MIZAN-TEPI UNIVERSITY

TEPI CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING
SEMESTER PROJECT (POWER STREAM)

TITLE:-DESIGN STANDBY SOLAR-BIOMASS SYSTEMFOR TEPI

CAMPUS CENTRAL LIBRARY

GROUP NAME ID

1) BELETE YEMATAW………WDU111587

2) MULUKEN YESHAMBEL….WDU112211

3) ABRAHAM JEMBERU…….WDU112392

ADVISOR: Mr. ABDULFATAH M.

JUNE, 2022G.C

TEPI, ETHIOPIA
 DECLARATION
We are declare that this project is the original work of us, has not been submitted earlier either to
this or any other universities, and all sources of materials used for the project have been fully
acknowledged.

Name of Students Signature Date

1) Belete Yemataw ____________ ___________

2) Muluken Yeshambel ____________ ___________

3) Abraham Jemberu _____________ ___________

Advisor Approval

The project has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.

Name of advisor Signature Date

Mr.Abdulfatah M _________________ _________________

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all we would like to thank MTU-TEPI CAMPUS and school of electrical and computer
engineering secondly, we like to thanks our adviser MSc.Abdulfatah M for his continuous
supportive and advise.at the last but not least we would like to acknowledge our staff for their
giving us additional information. Thirdly, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to
national metrology and solar agency of Tepi branch and Tepi campus student cafteria for giving
us proper data for finalizing this project.

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 ABSTRACT

This project presents a model, design and simulation of hybrid solar/biomass system for loads in
Tepi campus central library according to their energy requirements. The hybrid system is
optimally sized to be economical and profitable in the case of cost and continuity of usage of
electric power. The results show that the sizing of hybrid system depends on the load data, the
solar resource data. Availability of biomass resource and the investment cost of system
components is found that, providing electricity to library using hybrid system is very useful and
economical, especially as Tepi campus central library working for a long time than any other
staff. The development standby hybrid solar biomass system is useful, because of future world
climate is changed to desert that will reduce the content of hydroelectric power parallel to this
the radiation of sun will be increased. Hybrid systems have also the advantage of maintaining a
clean environment by reducing the need for fossil-fuel generator. Compared to a fossil fuel
generator, stand by hybrid solar/biomass system remove greenhouse gas emissions. The
proposed standby hybrid system has a least cost of electricity, $0.153/kWh and the annual
electric production of the system is 114MWh/yr

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 ACRONYMS

AC Alternating Current

BESS Battery Energy Storage System

CC Cycle Charging

DC Direct Current

ESS Energy Storage System

HOMER Hybrid Optimization Modeling software for Electric Renewable energy

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Surface meteorology and Solar Energy

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

PF Power Factor

RES Renewable Energy Sources

STC Standard Test Conditions

US$ United State Dollar

PV photo voltaic

MTU Mizan Tepi University

NMSA national meteorological solar agency

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 Table of Contents
DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................................ii

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iii

ACRONYMS..................................................................................................................................iv

LIST OF FIGURE.......................................................................................................................v

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1

1.1Background.............................................................................................................................1

1.2 Hybrid system........................................................................................................................2

1.3 Statement of the problem.......................................................................................................2

1.4. Objectives of the project.......................................................................................................3

1.4.1 General objective............................................................................................................3

1.4.2 Specific objective............................................................................................................3

1.5 Scope of the project...............................................................................................................3

1.6 Methodology of the project...................................................................................................3

1.7. Significance of the study......................................................................................................5

1.8. Motivation.............................................................................................................................5

1.9. Outline of the project............................................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................6

LETERATURE REVEIW...............................................................................................................6

CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................................9

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION.....................................................................................................9

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 3.1 Proposed system block diagram............................................................................................9

3.1.1 Components description.................................................................................................9

3.3 Biomass system...................................................................................................................12

3.3.1 Anaerobic Digestion Technology.................................................................................13

3.3.1 Design of Waste digester..............................................................................................15

3.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion process........................................................................................17

3.3.3 Factor Affecting Anaerobic Digestion Efficiency........................................................19

3.3.4 Advantage of biogas as a fuel.......................................................................................20

3.5 Designs Considerations.......................................................................................................21

3.5.1 Digester volume consideration.....................................................................................21

3.5.2 Amount of fertilizer expected form food waste biogas plants......................................21

CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................23

SYSTEM DESIGN AND SIMULATION....................................................................................23

4.1. Energy Demand Profile..........................................................................................................23

4.1.1 Solar energy resource assessment of Tepi town...........................................................24

4.1.2 Modeling daily solar radiation......................................................................................25

4.2 Radiation Data from NASA.................................................................................................29

4.3 Solar PV system design.......................................................................................................31

4.4 Biomass system sizing and design.......................................................................................33

4.5. Homer Simulation result.....................................................................................................33

4.5.1 Component assessment.................................................................................................33

4.4.1 Biomass availability......................................................................................................34

4.5.2 Dispatch strategy..........................................................................................................37

4.5.3 Optimization result.......................................................................................................38

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CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................46

CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................46

RECOMMENDATION.................................................................................................................47

REFERENCE................................................................................................................................48

Appendix A....................................................................................................................................50

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LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1. 1 Map of MTU-Tepi campus...........................................................................................1

Figure 1. 2 flow chart of methodology............................................................................................4

