Local

Consumption of vegetables may contribute to alleviating the double burden of malnutrition,

which is widespread among adolescents. The nutrient intakes from the vegetables consumed
and the BMI category of in-school adolescents in urban and rural areas in Davao City,
Philippines. Self-reported vegetable consumption was collected from the respondents, and the
corresponding nutrient intakes were calculated using the USDA food composition tables. The
BMI of the participating adolescents was also measured.The nutrient intakes from vegetables
consumed by adolescents from urban households were generally higher. The findings highlight
the contribution of vegetables to the nutrient intakes in the adolescent population. The need
for targeted dietary guidelines and further promotion of vegetables, especially indigenous ones,
to improve the nutritional status of adolescents in the Philippines.

Source: Miko Mariz C. Castro & Kriza Faye Calumba, “ Association between nutrient intake from
vegetables and BMI category of in-school adolescents in urban and rural areas in Davao City,
Philippines,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368722068_Association_between_nutrient_intake_f
rom_vegetables_and_BMI_category_of_in-
school_adolescents_in_urban_and_rural_areas_in_Davao_City_Philippines, (2023)
Foreign

Eating outside the three main meals – in other words, snacking – is a part of the dietary pattern
of individuals in all stages of life. The quality and pattern of snacking have an impact on health
during the life span. Thus, the aim of this review was to evaluate various patterns and health
outcomes of the snacking habits of different demographical groups, from children to the elderly,
throughout their life span. We discuss the snacking pattern among children and adolescents,
which is characterized by consuming high energy foods with low nutrient value, and which is
associated with increased risk of obesity

Source: Noha M. Almoraie, Snacking patterns throughout the life span: potential implications on
health, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2021.05.001 (2021)
Foreign
The effects of eating habits on increased BMI were analyzed. Of 2259 subjects included in the
analyses, 322 were overweight or obese and 1937 had normal and thin BMI. Multivariate
analyses identified male gender, recent weight change, and high number of meals as
independent predictors of obesity/overweight. Frequent consumptions of beer, alcoholic drinks
other than beer and wine (e.g., spirits including whisky, gin, raki, vodka), coffee, tea, coke, red
meat, variety meat, and eggs were associated with a significantly higher risk of
obesity/overweight, whereas frequent consumption of snacks was associated with a low risk.

Source: Hongwei Wang, “Eating Habits and a High Body Mass Index”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351748075_AN_APPLICATION_OF_ORDIANL_LOGIST
IC_REGRESSION_MODEL_TO_A_HEALTH_SURVEY_IN_A_HISPANIC_UNIVERSITY, (2016)
Foreign
Eating behaviors, including unhealthy snacking or excessive snacking leading to excess calorie
consumption, may contribute to obesity among adolescents. Socioeconomic status (SES) also
significantly influences eating behaviors, and low SES is associated with increased risk for
obesity. However, little is known regarding the relationship between snacking behavior and SES
among adolescents and how this may contribute to obesity-related outcomes. The prevalence
of overweight (OW) and obesity (OB) varies throughout the world, with high-income nations
having a higher prevalence of OW/OB relative to low-income nations, and differential impacts
experienced by persons of various racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds. This presents a
global public health issue that needs to be addressed, as 50% of school-aged children with
obesity continue to have obesity into adulthood. Excess adiposity can result in an increased
risk for cardiometabolic diseases, some types of cancer, and psychological effects such as
major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders.

Additionally, these dietary patterns seemed to differ by sex and income type of country. Finally,
only t the included addressed weight-related outcomes, but the overall available evidence
suggests that snacking does not significantly affect weight-related outcomes.

Source: Victoria Guazzelli Williamson et.al. , “ Socioeconomic Status on Snacking and Weight
among Adolescents”,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338497260_The_Influence_of_Socioeconomic_Statu
s_on_Snacking_and_Weight_among_Adolescents_A_Scoping_Review”, (2019)
The body mass index (BMI) is the metric currently in use for defining anthropometric
height/weight characteristics in adults and for classifying (categorizing) them into groups. The
common interpretation is that it represents an index of an individual’s fatness. It also is widely
used as a risk factor for the development of or the prevalence of several health issues. In
addition, it is widely used in determining public health policies.The BMI has been useful in
population-based studies by virtue of its wide acceptance in defining specific categories of body
mass as a health issue. However, it is increasingly clear that BMI is a rather poor indicator of
percent of body fat. Importantly, the BMI also does not capture information on the mass of fat
in different body sites. The latter is related not only to untoward health issues but to social
issues as well. Lastly, current evidence indicates there is a wide range of BMIs over which
mortality risk is modest, and this is age related. All of these issues are discussed in this brief
review.

Body fatness has been an important psychosocial issue among humans for millennia. It is clearly
manifested by paleolithic statuettes of exceedingly plump women. This suggests being “full
figured” was highly desirable at least for women. In contrast, images of obese people, males or
females, are never exhibited in ancient Egyptian funerary wall paintings, stellae, or statues
suggesting that fatness was not considered to be a desirable trait there. This also is the case in
artifacts from other cultures in the Middle East in that era. Why the degree of fatness has varied
in different cultures is not clear. However, it may have depended on the availability of a reliable
food supply and the effort required in obtaining it.

Source: Frank Q..“ Body Mass Index Obesity, BMI, and HealthA Critical Review”
https://journals.lww.com/nutritiontodayonline/fulltext/2015/05000/
body_mass_index__obesity,_bmi,_and_health__a.5.aspx, (2015)