NATIONAL PARK

BIOSPHERE RESERVE
• (BR) is an international designation by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) for representative parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over
large areas of terrestrial or coastal/marine ecosystems or a combination of both.

• Criteria for Designation of Biosphere Reserve

• A site must contain a protected and minimally disturbed core area of value of nature conservation.
• Core area must be a bio-geographical unit and should be large enough to sustain a viable
populations representing all trophic levels.
• The involvement of local communities and use of their knowledge in biodiversity preservation.
• Areas potential for preservation of traditional tribal or rural modes of living for harmonious use
of the environment.

CORE AREAS BUFFER ZONE TRANSITION ZONE

• It is the most protected area
of a biosphere reserve. It may
contain endemic plants and
animals.
• They conserve the wild
relatives of economic species
and also represent important
genetic reservoirs having
exceptional scientific interest. • It includes restoration,
• A core zone is a protected
region, like a National Park or
Sanctuary/protected/regulated
mostly under the Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972. It is
kept free from human
interference.
• The buffer
zone surrounds the core
zone and its activities are
managed in this area in
the ways that help in the
protection of the core
zone in its natural
condition.
limited tourism, fishing,
grazing, etc; which are
permitted to reduce its
effect on the core zone.
• Research and
educational activities are
to be encouraged
• It is the outermost part of the
biosphere reserve. It is the zone of
cooperation where human ventures
and conservation are done in
harmony.
• It includes settlements, croplands,
managed forests and areas for
intensive recreation and other
economic uses characteristics of the
region.

1|Page For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in

 NATIONAL PARK
NAME OF
YEAR OF
NO. BIOSPHERE LOCATION (STATES)
NOTIFICATION
RESERVE
Part of Wayanad, Nagarhole, Bandipur and Madumalai,
1 Nilgiri 1986 Nilambur, Silent Valley, and Siruvani hills (Tamil Nadu,
Kerala and Karnataka).

Part of Chamoli, Pithoragarh, and Bageshwar districts

2 Nanda Devi 1988
(Uttarakhand).

3 Nokrek 1988 Part of Garo Hills (Meghalaya).

Southernmost islands of Andaman And Nicobar (A&N

4 Great Nicobar 1989
Islands).

The Indian part of the Gulf of Mannar between India

5 Gulf of Mannar 1989
and Sri Lanka (Tamil Nadu).

Part of Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Nalbari,

6 Manas 1989
Kamprup, and Darang districts (Assam).

Part of the delta of Ganges and Brahmaputra river

7 Sunderbans 1989
system (West Bengal).

8 Simlipal 1994 Part of the Mayurbhanj district (Orissa).

9 Dibru-Saikhowa 1997 Part of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia Districts (Assam).

10 Dehang-Dibang 1998 Part of Siang and Dibang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh.

Parts of Betul, Hoshangabad, and Chindwara districts of

11 Pachmarhi 1999
Madhya Pradesh.

12 Khangchendzonga 2000 Parts of Khangchendzonga hills and Sikkim.

Neyyar, Peppara, and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries

13 Agasthyamalai 2001
and their adjoining areas in Kerala.

Achanakamar Covers parts of Anupur and Dindori districts of M.P. and

14 2005
– Amarkantak parts of Bilaspur districts of Chhattishgarh State.

2|Page For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in

 NATIONAL PARK
Part of Kachchh, Rajkot, Surendra Nagar, and Patan Civil
15 Kachchh 2008
Districts of Gujarat State.