Figure 3. 1 Block diagram of the system.........................................................................................9

Figure 3. 2 PV cell, module and array...........................................................................................10
Figure 3. 3 food waste...................................................................................................................13
Figure 3. 4 biological reaction step of anaerobic digestion [18]...................................................14
Figure 3. 5 Covered Anaerobic Lagoon (Schumacher, 2009).......................................................15
Figure 3. 6 Plug Flow Digester (Schumacher, 2009)....................................................................16
Figure 3. 7 Total Mixed Digester (Burke, 2001)...........................................................................17

Figure 4. 1 MTU-Tepi campus Library location...........................................................................23

Figure 4. 2 Data compression of global solar radiation of NMSA and NASA.............................30
Figure 4. 3 overall system simulation diagram..............................................................................33
Figure 4. 4 Overall optimization result..........................................................................................39
Figure 4. 5 Categorized simulation result......................................................................................40
Figure 4. 6 cash flow....................................................................................................................41
Figure 4. 7 monthly electrical production......................................................................................42
Figure 4.8 net present and annual cost...........................................................................................43
Figure 4. 9 system architecture......................................................................................................44
Figure 4. 10 inverter and rectifier output.......................................................................................45

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 LIST OF TABLE
Table 4. 1 loads available in Tepi campus central library.............................................................24
Table 4. 2 Average monthly sunshine hours of Tepi.....................................................................25
Table 4. 3 Recommended average days for months and the declination angle.............................27
Table 4. 4 Average solar irradiation in KWh/m2/d of Tepi campus central library......................28
Table 4. 5 daily radiation of Tepi town.........................................................................................29
Table 4. 6 Data compression of global solar radiation of NMSA and NASA..............................30
Table 4. 7 Daily Waste Abundance in Tepi campus.....................................................................34
Table 4. 8 monthly food waste from student’s cafeteria per tone.................................................35
Table 4. 9 conversion of daily food waste (tone) to energy (KWh)..............................................36
Table 4. 10 size and cost of the system.........................................................................................38

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background

Hybrid solar biomass system combining solar and biomass with a bank of batteries, which is
included for backup purposes. Power conditioning units, such as converters, are also a part of the
supply system. It is understood that a solar/biomass hybrid system has numerous advantages.
One of the advantages is reliability; when solar and biomass power production resources are used
together, reliability is improved and the system's energy service is enhanced. What this means is
that in the absence of one type of energy another would be available to carry out the service, and,
as a result the size of the battery storage can be reduced. Other advantages are the stability and
immobility of the system for solar PV system and a lower maintenance requirement, thus
reducing downtime during repairs or routine maintenance. In addition to this, as well as being
indigenous and free, renewable energy resources also contribute to the reduction of emissions
and pollution. The operational concept of the hybrid system is that renewable resources are the
first choice for supplying load and any excess energy produced is stored in the battery. Electronic
controller circuitry is used to manage energy supply and load demand.

Figure 1. 1 Map of MTU-Tepi campus

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1.2 Hybrid system

In Tepi campus central library most works need power supply but the power delivered from
utility is sometimes interruptible mainly due to rain and some unconditional situtions. It requires
electricity for most common loads such as lighting, computer, and security camera. This standby
hybrid system has an advantage over diesel generator in case of running cost. Hybrid system are
usually a combination of photovoltaic with wind turbine and/or generators running on diesel or
bio fuels is also used power generated by the hybrid system in the battery bank through an
energy managers, which controls the complete system. Diesel generators are expensive to run
and may also require frequent maintenance support. A hybrid of solar and other renewable
technologies, coupled with a diesel generators. The resultant hybrid system thus offers an
optional solution at substantially cost. Hybridization of solar PV with biomass combines two
energy sources that complement each other, both seasonally and diurnally, to overcome their
individual drawbacks. During the day the sun’s rays can be harnessed by solar panel and biomass
from food waste can be utilized as a supplementary fuel to achieve constant base load operation.
Hybrid plant studies in the literature have been primarily focused on the levelized cost of
electricity. With electricity, fertilizer and waste management as an output. As indicated, the
concept of energy has been widely adopted in the power generation sector, but no assessment of
hybrid solar-biomass systems has been made. A range of hybrid solar-biomass applications and
the resulting drawbacks and benefits for varying levels of hybridization have not been
thoroughly investigated.

1.3 Statement of the problem

It is obvious when power interrupted from the source , electrical apparatus like computers,
lighting, and other equipment’s stops their work .The above problem are also sometimes
happening in Tepi campus. For library it is very difficult because students are in reading so, to
solve this problem the university has to turn ON fuel generator which is coasty and
environmentally unfriend because it increase greenhouse gas and it is noisy. So as to solve this
problems we try to design standby hybrid solar-biomass system.

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1.4. Objectives of the project

1.4.1 General objective

• Design Standby Hybrid Solar-Biomass System for Tepi campus Central Library.

1.4.2 Specific objective

 Determine the food waste and solar capacity of Tepi campus.

 Determine the load consumption of Tepi campus central library.

 Ass sunshine hour and solar radiation from NMSA and NASA.

 Convert sunshine hour to sun radiation by using Angstrom formula and compare with sun
radiation taken from NASA.

 Design the size of PV module, Battery and inverter based on power consumption.

