A CASE STUDY OF THE COMMUNITY

ENGAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION EFFORT IN

BARDIYA NATIONAL PARK
IN DEVINAGAR-11, BUTWAL RUPANDEHI

A PROJECT WORK REPORT

Submitted by: Submitted to:
PREM SAGAR CHAUDHARY NABIN
AUDHYOGIC
SANDESH GAUTAM KADAR
BAHADUR
SANDESH THAPA RITA
SECONDARY
SANJIDA KHAN SCHOOL
ISNEHA RANA
Class-12(Science)

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 NABIN AUDHYOGIC KADAR BAHAUDR RITA
SECONDARY SCHOOL,
SCIENCE FACULTY
DEVINAGAR-11, BUTWAL

Certificate

This is certified that Prem Sagar Chaudhary, sandesh Gautam, Sandesh

Thapa, sanjida khan and Isneha Rana of class 11 have carried out the report
in title “A case study of causes and consequences of environmental
pollution” under my supervision and the entire work is based on the
information collected in the field area.

Date…………………………

……………………….

Roshan Tiwari

Science Faculty

Nabin Audhyogic KBR Sec School

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 NABIN AUDHYOGIC KADAR BAHAUDR RITA
SECONDARY SCHOOL,
SCIENCE FACULTY
DEVINAGAR-11, BUTWAL

RESEARCH REPORT ENTITLED

“A CASE STUDY OF COMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND
CONSERVATION EFFORT IN BARDIYA NATIONAL PARK”
IN DEVINAGAR-11, BUTWAL
RUPANDEHI

Has been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the +2 in

Science.

..………………………….

Mr. Roshan Tiwari

Subject teacher Internal Examiner……………………………

External Examiner……………………………..

Date: …………………………

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Mr. Roshan Tiwari and Nabin
collage for providing me this opportunity of report work under the continued
encouragement, valuable suggestion and guidance of the entire teachers which
is highly appreciated.

I would like to thanks Mr. Bikram Rijal, Mr. Amar Shrestha, Mr. Laxmi
Narayan Chaudhary, Mr. Prem Bahadur Basnet, Mr. Roshan Tiwari, Mr.
Pardeep karki for their valuable guidance, time, encouragement and great
cooperation for successful completion for this report work

At last I am thankful to my group for the cooperation throughout the research.

Date: ………………………..

Class 12

Science Faculty

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
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Recommendation letter 1

Approval letter 2&3

Acknowledgement 4

Table of content 5

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 6-11

1.1 General Background

1.2 Objectives of the study
1.3 Study Area

CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS 12

CHAPTER THREE: RESULT 13

CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION 14-16

CHAPTER FIVE: RECOMMENDATIONS 17-18

CHAPTER SIX: REFERENCES 19

CHAPTER SEVEN: ANNEXES 20

1.INTRODUCTION

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1.1 General Background
Bardiya National Park is the largest protected area in the Terai zone, located in
mid- western lowland of Nepal (28°23'N, 81°30'E) covering an area of 968
Square Kilometers. It was established in 1988 as Royal Bardiya National Park
to protect and conserve the tiger, its prey species and habitat. It is situated in the
eastern bank of the Karnali River in Bardiya district. It is about 400 air
kilometer west of Kathmandu. The northern limits of the protected area are
demarcated by the crest of the Siwalik Hills. The Nepalgunj-Surkhet highway
partly forms the Eastern boundary but seriously disrupts the protected area.
Natural boundaries to human settlement are formed in the west by the Geruwa,
a branch of the Karnali River and in the Southern by human settlement
(DNPWC-2009). In 1815 A.D. Nepal lost this region to the East India Company
through the Sugauli Treaty. For 45 years, it was a part of British India and
returned to Nepal in 1860 as the recognition for supporting the suppression of
the India Independence movement in 1857. Today, this annexed area is still
called Naya Muluk meaning new country. Naya Muluk includes four districts of
Terai region- Banke, Bardiya, Kailai and Kanchanpur (Bhattarai, 2009). An area
of 368 sq.km was set aside as Royal Hunting Reserve in 1969 and gazetted as
Royal Karnali Wildlife reserve in 1976. In 1982, it was proclaimed as Royal
Bardiya Wildlife Reserve and in 1984 it was extended to its current size. The
reserve was given the status of a National Park in 1988 (BNP office record,
2068). A total of six different habitat types make up the park: Sal forest, Khair
Sisoo forest, wooded grasslands, floodplain grasslands, riverine forest and small
pockets of grasslands locally known as Phantas. These intertwining habitats
combined with the 2 abundant water supply from the Karnali and Babai rivers
provide nearly perfect conditions for a rich and diverse fauna, with grasslands
capable of supporting a greater biomass of mammals, birds and insects than any
other terrestrial habitat type, (BNP office record, 2068). The park is rich in wide
varieties of flora and fauna. The flora recorded in the park comprises 839
species of flora; including 173 vascular plant species comprising 140 dicots, 26
monocots, six ferns and only one gymnosperm species. A total of 53 mammal
species (ten of which are protected in National Parks and Wildlife Conservation
Act 1973), 400 species of avifauna, 25 species of reptiles and amphibians and
121 fish species have been recorded in Bardiya National Park. The park is home
to a number of endangered animals including the Royal Bengal tiger, wild
elephant, greater one-horned rhinoceros, swamp deer, gangetic river dolphin,
gharial, Bengal floricon, lesser floricon and sarus crane (BNP office record,

