1.

When a caterpillar emerges from the egg on a tree branch, it immediately climbs upward
until it finds a leaf bud to eat. Biologists thought that this behavior displayed an innate
tendency to move in the direction opposite to the pull of gravity. In a recent experiment, a
strong light source was placed at the bottom of a tree, and caterpillars, after hatching,
climbed downward.

Which of the following hypotheses is best supported by the statements given?

A. Caterpillars have an innate tendency to move in the direction of gravity.

B. Newly hatched caterpillars are unable to see in the dark.
C. Newly hatched caterpillars move towards the strongest light source in the environment.
D. Newly hatched caterpillars move toward the leaf bud nearest to them.
E. The eyes of newly hatched caterpillars become less sensitive to light over time.

2. From enlargements that are commonly found on the ulna bones of the forearms of Ice Age
human skeletons, anthropologists have drawn the conclusion that the Ice Age humans
represented by those skeletons frequently hunted by throwing spears. The bone
enlargements, the anthropologists believe, resulted from the stresses of habitual throwing.

Which of the following, if true, would be the LEAST appropriate to use as support for the conclusion
drawn by the anthropologists?

A. Humans typically favor one arm over the other when throwing, and most Ice Age human
skeletons have enlargements on the ulna bone of only one arm.
B. Such enlargements on the ulna bone do not appear on skeletons from other human cultures of
the same time period whose diets are believed to have been mainly vegetarian.
C. Cave paintings dating from approximately the same time period and located not far from where
the skeletons were found show hunters carrying and throwing spears.
D. Damaged bones in the skeletons show evidence of diseases that are believed to have afflicted
most people living during the Ice Age.
E. Twentieth-century athletes who use a throwing motion similar to that of a hunter throwing a
spear often develop enlargements on the ulna bone similar to those detected on the Ice Age
skeletons.

3. Many breakfast cereals are fortified with vitamin supplements. Some of these cereals
provide 100 percent of the recommended daily requirement of vitamins. Nevertheless, a
well-balanced breakfast, including a variety of foods, is a better source of those vitamins
than are such fortified breakfast cereals alone.

Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the position above?

A. In many foods, the natural combination of vitamins with other nutrients makes those vitamins
more usable by the body than are vitamins added in vitamin supplements.
B. People who regularly eat cereals fortified with vitamin supplements sometimes neglect to eat
the foods in which the vitamins occur naturally.
C. Foods often must be fortified with vitamin supplements because naturally occurring vitamins are
removed during processing.
D. Unprocessed cereals are naturally high in several of the vitamins that are usually added to
fortified breakfast cereals.
E. Cereals containing vitamin supplements are no harder to digest than similar cereals without
added vitamins.

4. Many crops can be traded on futures markets before they are ever harvested. If a poor
harvest of oranges is expected, the prices of orange juice futures rise. If a bountiful orange
harvest is expected, then the prices of orange juice futures fall. Over the last month, two
hurricanes have ravaged the orange growing region of Florida, destroying thousands of acres
of orange trees. Despite this fact, experts indicate that the prices of orange juice futures will
fall in the coming weeks.

Which of the following, if true, explains why the experts mentioned above are correct?

A. The two hurricanes took different paths across Florida, affecting separate orange growing
regions.
B. Futures for orange juice are priced higher this year than they were last year.
C. The second hurricane that affected Florida also hit parts of Louisiana.
D. A new report came out this morning that shows harvests of California oranges will be more than
double normal levels due to above average rainfall in that state.
E. Most people who trade orange juice futures do not ever take possession of the orange juice.

5. A publisher is now providing university professors with the option of ordering custom
textbooks for their courses. The professors can edit out those chapters of a book they are
not interested in and add material of their own choosing.

The widespread use of the option mentioned above is LEAST likely to contribute to fulfilling which of
the following educational objectives?

A. Coverage of material relevant to a particular student body’s specific needs

B. Offering advanced elective courses that pursue in-depth investigation of selected topics in a field
C. Ensuring that students nationwide engaged in a specific course of study are uniformly exposed to
a basic set of readings
D. Making the textbooks used in university courses more satisfactory from the individual teacher’s
point of view
E. Keeping students’ interest in a course by offering lively, well-written reading assignments

6. A company has developed a new sensing device that, according to the company's claims,
detects weak, ultralow-frequency electromagnetic signals associated with a beating heart.
These signals, which pass through almost any physical obstruction, are purportedly detected
by the device even at significant distances. Therefore, if the company's claims are true, their
device will radically improve emergency teams' ability to locate quickly people who are
trapped within the wreckage of collapsed buildings.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. People trapped within the wreckage of collapsed buildings usually have serious injuries that
require prompt medical treatment.
B. The device gives a distinctive reading when the signals it detects come from human beings rather
than from any other living beings.
C. Most people who have survived after being trapped in collapsed buildings were rescued within
two hours of the building's collapse.
D. Ultralow-frequency signals are not the only electromagnetic signals that can pass through almost
any physical obstruction.
E. Extensive training is required in order to operate the device effectively.