 Modeling and simulating the system to evaluate overall system performance using
HOMER software.

1.5 Scope of the project

This project is aimed to generate available DC electric power from PV system and AC power
from biomass and hybridizing this two for Tepi campus central library and focusing on the
selection of solar panel size, storage battery, inverter sizing and will be tried to estimate the cost
of this electrical material this standby system will fully supply power for loads in Tepi campus.

1.6 Methodology of the project

Data collection for this project different types of data are collected in different place. The first
data is sunshine data which is collected from national meteorological agency of Ethiopia
(NMSA) Tepi branch. The second is also sunshine data from NASA weather site for Tepi town.
The third one is food waste measurement from Tepi campus student cafteria. The fourth and the
last one is assessment of load, which is taken from Tepi campus central library

Literature review: after the data is collected the next step was reviewing the literature of different
authors who are doing there thesis and project on solar system, biomass system or hybrid of the two.

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Data Analysis: after reviewing the literature the data is analyzed based on the collected data. This
means data collected from NMSA and Tepi campus cafteria should be analyzed to meet the load
of library.

Design work: in this section design of PV, battery and inverter of the system are discussed. Also
simulations of the calculated setting values, cost and loses in the system are discussed .

result and discussion design is made based on relevant data analysis this data will simulated by
homer software after comparing the design and software results result discussion will be made.
The following flow chart will depict the methodology of the system.

Figure 1. 2 flow chart of methodology

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1.7. Significance of the study

Since the objective of this project is designing a reliable standby hybrid system for Tepi campus
central library, it is expected to supply reliable and uninterruptable power. And also by reducing
the need for fossil-fuel generation, stand by hybrid system reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

1.8. Motivation

In Tepi campus there is excessive food waste around the cafeteria and lounge that is not usable
and create bad smell and also there is high percentage abundance of solar irradiation in Tepi
town as it is tested in homer software. The presence of the above situation will lead to the
development of this project.

1.9. Outline of the project

The work contains 5 chapters. In this chapter, the motivation behind the work has been
presented, and the next chapters are organized as follows:

Chapter 2: gives a short introduction to the concept of standby hybrid solar/biomass system
which is written by different authors.

Chapter 3: proposes a system model, design and distribution analysis.

Chapter 4: main design and simulation using HOMER software that is used to evaluate
different cases for the production system configuration. An explanation on the simulation
methods and settings for the simulations are provided.

Chapter 5: gives the conclusion and suggestions for further work.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LETERATURE REVEIW
There is no previous work on Tepi campus central library regard to hybrid solar biomass system
but this paper try to compile the different view stated by different authors about hybrid solar
biomass system in different place.

Albert H.P.N. Munthe, 2009 [11], has proposed hybrid renewable energy system for Ikem
(Nigeria) consists of PV array, biomass combustion sterling engines and batteries. As he wrote
on his research after he proposed hybrid PV and Biomass generating unit for Ikem. He looked at
steady state and dynamic characteristics of designed system to see coordination of the generators
due to the control system and situation when load fluctuates respectively using Matlab software.
According to his discussion the continuity supply of renewable energy resources is sufficient and
the performance of the whole hybrid renewable energy system is good. However the result, cost
is high because of the battery and there is deforestation because of the Biomass.

Xuereb,1997[6], has states that in the modern age after the discovery of methane emissions,
people started to collect the natural biogas and used it as fuel basically for lighting.
Industrialization of anaerobic digestion began in 1859 in Bombay while in England they used
biogas to fuel street lamps. However, it took until the end of the 19 th century until anaerobic
digestion was applied for the treatment of wastewater and solid waste. In Europe itself,
development of anaerobic digestion has been carried out.

Linn Solheim, 2013[7], has said that solar power is a viable and sustainable way to ensure
electricity supply. Although the system with a diesel backup generator was the most reliable, it
was also the most expensive, and it was decided that the optimal solution for the complex was
the system without backup. However, due to great seasonal variations in irradiation, a system
based solely on solar power is bound to be either over-dimensioned for the dry season with high
irradiation resulting in high amounts of excess electricity, or under-dimensioned for the rainy
season with high amount of unmet load in this period. One of the arguments for choosing the
system without backup, was the possibility of including a biomass based generator in the system.
This possibility was investigated by the author in her specialization project, where it was
concluded that including a biomass generator in a hybrid micro grid compared to increasing the

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PV-battery system in order to achieve a higher reliability in the rainy season is the optimal
solution regarding both technical and economic aspects.

Siddhartha Gobina, 2012 [12], designs standalone solar, wind and Biomass hybrid power
system to meet the load demand of the village at Sagar Island using genetic algorism. The
decision variables he considered for this optimization processes are numbers of pv-panels,
numbers of wind turbines and capacity of biomass generator. The monthly average solar
radiation and wind speed of the study area are converted in to hourly solar irradiance and hub
height speed; here minimum values are considered for optimization process. This writer also tries
to compares per unit energy cost and co2 emission of Biomass generator and diesel generator.
Finally research results indicates hybrid power system considering Biomass has minimum per
unit energy cost and less co2 emission as compared to diesel generator consisting hybrid power
system. Biomass is economically feasible but in this paper the Biomass is wood so still it
facilitates deforestation.