Pin Valley National Park and surroundings; Chandratal

16 Cold Desert 2009 and Sarchu & Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary in Himachal
Pradesh.

Seshachalam Hill Ranges covering parts of Chittoor and

17 Seshachalam Hills 2010
Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh.

Part of Panna and Chhattarpur districts in Madhya

18 Panna 2011
Pradesh.

3|Page For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in

 NATIONAL PARK
MAN AND BIOSPHERE PROGRAMME
• Launched in 1971, UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an intergovernmental
scientific programme that aims to establish a scientific basis for the improvement of relationships
between people and their environments.
• MAB combines natural and social
• l sciences, economics and education to improve human livelihoods and the equitable sharing of
benefits, and to safeguard natural and managed ecosystems, thus promoting innovative
approaches to economic development that are socially and culturally appropriate, and
environmentally sustainable

 There are total 11 biosphere reserves of India which have been recognized internationally under
Man and Biosphere Reserve program:
• Nilgiri (First to be included)
• Gulf of Mannar
• Sunderban
• Nanda Devi
• Nokrek
• Pachmarhi
• Similipal
• Achanakmar - Amarkantak
• Great Nicobar
• Agasthyamala
• Khangchendzonga (Added under Man and Biosphere Reserve Program in 2018)

NATIONAL WILDLIFE
BIOSPHERE RESERVE
PARK SANCTUARY

Protection Protection of Reserved for species- Ecosystem oriented-reserves all

type wildlife oriented plant or animal forms of life

Internationally recognized within the

Wildlife framework of UNESCO’s Man and
Legislation Wildlife Protection Act
Protection Act Biosphere (MAB) programme and
nominated by national governments.

4|Page For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in

 NATIONAL PARK
Greater degree
Level of Lesser degree of
of protection Greater Degree of Protection
Protection protection
than sanctuaries

Activities like
grazing, hunting,
Regulation Allowed to a limited
forestry or No interference except in buffer and
of Human extent in the wildlife
cultivation etc. transition zone
Activities sanctuaries
are strictly
prohibited.

Clearly
Boundaries delineated by Not sacrosanct Clearly delineated by legislation
legislation

Upgradatio Cannot be
National Parks and wildlife Sanctuaries
n and downgraded to Can be upgraded to a
may become a part of Biosphere
Downgrad a Wildlife Wildlife Sanctuary
Reserve
ation Sanctuary

Category II of
IUCN Category IV of protected roughly corresponds to IUCN Category V
the protected
Status areas. of protected areas.
areas

Distinction between National park, Sanctuary and Biosphere reserve

NATIONAL PARK SANCTUARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE
i. Habitat for particular wild i. Generally species – i. Hitched to the whole eco
animal species. oriented such as citrus, system i.e. totality of all
ii. In India, most common pitcher plant, etc forms of life i.e. eco
average size is 100- 500 ii. Size range is 0.61 to 7818 system – oriented.
sq km (in about 40 sq km. Most common (in ii. Size range over 5670 sq
percent cases). The about 40 per cent) is 100 km.
general size range is 0.04 – 500 sq km. In 25 per iii. Fixed by legislation
to 3162 sq km. cent, the sizes varies iv. Except the buffer zone,
iii. Boundaries fixed by between 500 and 1000 sq no biotic interference.
legislation. km. v. Normally not permissible
iv. Except the buffer zone , iii. Boundaries are not vi. Managed
no biotic interference sacrosanct. vii. Attention given.
v. Tourism permissible iv. Limited biotic
5|Page For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in
 NATIONAL PARK
vi. Research and scientific interference.
management lacking v. Permissible
vii. So far no attention to vi. Lacking
generous and vii. So far attention
conservation

NATIONAL PARKS IN INDIA

• A national park has more restrictions as compared to a wildlife
sanctuary. Their boundaries are fixed and defined.
• Here, no human activity is allowed. They cannot be downgraded to the
status of a ‘sanctuary’. National parks can be declared both by the
Central Government and State governments.
• National parks in India are IUCN category II protected areas. India’s
first national park was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, now
known as Jim Corbett National Park, Uttrakhand.
Protected Areas of India (As of June 2021)
Coverage % of
No.
Country