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2068). After the eradication of malaria, many people from the hills arrived in
Bardiya. These people cleared most of the land of Bardiya for settlement and
farming. The forest was cut indiscriminately and in addition, over grazing by
livestock caused major habitat modification (Kunwar, 1998). In1961, the late
King Mahendra dissolved the democratically elected 18 months government
and imposed the so called "party less Panchyat System" of government. These
changes led to centralization of power into the hand of the king and royal
families, which lasted for about 30 years until 1990. This system was
particularly favorable for wildlife conservation. Landmark-legislation, the
National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act- 1973, were enacted during the
regime of the recent day ruler, the king Birendra. Under the provision of the
Act,9 National parks and 7 reserves have been created covering more than
24,000 Sq. Km. (Bhattarai,2009). Gyanendra B.B. Shah, the brother of the
recent king Birendra, took an active interest in wildlife conservation. Under his
guidance the government made several important policy decisions. The
unofficial 'wildlife committee' chaired by Gyanendra consisted of forest
minister, the secretary of forest and soil conservation, the Director General of
the Department of National Parks and wildlife conservation, palace officials
dealing with wildlife matters was formed. The committee made several
important 3 policies about wild life conservation and this committee also made
policy to involve Nepalese Army in the protection of National Parks and
reserves (Kunwar, 1998). In 1997, an area of 327 sq. km., surrounding the park
was declared a buffer zone, which consist of forest and agricultural fields. Later,
buffer zone area of BNP was extended to its current size, i.e. 507 sq. km. Buffer
zone includes 20 village development committee of three districts- Bardiya,
Banke and Surkhet adjoining with the park. Out of these 20 VDCs, 15 VDCs lie
in Bardiya district. The estimated total number of households in buffer area is
about 16,619 with a population of 1, 17,633 (BNP official records, 2011). The
majority of the indigenous people include Tharu, Dhagar, Yadav and Muslims,
while Badi, Musar, Hazra and Malaha are in minority. Another group of the
population is Pahadiya that has migrated from the hills after the eradication of
malaria. Main occupation of the people living in buffer area is subsistence
agriculture. So, the pressure of the people living in buffer area on the park is
very high. On the other hand, due to degradation of the habitat there is also high
pressure of wildlife on the settlement area adjoining the park. We can observe
the relationship between the local people and the park like tug of war, (BNP
Annual report 2067/2068).

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1.2 Objectives
 To assess community awareness about the importance of conservation in
Bardiya National Park.
 To evaluate the level of community participation and involvement in
conservation initiatives.
 To examine the effectiveness of existing conservation programs in
achieving biodiversity and habitat preservation goals.
 To identify and analyze barriers and challenges hindering community
engagement in conservation activities.
 To investigate the attitudes and perceptions of local communities towards
wildlife conservation, protected areas, and park policies.
 To explore the socioeconomic benefits derived by communities from
conservation efforts, such as eco-tourism and employment opportunities.
 To develop recommendations based on the findings to enhance
community engagement and improve the effectiveness of conservation
efforts in Bardiya National Park.

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1.3 Study Area
The study area was conducted in Butwal of Rupandehi distict.
Geometrically, Butwal is located from 83˚22’ 52.70”- 83˚30’22.61” E and
27˚39’ 56.65”- 27˚44’ 55”N. The spatial extent of Butwal Municipality is
6822.81 ha with a maximum east–west distance of about 12 km and north–south
length of about 11 km. It covers an area of 101.6 km^2.

Location: Nepal > western region > Lumbini provinces

Elevation: 120 m/ 394feet

Barometric pressure: 100KPa

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2.MATERIALS AND METHODS

⮚ Date of field visit :- 14-03-2022

⮚ Primary data source :

We visited different places in Rupandehi such as Butwal, Pharsatikar,
Bhairahawa and so on. We made group discussion with the local people
about the causes and effects of such pollutions. We raised some questions
about pollutions to the local people and concerned authorities. We consulted
with the local people about the various types of pollution.
⮚ Secondary sources :

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 Under secondary sources we studied booklet, brochure, research
report from the past books, journals and articles. Further for more
information, we took the help of internet.