Melaku matiwos, 2014[13] doing his master thesis on Fuzzy Logic Controller based hybrid
renewable power generation for Barsoma(Oromia, Ethiopia) by assessing both solar and biomass
capacity of Barsoma woreda. He proposed a system to generate electricity. Bio-mass is one of
the hybrid components where the waste of Coffee husk was the main source of bio-fuel for the
dual-generator, environmental pollution from by-product of coffee will be decreased. Finally in
his paper Fuzzy Logic controller Based solar/Micro-hydro/Bio-mass Hybrid Renewable power
generating system was designed to solve the scarcity of electricity and coffee husk
environmental pollution of study Woreda.

Adisu Teshale, 2012 [14], in his thesis a solar/wind energy powered irrigation system was
modeled using Matlab/Simulink. Diesel generator is used as a standby power source. The control
system in this thesis is based on Fuzzy logic control system. The intelligent control system was
used to decide intelligent decision. By sensing the type and amount of resource available, then it
selects the appropriate alternative source. Accordingly the possible power source can be solar
energy alone, wind turbine alone, hybrid of the two or diesel generator.

Zelalem Girma et al., 2013 [15], this study aims, to explore techno economic analysis of
electrifying werder district (Somali region) with hybrid renewable energy. The software
HOMER was used in this study to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of various

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hybrid energy alternatives to this village. The economic analysis compares the levelized cost of
electricity generation for the three option; wind/PV/diesel generator, diesel generator only
system and national grid extension. The levelized cost focusing on the elements causing
differences such as fuel price, PV modules, with battery or generator rather than the elements
that are similar across the technology choices. The finding indicate that photovoltaic/wind/diesel
generator hybrid system was feasible systems based on some important parameters such as high
renewable penetration, less annual diesel consumption, less carbon dioxide emission, less unmet
load, less capacity shortage and cost of energy, but still diesel is considered which it has to be
ignored for the sake of the environment and fuel cost.

Lau et al. 2010 [16] analyzed the case of a remote residential area in Malaysia and used
HOMER to analyses the economic viability of a hybrid system. The study uses a hypothetical
case of 40 households with a peak demand of 2 kW. The peak demand is 80kW and the base
demand of around 30 kW is considered in the analysis. Although such high rural demand can be
typical for Malaysian conditions, it is certainly not true for others. The study also does not
consider any productive use of electricity.

From the researcher stated above all use either of the combination of solar and biomass or wind
and solar or hybrid of three. But in this project we use the combination of solar and biomass as
standby system for Tepi campus central library. This system configuration is best due to the
excess biomass availability of food waste and solar radiation in JIT. In addition most of the
researcher revised above use HOMER software and almost all of them deducted there study is
feasible.so HOMER software is selected for the purpose of feasibility assessment.

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 CHAPTER THREE
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

3.1 Proposed system block diagram

Figure 3. 1 Block diagram of the system

3.1.1 Components description

1. Solar panel

Solar panels produce electricity from sunlight. The first solar panel-powered satellite was
launched in 1958 by Hoffman Electronics. A solar panel consists of number of photovoltaic solar
cells connected in series and parallel. One module usually consists of 36 to 72 cells these cells
are made up of at least two layers of semiconductor material. One layer has a positive charge; the
other has a negative charge. When sunlight strikes the solar panel, photons from the light are
absorbed by the semiconductor atoms, which then release electrons. The electrons, flowing from
the negative layer (n-type) of semiconductor, flow to the positive layer (p-type), producing an
electrical current. Since the electric current flows in one direction, the electricity generated is
DC.

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 Figure 3. 2 PV cell, module and array
Types of solar PV module: there are four common types of modules. These are:-

 Single crystalline or mono crystalline

 Multi- or poly-crystalline
 Amorphous silicon.
 thin film

Table 3. 1efficiency of different type of PV cells

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2. Battery Bank

Battery energy storage systems are the most common type of energy storage in micro grids and
are essential for efficiently utilizing the energy produced by intermittent energy sources such as
PV. Batteries convert electrical energy into chemical energy which is stored and converted back
into electrical energy when needed. There is currently a significant development occurring in
battery technology, but deep-cycle lead-acid batteries are still the most common due to its low
cost and high efficiency. A bidirectional DC-DC charge controller controls the power flow to
and from the battery.

3. Biomass Generator

Compared to other renewable energy sources such as PV and wind power, a clear advantage of
biomass is that it can be stored in solid, liquid or gaseous form which allows for easy regulation
and dispatch. Combustion of biomass is often used in large scale applications to run steam
turbines that product electricity or combined heat and power. The efficiency of power generation
through steam turbines is highly dependent on the scale of the plant. Large-scale applications of
biomass steam turbines are common, and efficiencies in steam turbines with power outputs of
10-50 MW range from 18-33 % [9]. Small-scale applications are still rare due to low efficiency.
The technology of choice is normally bio digestion to produce biogas that can be used as fuel in
a generator.

4. Inverter

Solar panel generates dc electricity but most of the household and industrial appliances need ac
current. Inverter converts the dc current of panel or battery to the ac current. We can divide the
inverter into two categories.