NATIONAL PARKS (NPS) 106 1.33

WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES (WLSS) 566 3.72

CONSERVATION RESERVES (CRS) 97 0.14

COMMUNITY RESERVES 214 0.04

PROTECTED AREAS (PAS) 993 5.59 %

6|Page For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in

 NATIONAL PARK
ASSAM
 Manas National Park
 Nameri National Park
 Kaziranga National Park
 Dibru-Saikhowa National Park
 Orang National Park
 Raimona National Park
 Dehing Patkai National Park -> New addition

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

 Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park
 Mount Harriet National Park
 Campbell Bay National Park
 Galathea Bay National Park
 Saddle Peak National Park
 Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve. ...
 North Button Island.
 Middle Button Island.
Uttar Pradesh - Dudhwa national park
Ladakh - Hemis National Park
Goa - Molem Wildlife Sanctuary
Jharkhand - Namdapha National Park, Mouling National Park
Bihar - Valmiki National Park
Nagaland - Ntanki National Park
Sikkim - Khangchendzonga National Park
Andra Pradesh - S.V.National Park, Papikonda National Park, RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL PARK
Arunachal Pradesh - Namdapha National Park, Mouling National Park

JAMMU KASHMIR
 Dachigam National Park
 Kishtwar National Park

7|Page For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in

 NATIONAL PARK
HIMACHAL PRADESH
 Simbalbara National Park
 Pin Valley National Park
 The Great Himalayan National
 Inderkilla National Park
 Khirganga National Park

GUJRAT
 Vansda National Park
 Gir National Park
 Blackbuck National Park
 Gulf of kutch National Park
CHHATTISGARH
 Indravati National Park
 Kanger Ghati National Park
 Guru ghasidas national Park
MADHYA PRADESH
 Satpura Tiger Reserve
 van vihar national park
 sanjay gandhi national park
 panna national park
 Kanha Tiger Reserve
 Madhav National Park
 Mandla Plant Fossils National Park
 Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary
 Bandhavgarh National Park
 Pench National Park

KERALA
 Silent Valley National Park
 Periyar National Park
 Pampadum Shola National Park
 Mathikettan Shola National Park
 Anamudi Chola National Park
 Eravikulam National Park

8|Page For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in

 NATIONAL PARK
KARNATAKA
 Nagarhole National Park
 Kudremukha National Park
 Bannerghatta Biological Park
 Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary
 Anshi National Park
HARYANA
 Sultanpur National Park
 Kalesar National Park
MANIPUR
 Keibul Lamjao National Park
 Shirui kashong National Park
RAJASTHAN
 Sariska Tiger Reserve
 Ranthambore National Park
 Desert National Park
 Keoladeo National Park
 Mukundara Hills National Park
MAHARASHTRA
 Tadoba-Andhari National Park
 Sanjay Gandhi National Park
 Nawegaon Nagzira Tiger Reserve
 Gugamal National Park
 Chandoli National Park
MEGHALAYA
 Nokrek National Park
 Balpakram National Park
WEST BENGAL
 Sundarban National Park
 Singalila National Park
 Neora Valley National Park
 Jaldapara National Park
 Gorumara National Park
 Buxa National Park