● Internet:-
The internet is a major source for secondary data sources these days. A
huge amount of data gets uploaded by researchers, communities, agencies,
government, etc

● Books and Newspapers: -

Books and Newspapers are available online and offline and provide a
rich source of information.

● Library:-
As we know that the library is the best source of secondary data.
We found all kinds of books, useful materials and so on in library.

3.RESULT
During the study, different type of pollution was recorded in the Rupandehi.
Similarly, representations by different forms of pollution are tabled below:

Table: Different types and causes of pollution in the Study Area

S.N Locality Types of Causes Effects

pollution

1. Bhairahawa Air pollution i. Burning of i. Health

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 fossils fuels. problems and
diseases such
ii. Smoke
as Asthma,
iii. Vehicles cancer,
Respiratory
iv. Factories and problems etc.
industries.
ii. Global
warming

iii. Acid rain

iv. Ozone layer

depletion

2. Tinau river Water pollution i. Animal waste i. Disruption of

the food chain
ii. Sewage
ii. Eutrophication
iii. Chemical
Fertilizers iii. Destruction of
whole
iv. Pesticides
ecosystems

iv. Aquatic life

gets destroyed

3. Maghgau, Soil pollution i. Deforestation i. Decreases the

Pharsatikar fertility of soil
ii. Disposal of
nuclear ii. Reduces crop
wastes yield

iii. Acid rain iii. Increases toxic

dust in soil
iv. Overgrazing
iv. Death of useful
insects

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Source: Field survey, 27/04/2023, consultation with local people and secondary
literatures.

4. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION

Pollution is a big problem now. A lot people thought that they don’t
pollute because they don’t throw trash on the floor, but this is just one little part
of pollution. Pollution is any damage that we cause to the environment and
nobody can live without polluting our planet. If we just think of washing our
hands with soap, even with natural soap, this already is pollution. We know
many different kinds of pollution.

Air pollution
The undesirable qualitative and/ or quantitative changes of gases in the
atmosphere that have adverse effects on living system is called air pollution.

Causes of air pollution

There are many causes of air pollution. Some of the main causes of air
pollution are listed below:
⮚ Dust, Smoke and harmful chemicals emitted by different industries cause air
pollution.
⮚ Excreta and dead bodies of animals mix bad odour with air to pollute it.

⮚ Burning of fossils fuel, bio-fuel etc and jungle fire also causes air pollution.

⮚ Deforestation also causes air pollution.

⮚ High proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon

dioxide.
⮚ During protest, the tradition of burning tyres on roads is one of the causes of
air pollution.

Effects of air pollution

The effects of air pollution are given below:

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⮚ Air pollution causes different types of diseases mainly of the respiratory
system and the nervous system.
⮚ It causes negative effects on the growth plants which decreases vegetation.

⮚ It imbalances the water cycle.

⮚ It causes global warming and acid rain.

⮚ Air pollution causes irritation in eyes and throat, allergies, cough etc.

Water pollution

Water pollution is an undesirable change in physical and biotic

elements of the aquatic environment which affects the life of plants and animals
adversely.

Causes of water pollution

The main causes of water pollution are given below:

⮚ By mixing chemical fertilizers and insecticides with water.

⮚ By washing clothes, bathing domestic animals, cleaning dish etc near the
source of water.
⮚ By disposing waste water with harmful chemicals from different industries
like distilleries, sugar factories, etc into the source of water like rivers and
lakes.
⮚ Disposal of dead bodies near the source of water cause water pollution.

⮚ Using the banks of rivers and ponds as open toilets cause water pollution.

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Effects of water pollution

The effects of water pollution are as follow:

⮚ Polluted drinking water causes water borne diseases like diarrhea, dysentery,
cholera, jaundice, typhoid as well as worms.
⮚ When river or lake water is contaminated with harmful chemicals left by
different industries, it causes the death of aquatic animals in a large scale.
⮚ If polluted water is used for irrigation, it degrades the quality of soil as well
the crops grown in that field.
⮚ If nitrate salt mixed with water is used to drink, it stops children’s growth.

⮚ Industrial wastes and agrochemicals (pesticides, chemical fertilizers)change

the pH and taste of drinking water.
⮚ Oil spills in marine water kill water birds, mammals, fishes and vegetation.

Soil pollution

Soil pollution is also called land pollution. Soil pollution is an undesirable

change in physical and biotic elements of the land environment which adversely
affects plants and animal’s life.

Causes of soil pollution

The main causes of soil pollution are as follow:

⮚ By overuse of insecticides and chemical fertilizers.