 Stand alone and

 grid interactive

A DC-AC power inverter converts power from DC to AC at system frequency and voltage and
are necessary in systems with DC power or high-frequency AC power production supplying AC
loads. The conversion efficiency of an inverter varies with the power output relative to its
maximum rating. Every inverter has a point of maximum efficiency, which usually lies at
between 20 and 30 percent of the maximum rating of the inverter. Typical peak efficiencies vary

11
from about 92 % to 96 %. An inverter will normally have relatively low conversion efficiency at
low power outputs, increasing until it reaches its peak efficiency point. At power outputs higher
than this point, the efficiency normally remains relatively stable [53]. The efficiency curve of a
given inverter will depend on its maximum power rating, rated efficiency and the no-load
consumption of the inverter.

5. Charge controller

When battery is included in a system, the necessity of charge controller comes forward. A charge
controller controls the uncertain voltage build up. In a bright sunny day the solar cells produce
more voltage that can lead to battery damage. A charge controller helps to maintain the balance
in charging the battery. This energy is more than enough to generate what we need to generate
for library.

6. Power controller

Power controller is which control the power generated from biomass to deliver power to the load
or consumer and while it adequate it transfer power to the battery.

3.3 Biomass system

Food waste when subjected to the action of microorganism in closed tanks under anaerobic
condition, undergoes a types of fermentations .as a result food waste is converted to bio gas
which is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and minute quantity of other gases. A slurry rich
combined nitrogen is also obtained which is used as fertilizer of agricultural lands. The gas is
highly flammable and very useful as fuel under the name biomass or Gabor gas.

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 Figure 3. 3 food waste

The biogas generator consist of steel, digester waste in and set underground by cement concrete
work. The tank is closed one, receiving the charge of bacteria and the food waste. The generator
is connected to the pipeline with the gas holder which made up of mild steel. The charge consist
of food waste and water in the form of slurry.

Biomass can be utilized by direct combustion, anaerobic digestion, Biogas, Biomass gasification
and Ethanol production. Reasons for selecting anaerobic digestion techniques are:-

1. Relatively cheaper option for small scale industries,

2. More efficient than traditional,

3. Environmental benefits as CO2 gas is reduced,

4. Time Savings for Collection of Fuel.

There are different types of digester but Fixed Dom digester can be used because of Low
construction cost, local availability of needed building material, reduced maintenance cost and
it’s hidden under ground structure.

3.3.1 Anaerobic Digestion Technology

Anaerobic digestion has slowly received people’s attention throughout worldwide. It is a

process by which almost any organic waste can be biologically transformed into another form
in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion is one of the promising technologies which
convert the waste into both biogas and odor-free residues rich in nutrients which can be used as
fertilizers.

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 Figure 3. 4 biological reaction step of anaerobic digestion [18]
In these conditions, the understanding of the chemical and biological processes acting together is
extremely difficult. Utilizing a single stage reduces construction costs, however facilitates less
control of the reactions occurring within the system. Acetogenic bacteria, through the production
of acids, reduce the pH of the tank. Methanogenic bacteria, as outlined earlier, operate in a
strictly defined pH range. Therefore the biological reactions of the different species in a single
stage reactor can be in direct competition with each other.

Construction

Biogas is produced as a result of anaerobic decomposition of biomass in the presence of water.

This is a brick and cement structure having the following five sections.

1. Mixing tank present above the ground level.

2. Inlet chamber: The mixing tank opens underground into a sloping inlet chamber.

3. Digester: The inlet chamber opens from below into the digester which is a huge tank with a
dome like ceiling. The ceiling of the digester has an outlet with a valve for the supply of biogas.

4. Outlet chamber: The digester opens from below into an outlet chamber.
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5. Overflow tank: The outlet chamber opens from the top into a small over flow tank.

3.3.1 Design of Waste digester

In anaerobic digester there is several type mechanical building of digesters. The three major
types of anaerobic digesters are covered anaerobic lagoons, plug flow digesters and complete
mixed digester.

a) Covered anaerobic lagoons

Anaerobic lagoons are ponds which are covered. Feedstock is fed at one end and the residue is
removed from another end (Burke, 2001). Nelson and Lamb (2002) who carried out a project in
Minnesota mentioned covered lagoon digesters are used for liquid manure (less than 2 percent
solids) and require large-volume lagoons.

The Figure 3.5 shows how a covered anaerobic lagoon looks like. Typically, this type of
digester is used to generate and collect biogas from manure. Basically, a covered anaerobic
lagoon usually used to generate and collect biogas from manure. A plastic with impermeability
cover used to collect the gas which is produced (Nelson et al., 2002). This type of digester is
widely used for swine or dairy operations with a flush system to transport the manure.
However, this method has some drawbacks including low rate of reaction from solid to gas as
the reaction temperature is low. Besides, the solids tend to coagulate to the bottom of the
digester, thus less contact between the bacteria and feed occurs. Consequently, no mixing
occurs since the lagoon is closed and higher energy is used to screen out the solids which
can causes hygienic problems. This method has been widely applied in cold climate countries.
Nevertheless, applying covered anaerobic lagoons needs a very low expenses and easier to be
set.