9|Page For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in

 NATIONAL PARK
TRIPURA
 Clouded leopard National park
 Bison national park
UTTRAKHAND
 Valley of Flowers National Park
 Nanda Devi National Park
 Rajaji National Park
 Jim Corbett National Park
 Govind Pashu Vihar National Park
 Gangotri National Park
TELANGANA
 Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park
 Mrugavani National Park
 Kasu Brahmanandha Reddy National Park
TAMIL NADU
 Guindy National park
 Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park
 Mudumalai National Park
 Mukurthi National Park
 Indra Gandhi National Park
MIZORAM
 Phawngpui National Park
 Murlen National Park
RIVERS IN THE PROTECTED AREAS
1. Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary – Assam – Brahmaputra River
2. Jim Corbet National Park - UTK- Ramganga River
3. Keoladeo Ghana NP – RJ – Confluence of Gabhir and Banaganga
4. Bandipur – KA- Kabini River(N), Moyar River(S)
5. Silent Valley – Kerala – Kaveri River
6. Valley of Flowers – UTK – Alakananda
7. Rajaji NP- UTK- Ganga River(Susawa)
8. Walmiki NP – Bihar – Gaudak
9. Sultanpur Bird Sanctury – Delhi or UP – Yamuna River
10. Dhudhawa NP –UP- Suheli, Ghagara & Mohana
11. Kisanpur WS- Sharda River
12. Mouling NP-Arunachal Pradesh- Siyom River
10 | P a g e For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in
 NATIONAL PARK
13. Namdhapa NP – AP- Noadihing River
14. Dibru Saikowa NP- Assam- Brahmaputra , Lohit, Dibru
15. Orang NP- Assam – Brahmaputra
16. Jiya-Bharelil- Assam- Nameri
17. Kaziranga NP-Assam- Brahmaputra
18. Manas NP- Assam – Manas
19. Indravati River – Indravati NP- Chhattisgarh
20. Pin Valley N.P. – HP- Pin River
21. Rannay, Kibar Nala, Marwah - Kishtawar NP – J&K
22. Meghna – Sundaram NP – WB
23. Tripui – Morlen NP – Mizoram
24. Simsang – Nokrek NP – Meghalaya
25. Goneshwari – Balapakharam NP – Meghalaya
26. Ken – Panna NP – MP
27. Pench – Pench NP – MP
28. Bhagirathi – Gangotri NP – UTK
29. Neora – Neora NP – WB
30. Torasa – Jaldapara NP – WB
31. Murti, Raidak – Gorumaza NP – WB

11 | P a g e For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in

 NATIONAL PARK

Project Tiger
• launched in April 1973
• administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
• aims at ensuring a viable population of Bengal tigers in their natural
habitats, protecting them from extinction, and preserving areas of
biological importance as a natural heritage forever represented as close
as possible the diversity of ecosystems across the distribution of tigers
in the country.

12 | P a g e For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in

 NATIONAL PARK
• The project’s task force visualized these tiger reserves as breeding
nuclei, from which surplus animals would migrate to adjacent forests.
• The government has set up a Tiger Protection Force to combat poachers
and funded relocation of villagers to minimize human-tiger conflicts.

CONSERVATION RESERVE COMMUNITY RESERVE

• It is an area owned by the • It is a community/private land and
State Government adjacent to members of that community agree to
National Parks and offer such areas for protecting fauna and
sanctuaries for protecting flora.
landscape, seascape and • Recently, Gogabeel, an ox-bow lake in
habitat of fauna and flora. Bihar’s Katihar district, has been declared
• Tiruppadaimarathur as the state’s first ‘Community Reserve’
conservation reserve near
Thirunelveli District of Tamil
Nadu, declared in 2005, is the
first Conservation Reserve in
the country.
Such area is uninhabited but Part of this land is inhabited by community.
used for subsistence by
communities.

SACRED GROVES OF INDIA

• Sacred Groves are patches of forests or natural vegetation – few trees or
forests of several acres – that are usually dedicated to local folk deities
(protected by local communities).
• Notified under Wild Life (Protection), Amendment Act, 2002

13 | P a g e For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in

 NATIONAL PARK
• The degree of sanctity of the sacred forests varies from one grove to
another.
• People believe any kind of disturbances would offend the local deity and
thereby causing natural calamities, diseases of crops.
• For example, the Garo and the Khasi tribes of North-Eastern India
completely prohibit any human interference in the sacred groves.

LOCAL NAME OF SACRED GROVES:

• Kaavuin Malayalam
• Koyil kaaduin Tamil
• Orans in Rajasthan
• Devara kaadu in Karnataka
• Sernasin Madhya Pradesh
• Devarai in Maharashtra

14 | P a g e For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in

 NATIONAL PARK

15 | P a g e For More details Please visit www.insightssb.in