7. Half of the subjects in an experiment—the experimental group—consumed large quantities

of a popular artificial sweetener. Afterward, this group showed lower cognitive abilities than
did the other half of the subjects—the control group—who did not consume the sweetener.
The detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid that is one of the sweetener's
principal constituents.

Which of the following, if true, would best support the conclusion that some ingredient of the
sweetener was responsible for the experimental results?

A. Most consumers of the sweetener do not consume as much of it as the experimental group
members did.
B. The amino acid referred to in the conclusion is a component of all proteins, some of which must
be consumed for adequate nutrition.
C. The quantity of the sweetener consumed by individuals in the experimental group is considered
safe by federal food regulators.
D. The two groups of subjects were evenly matched with regard to cognitive abilities prior to the
experiment.
E. A second experiment in which subjects consumed large quantities of the sweetener lacked a
control group of subjects who were not given the sweetener.

8. Loss of the Gocha mangrove forests has caused coastal erosion, reducing fish populations
and requiring the Gocha Fishing Cooperative (GFC) to partially fund dredging and new shore
facilities. However, as part of its subsidiary businesses, the GFC has now invested in a
program to replant significant parts of the coast with mangrove trees. Given income from a
controlled harvest of wood with continuing replanting, the mangrove regeneration effort
makes it more likely that the cooperative will increase its net income.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that mangrove replanting will
increase the Gocha cooperative's net income?

A. The cost of dredging and shore facilities was shared with the local government.
B. The GFC will be able to hire local workers to assist with the mangrove replanting.
C. The GFC derives 10 percent of its revenue from salt-production facilities in an area previously
cleared of mangroves.
D. Mangrove forests tend to increase the commercial fish populations in coastal fishing grounds.
E. A controlled harvesting of mangrove wood by the GFC would have little effect on coastal erosion.

9. Paper&Print is a chain of British stores selling magazines, books, and stationery products. In
Britain, magazines' retail prices are set by publishers, and the retailer's share of a magazine's
retail price is 25 percent. Since Paper&Print's margin on books and stationery products is
much higher, the chain's management plans to devote more of its stores' shelf space to
books and stationery products and reduce the number of magazine titles that its stores carry.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly argues that the plan, if put into effect, will not increase
Paper&Print's profits?

A. Recently magazine publishers, seeking to increase share in competitive sectors of the market,
have been competitively cutting the retail prices of some of the largest circulation magazines.
B. In market research surveys, few consumers identify Paper&Print as a book or stationery store but
many recognize and value the broad range of magazines it carries.
C. The publisher's share of a magazine's retail price is 50 percent, and the publisher also retains all
of the magazine's advertising revenue.
D. Consumers who subscribe to a magazine generally pay less per issue than they would if they
bought the magazine through a retail outlet such as Paper&Print.
E. Some of Paper& Print's locations are in small towns and represent the only retail outlet for books
within the community.

10. Paint on a new airliner is usually applied in two stages: first, a coat of primer, and then a top
coat. A new process requires no primer, but instead uses two layers of the same newly
developed coating, with each layer of the new coating having the same thickness and weight
as a traditional top coat. Using the new process instead of the old process increases the price
of a new aircraft considerably.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly indicates that it is in an airline's long-term economic
interest to purchase new airliners painted using the new process rather than the old process?

A. Although most new airliners are still painted using the old process, aircraft manufacturers now
offer a purchaser of any new airliner the option of having it painted using the new process
instead.
B. A layer of primer on an airliner weighs more than a layer of the new coating would by an amount
large enough to make a difference to that airliner's load-bearing capacity.
C. A single layer of the new coating provides the aluminum skin of the airliner with less protection
against corrosion than does a layer of primer of the usual thickness.
D. Unlike the old process, the new process was originally invented for use on spacecraft, which are
subject to extremes of temperature to which airliners are never exposed.
E. Because the new coating has a viscosity similar to that of a traditional top coat, aircraft
manufacturers can apply it using the same equipment as is used for a traditional top coat.