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 Figure 3. 5 Covered Anaerobic Lagoon (Schumacher, 2009).

b) Plug Flow Digester

In plug flow digester, a long tubular digester is used. Waste is moved from one end to another
end. At the end of the digester, the waste is digested fully and more feedstock will be
introduced from the front (Lazarus, 2009). Their ability is associated with feedstock which
has higher solid content. Typically, a solid content of 11 % to 14 % is used such as cow
manure. In this digester, solid could not stay longer in the solution and hence yielding lower
digestion (Schanbacher, 2009). Figure 2.8 shows a design of plug flow digester. This type
digester requires less maintenance as fewer moving parts are available. Plug flow digester can
be fixed either vertically or horizontally, horizontal direction is more preferred. Since there is
no simple manner of removing the solids, the reactor should be shut down throughout
the cleaning period. The cost of cleaning can be considerable. Since the plug flow digester is
a growth based system, it is less efficient than a retained biomass system. The amount of
gas which is converted from waste is small. The plug flow reactor is a simple yet economical
system.

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 Figure 3. 6 Plug Flow Digester (Schumacher, 2009).
c) Total Mixed Digester
In this system, all the animal waste or other are combined together into one single tank and an
agitation system is introduced to mix the content while it is being digested. Variety of gas
mixer can be used such as the mechanical mixers, and draft tubes with mechanical mixers or
simply recirculation pumps (Burke, 2001). The most efficient one would be in terms of
power consumed per gallon mixed is the mechanical mixer. Vandevivere et al. (2002) stated
that this system is suitable for handling manure with 3 % to 10 % solids and they can be more
expensive than plug flow digester. A flush system is fixed to collect the remaining residue as
shown in Figure 2.9. Usually, process manure will be heated above or below ground. This
process is widely used in industries to convert waste into gas (Nelson et al., 2002). The amount
of floating materials present caused the cost of mixing to be high. The advantage of the
completely mixed reactor is that it is a proven technology that achieves reasonable conversion
of solids to gas.

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 Figure 3. 7 Total Mixed Digester (Burke, 2001).

3.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion process

The application of anaerobic digestion is due to its purpose to reduce and stabilize solid waste.
Until now, anaerobic digestion has been developed and being practiced until these days.

Anaerobic digestion with its name is recognized as biodegradation of organic materials

proceeds in the absence of oxygen. As mentioned earlier, the biogas produced from
anaerobic digestion consists of methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen and also hydrogen
sulphide. Normally, anaerobic digestion is carried out in two ways known as thermophiles and
mesophilic each varied by its temperature. Mesophilic is carried out at 35 °C to 40 °C whereas
thermophiles is carried out at 53 °C to 55 °C. Anaerobic digestion can be divided into three
major steps hydrolysis, acid genesis and methanogens.
The first stage of hydrolysis is related to converting the complex substances into simple
matters. The fermentative bacteria will convert the complex substances such as sugars, amino
acid and fatty acids (Nayono, Gallert, & Winter, 2009). Monomers like cellulose, peptides and
alcohols are the results of the complex hydrolyzed by the enzymes such as lipase, proteases and
amylases. Sometimes, the rated of biodegration is limited due to high rate of waste and the
addition of chemical reagents ease the burden of the bacteria.

In the second stage, acetogenic bacteria, also known as acid formers, convert the products of the

18
first phase to simple organic acids, carbon dioxide and hydrogen as shown in Figure 2.10. The
principal acids produced are acetic acid (CH3COOH), propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH), butyric
acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH), and ethanol (C2H5OH). The products formed during acetogenesis
are due to a number of different microbes that an acetogenic reaction can be shown as the
Equation 3.1

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (3.1)

Finally, in the third stage methane is produced by bacteria called methanformers also
known as methanogens in two ways, either by means of cleavage of acetic acid molecules to
generate carbon dioxide and methane, or by reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen.
Methane production is higher from reduction of carbon dioxide but limited hydrogen
concentration in digesters results in that the acetate reaction is the primary producer of
methane (Babaee et al., 2010). The methanogenic bacteria include methanobacterium,
methanobacillus, methanococcus and methanosarcina. Methanogens can also be divided into
two groups: acetate and H2/CO2 consumers. Methanosarcina spp. and methanothrix spp. are
considered to be important in anaerobic digestion both as acetate and H2/CO2 consumers. The
methanogens reactions can be expressed as follows in equation3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 (Nayono et al.,
2002).

CH3COOH → CH4 + CO2 (3.2) (acetic

acid) (methane) (carbon dioxide)

2C2H5OH + CO2 → CH4 + 2CH3COOH (3.3)

(ethanol) (carbon dioxide) (methane) (acetic acid)

CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O (3.4)

(Carbon dioxide) (Hydrogen) (Methane) (Water)

3.3.3 Factor Affecting Anaerobic Digestion Efficiency

1. PH level

19
The first parameter was pH level. The optimal pH values are different for both acidogenesis and
methanogens. Monnet (2003) mentions that the production of acetic, lactic and propionic acid
during acidogenesis will cause the pH to fall whereas methanogens are very sensitive to
acidic condition and their growth can be inhibited due to the low pH level. Acid condition has
pH level less than seven and vice versa for alkaline condition.

2. Temperature
Highest temperature yields lower biogas due to production of volatile gases such ammonia
which suppress methanogenic activities. Basically, anaerobic digestion can be divided into
three ranges of temperature. They are psychrophilic, mesophilic and also thermophilic. The
temperature range varies from 15 °C to 25 °C, 30 °C to 37 °C and 50 °C to 65 °C
respectively. Thermophilic digestion results in higher gas yield and production rate, it is rarely
applied due to municipal sludge digestion facilities due to inexperience with the process and
increased heating requirements.