⮚ By mixing non-biodegradable materials like plastic, glass and metallic

wastes.
⮚ By deforestation

⮚ By landfill and dumping sites of solid wastes.

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⮚ By mixing the wastes of hospitals, pathological labs, industries etc with soil.

⮚ By overgrazing and acid rain.

Effects of soil pollution

The effects of soil pollution are as follow:

⮚ Soil pollution kills earthworms and other useful microbes.

⮚ It decreases the fertility of soil.

⮚ It increases the toxic dust in soil which causes different diseases when we
come in contact.
⮚ It reduces crop yielding.

⮚ It may become the cause of pollution of water.

⮚ It contaminates crop products as well.

All types of pollution has their kind of negative impact

on our environment. The lives of humans and animals get impacted due to this.
It is our responsibility to take various activities to protect nature. We need to
fight against pollution to take steps towards a better tomorrow. If we don’t stop
it now, our future generation will be in great danger.

5.RECOMMENDATIONS
We have made the following recommendations to overcome the
problems of pollution.

Preventive measures of soil pollution

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⮚ Alternate sources of energy (solar energy, wind energy, electrical energy,
etc.) should be used in place of coal, wood, oil, etc.

⮚ Strip plantation should be done everywhere on the roadside. Plants play a

significant role in keeping the atmospheric balance by consuming CO and
CO2 and releasing O2.

⮚ Air pollutants should be controlled at the point of source by using

electrostatic precipitator or filter in the industries.

⮚ Public awareness programmes about the effects of pollution should be

launched.

Preventive measures of water pollution

⮚ Organic farming and efficient use of animal residues as fertilizers.

⮚ Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers should be avoided.

⮚ Provide all cities with proper drainage. Efficient sewage collection and waste
water treatment facilities should be properly managed.
⮚ Educational programmes are needed to inform the people in protection of
river and use of safe water.
⮚ Various legislative measures should be employed to control water pollution.

Preventive measures of soil pollution

⮚ Afforestation, reforestation and use of organic farming.

⮚ Solid waste management and reduction of waste from the construction area.

⮚ Stop the use of plastic bags and use bags of degradable materials like paper
and cloth.

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⮚ The use of pesticides and fertilizers should be minimized or controlled

6.REFERENCES

● Government of Nepal, 2014. Nepal National Biodiversity Strategy and

Action Plan 2014-2020. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil
conservation, Nepal.
● Dr. Narayan Prasad Ghimire, Mr. Alok Paudel, Mrs. Indira Devi Shrestha ,
Mr. Navendu Dhakal . A Handbook of Pratical Biology of Class XI.
Heritage Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. Bhotahity, Kathmandu, Nepal.
● Arvind K. Keshari, Ph.D, Khaga Raj Ghimire, Bijay Shankar Mishra, Kamal
K. Adhikari A Textbook of Biology of Class XI. Vidyarthi Pustak Bhandar,
kamalpokhari, Kathmandu.

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● We use different websites such as www.environmentpollution.com,
https://byjusexamprep.comwww.gradeup.com, www.gradeup.com
www.advancesarawati@gmail.com and so on.
● Jai Prakash Srivastav, Khaga Raj Ghimire, Bijay Shankar Mishra, Mahendra
Bshadur Thapa. A Textbook of Modern Graded Science and Environment of
class VIII. Vidyarthi Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu.
● Dr. Ganesh Bahadur Thapa, Dr. Mukti Ram Paudel, Lalit Narayan Mandal,
Uttam Raj Ghimire, Som Prasad Niroula. A Textbook of principles of
biology of class XI. Advanced Saraswati Prakashan, Kathmndu, Nepal
● We use different report writing guide and pdf on environmental pollution
from internet.
● Report Writing Guide Of University of Cambridge:
http://teaching.eng.cam.ac.uk/content/report-writimg-guide.

7.ANNEXES:

Table: List of People Consulted During the visit:

S.N Full name Age Sex Address

1. Susmita Gautam 35 Female Butwal

2. Goneha Shahi 42 Male Bhairahawa

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 3. Pooja Kunwar 38 Female Tilottama
4. Darmesh Pun 60 Male Pharsatikar
5. Sanjog maharjan 65 Male Butwal

❖ List of questions which we asked during the local people of the

visiting area while taking the data:

⮚ What could be the major cause of such pollutions?

⮚ What are the effects of such pollution on people, animals and

environment?
⮚ Aren’t the concerned authorities enough to solve all these
problems?
⮚ Can’t local people themselves take steps to control such
problems?
⮚ What effects are they compelled to face due to such
problems?

 List of photos of major sources of pollution.

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 Fig:- Air pollution

Fig:-Water pollution

Fig:-Soil pollution

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