helical, Bevel and Worm Gears Stress analysis
on gear teeth Power transmission by the gears
 2. Design of Flywheels Concepts of designing flywheels
for different requirements
 3. Selection of bearings Selection procedures of sliding
contact bearings and rolling contact bearings
 4. Design of Brake / Clutches Different types of clutches
and designing concepts Different types of brakes and
designing concepts
 5. Design of Power Screws / Translation Screws
Introduction to power / translational screws Stresses in
power / translational screws Efficiency of power /
translational screws Applications of power / translational
screws
Course contents

 6. Selection of Standard Machine

Elements Selection of flat belts, V belts,
chain drive and rope drives
Machine Design & CAD-II

Lecture # 01- Gears……

Types of gears
A toothed wheel that engages another toothed mechanism in order
to change the speed or direction of transmitted motion
What is Gear?
 Gears are mechanisms that mesh together via teeth and are
used to transmit rotary motion from one shaft to another.
 Gears are used in groups of two or more. A group of gears is
called a gear train.
 An example of a gear train is shown below.

Single gear                                     Gear train

Drive and Driven Gears

Larger Gear is often called Gear and Smaller one of two mating gears Called
Pinion
The output is transmitted by the driven gear. The driver gear rotates the
driven gear without slipping.
The pinion can be the driver gear. It depends on the exact function the
designer wishes the mechanism to fulfill. When two spur gears are
meshed the gears rotate in opposite directions, as shown in the figure
above.
 Gear Types

 Spur Gears
 Helical Gears
 Straight bevel gears
 Spiral Bevel Gears
 Hypoid Bevel Gears
 Worm Gears
 Spur Gears

 Their teeth are parallel to

the axis of rotation
 Used to transmit power
from one shaft to
another parallel
 Simplest gear type
 Helical Gears
 Helical gears are used for transmitting
power between two parallel shafts.
 They have teeth inclined
to the axis.
 Hence, for same width,
their teeth are longer
than spur gears and
have higher load
carrying capacity.
 Helical Gears Cont…

 Their contact ratio is higher than spur

gears and they operate smoother and
quieter than spur gears.
 Due to their angular cut, teeth meshing
results in thrust loads along the gear shaft.
this action requires thrust bearings to
absorb the thrust load and maintain gear
alignment.
 Straight bevel gears
 The pitch surface
is a cone
 Straight bevel gears
are used for
transmitting
power between
intersecting
shafts
 Straight bevel gears Cont.

 They are suitable for 1:1 and higher

velocity ratios.
 They can be used for right-angle or any
angular drive.
 Spiral Bevel Gears

 A spiral bevel gear is a bevel gear with

helical teeth.
 The main application of
this is in a vehicle differential,
where the direction of drive
from the drive shaft
must be turned 90-degree
to the wheels
 Spiral Bevel Gears Cont.

 The helical design produces less vibration

and noise than conventional straight-cut or
spur-cut gear with straight teeth.
 They operate smoother than straight bevel
gears and have higher load capacity.

Watch it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Em1zQToa_a8
 Hypoid Bevel Gears

 The pitch surface is hyperbolic and not

conical
 Hypoid gears are quite similar to spiral
bevel gears except that shafts are offset
and nonintersecting.
 Worm Gears
 They are used in right-angle drives.
 Worm gears are used when large gear
reductions/Gear ratio are needed.
 Worm Gears

 They need good lubrication for heat

dissipation and for improving the
efficiency.
 The worm is like a screw. 1-start worm
means that there is only one tooth.
worm tooth surface is helicoids.
Gear Terminologies
Gear Terminologies Cont.
Gear Terminologies Cont.
 Conjugate Action

 Mating gear teeth acting against each

other to produce rotary motion are similar
to cams.
 When the tooth profiles, or cams, are
designed so as to produce a constant
angular velocity ratio during meshing,
these are said to have conjugate action.
Construction of an Involute Curve
Construction of an Involute Curve Cont.

 Divide the base circle into a number of equal parts.

 Construct radial lines O A0, O A1, O A2, etc.
 Beginning at A1, construct perpendiculars A1B1, A2B2,
A3B3,
etc.
 Then along A1B1 lay off the distance A1A0, along A2B2
lay off twice the distance
A1A0, etc.,
 Producing points through which the involute curve can
be constructed.
Circles of Gear Layout
Base Circle
 cd
r1
Base Circle

ab P

r2
Base Circle
 Gear teeth
 Involute begins at the base circle and is undefined below
this circle.
 In drawing gear teeth, draw a radial line for the profile
below the base circle.
 The portion of the tooth between the clearance circle and
the dedendum circle includes the fillet.
 Angle of Approach
 The initial contact will take place when the flank of the driver comes into contact
with the tip of the driven tooth.
 This occurs at point “a” in Fig.
 where the addendum circle
of the driven gear crosses
the pressure line.
 construct tooth profiles
through point “a”
and draw radial lines from the
intersections of these profiles
with the pitch circles to the
gear centers, we obtain the
angle of approach for each gear.
 Angle of Recess
 The final point of contact will therefore be where the addendum circle of the driver
crosses the pressure line.
 This is point “b” in Fig.
 Drawing another set of tooth
Profiles through b, we obtain the
angle of recess.
 The sum of the angle of approach
and the angle of recess for either
gear is called the angle of action.
EXAMPLE 13–1
 Contact Ratio
 The zone of action of meshing gear teeth is shown in
Fig.
 Tooth contact begins and ends at the intersections of the
two addendum circles with the pressure line.
 Initial contact occurs at “a” and final contact at “b”.
 Contact Ratio
 Tooth profiles drawn through these points intersect the pitch
circle at A and B, respectively.
 The distance AP is called the arc of approach “qa”, and the
distance PB, the arc of recess “qr”.
 The sum of these is the arc of action “qt”.
 Gears should not generally be designed having contact ratios
less than about 1.20, because inaccuracies in mounting might
reduce the contact ratio even more, increasing the possibility of
impact between the teeth as well as an increase in the noise
level.
Contact Ratio
Interference
 Interference
 Smallest number of teeth on the pinion without interference

 The largest gear with a specified pinion that is interference-free

 Interference

 Interference can also be reduced by using

a larger pressure angle. This results in a
smaller base circle, so that more of the
tooth profile becomes involute.
 Even though the frictional forces and
bearing loads are increased and the
contact ratio decreased.
Pressure Angle
Interference
Interference free teeth
Derivation of Lab