Hence, anaerobic digestion is carried out at mesophilic temperature. This is due to the operation
in mesophilic seemed to be more stable and requires a smaller energy expense. Mesophilic
bacteria are supposed to be more robust and can tolerate greater changes in the environmental
parameters including temperature (Nayono et al., 2009).
3. Mixing
Mixing is an imperative parameter in anaerobic digestion. Proper mixing of digestion
contents is important for efficient performance of digestion. Proper mixing ensures that solid
remain in suspension avoiding formation of dead zones by sedimentation of sand or heavy solid
particles. Besides, mixing enables particle size reduction as digestion progresses and the
release of produced biogas from the digester contents (Shuler & Kargi, 2002). One should
know that mixing is not only limited to mechanical mixers while recirculation of slurry or
injection of produced biogas can also be used. One major problem consistently reported in
municipal waste digestion literature is inadequate mixing, resulting in the formation of thick
scum layers which reduce the efficiency of digester operation and also avoids temperature
gradients within the digester (Monnet, 2003).
4. Total solid
Total solid can be defined as the matter that is suspended or dissolved in water. When the

20
liquid in a sample is evaporated, the residue left is known as total solid. Total solid and COD
are directly proportional. Kalloum, Bouabdessalem, Touzi, Iddou, and Ouali (2011) stated
that COD reduction should be followed by TS decrease due to organic matter
transformation into biogas.(Talyan, 2007).

5. Carbon to nitrogen ratio

This ratio in organic material plays a crucial role in anaerobic digestion. Bacteria need both
nitrogen and carbon for assimilation into their cell structures. Optimum C/N ratio in
anaerobic digestion is from twenty to thirty (Vandevivere et al., 2000). According to Khalid et
al. (2011), the gas production will be low which indicates rapid consumption of nitrogen by
methanogens is due to high C/N ratio. On the other hand, a lower C/N ratio causes ammonia
accumulation and pH values exceeding 8.5, which is toxic to methanogenic bacteria.
Optimum C/N ratios of the digester materials can be achieved by mixing materials of high and
low C/N ratios, such as organic solid waste mixed with sewage or animal manure.

3.3.4 Advantage of biogas as a fuel

 High calorific value

 No smoke produced
 No pollution
 Economical with respect to natural fuel
 Can be supplied by pipelines
 Domestic fuel
 For street lighting
 Generation of electricity

Advantage of food waste biogas plants

 Couples the treatment of waste and production of energy

 Reduction of odor
 Suitable for large scale operation

21
  Methane is used in place of fossil fuels
 Reduces greenhouse gases and thus minimizes the pollution
 Reduces chemical and biological oxygen demand, total solid and volatile solids.
 Destroys or reduces the pathogens, bacteria and insects

The main disadvantage of food waste biomass plant is initial cost of installation of plant is high.

3.5 Designs Considerations

Availability of building materials: Stone, brick masonry, concrete, steel, plastic, etc. Level of
water tanker special designs are available for high water table areas. Input material to be used is
food waste and some other waste of cafeteria.

3.5.1 Digester volume consideration

If the gas is considerably for cooking the gas holder is usually one-third of the depth of this
digester since it never has to hold more gas than for three or four hour use at a time. For lighting
the gas holder must be large enough to hold all the gas generated in 24 hours to be deliver it in 4
or 5 hours, for other application the gas holder should have at least half of digester volume.
3.5.2 Amount of fertilizer expected form food waste biogas plants

About 70% of the total solids put in can be expected to come out and process cannot change
from or quantity of nutrients .the volume of input waste (D) available every day multiplied by 80
gives the volume of the digester(P) most suitable to handle that amount of waste. Whole volume
(G) divided by 2 gives volume of gas generated daily at 30co

P=D×80……………………………………………………………………………...(1)

G=P/2………………………………………………………………………………... (2)

22
 Table 3. 2 composition of the gas produced in different raw material used for fermentation

Table 3. 3 Quantity of waste required by different plant size

Size of digester Gas production /day(M3) Amount of waste required(kg)

2 35-40

3 45-50

4 55-60

6 80-100

8 120-150

10 160-200

23
 CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN AND SIMULATION

Figure 4. 1 MTU-Tepi campus Library location

4.1. Energy Demand Profile

The size and cost of hybrid system components are highly influenced by the size of electric
loads. Thus, deciding on the load is one of the most important steps in the design of the hybrid
system. Nature of operation of loads and behavior of consumers are the parameters that
determine the load profile. Generally, the necessary steps to estimate how much electricity
required in the study is to list all electrical appliances, estimate how long they are used, put the
power that each appliance consumes, for each appliance; multiply the power rating in watts by
the number of hours used each day to obtain the number of watt hours that the appliance uses per
day, considered as energy-use patterns change with the seasons, and add up the watt hours for all
appliances. This total is an estimate of electrical energy consumption per day. Hence the project
is used for standby system the power assumed off four hours per day.

24
 Table 4. 1 loads available in Tepi campus central library
S.N Loads Quantity Rating(w) Total Duration(hrs./day) Total power consumption
O Rating(KW) (KWh/day)
1. Compact fluorescent 59 18 1.062 4 4.24

2 tube fluorescent (short) 610 20 12.200 4 48.8

3 Tube fluorescent(long) 120 40 4.800 4 19.2

4 TV 1 160 0.1600 0.5 0.08

5 Desktop computer 98 120 11.76 4 47.04

6 Printer 1 560 0.560 0.5 0.280

7 Air-conditioning 6 5500 33.000 4 132.00

motors
8 Laptop computers 80 120 9.6 4 38.4

9 Security camera 10 7 0.070 4 0.28

Total 73.212 290.32

4.1.1 Solar energy resource assessment of Tepi town

The most common solar energy resource data collected from Tepi meteorological station. The
available sunshine hour data from the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia (Tepi branch)
was used to estimate the solar radiation energy of the sites. Table shows the five years average
daily sunshine hours in each month for the site under study.

25
 Table 4. 2 Average monthly sunshine hours of Tepi
Years Jan Feb Mar Apr. May Jun Jul Aug. Sep Oct Nov Dec
2011 7.4 8.6 5.6 7.2 5.9 4.5 3.6 3.5 5.1 8.2 7.2 8.7

2012 8.6 8.8 7.7 6.5 7.4 5.6 3.8 3.9 5.1 4 8.1 8.5

2013 8.9 6.8 6.8 7.4 5.5 5.2 2.7 6.1 5.1 1.5 8.0 8.2

2014 6.8 7 7.2 8.1 7.1 6.2 3.6 4.1 5.1 7.1 7.5 6.8

2015 7.9 8.1 7.8 7.8 6.5 4.3 5.6 4.2 6.5 8.4 6.9 7.9

Avg. 4.0
Sunshine 7.8 8.0 7.23 7.53 6.83 5.22 4.48 5.44 6.12 7.66 8.01
7

Source: [NMSA, Tepi branch]

4.1.2 Modeling daily solar radiation

The five year average sunshine hour data available has been converted to monthly average daily
global solar radiation. The Angstrom estimation (Duffie and Beckman, 1980), model was used to
find the monthly average daily global solar radiation by using input data such as latitude,
altitude, the average day in the month, the declination angle for the day and the sunshine hour
data. A worksheet was created with all the input data for each month and employing Eq.
(4.1).The parameters N, a, b, H0 and finally H were calculated. Monthly clearness index defined
as the ratio of solar radiation received on the earth’s surface to the extraterrestrial radiation
(H/Ho) has been calculated for site as well.

n
H = Hₒ (a+b ) (4.1)
N

Where

H, is monthly average daily global solar radiation

Hₒ, is monthly average daily extraterrestrial solar radiation.

26
a and b, is Angstrom’s correlation parameter.

n is monthly average daily hours of sunshine from sunshine recorder.

N, is monthly average of the maximum possible hours of the sunshine.

Hₒ, is determined based on the solar constant, average day of the month and the declination
angle. The values of N, a and b where determined using equation b, c, and d

24∗3600∗Gsc 360 nd πωs

Hₒ = (1+0.033*cos ) *(cos ϕ cos δ sin ωs +¿ ¿ sin ϕ sin δ ¿ ¿
π 365 180
(a)

Where nd-Day number starting from January first as1, Gsc-1367W/m2, solar constant.

248+nd
δ = 23.45sin(360 ) (b)
365

2 −1 2
N= cos (−tan ϕ tan δ) = Ωs (c)
15 15

The accuracy of the estimated values of the regression coefficients “a” and “b” are expected to
improve by adding the effect of elevation, sunshine duration, and latitude together. Thus the
regression coefficients “a” and “b” in terms of the latitude, elevation and percentage of possible
sunshine for any location around the world for (5° <ϕ <54 ° ) are correlated by Gopinathan with
equation below

n
a = -0.309 + 0.539cos ϕ−0.0693 h+0.290 ( ) (d)
N

n
b = 1.527- 1.027cos ϕ+ 0.092h−0.359( ) (e)
N

Where h, is the altitude of aside in kilometer (1.72km for Tepi town)

δ, is declination angle for the average day in the month(calculate from the above)

27
ϕ, is the latitude of the site (7.66oN, 36.83o E )

ωs, sunset hour angle (calculate from the above equation 4.1(c)

Table 4. 3 Recommended average days for months and the declination angle

Month nd for ith day For the average day of the month
of the month Date Day of Declination(δ)
year(nd)

January I 17 17 -20.9
February 31+i 16 47 -13.0
March 59+i 16 75 -2.4
April 90+i 15 105 9.4
May 120+i 15 135 18.8
June 151+i 11 162 23.1
July 181+i 17 198 21.2
August 212+i 16 228 13.5
September 243+i 15 258 2.2
October 273+i 15 288 -9.6
November 304+i 14 318 -18.9
December 334+i 10 344 -23.0

28
 Table 4. 4 Average solar irradiation in KWh/m2/d of Tepi campus central library

Date of Nd δₒ ωs(ₒ) N(hr) n(hr) n A b H(kwh/

N
month m2/d)
Jan17 17 20.9 84.3 11.6 7.4 0.540 0.300 0.41 5.62
Feb16 47 13.0 86.1 11.75 7.55 0.518 0.300 0.41 5.46
Mar16 75 -2.4 90.4 11.9 8.00 0.551 0.302 0.40 5.78
Apr15 105 9.4 90.9 12.08 7.30 0.558 0.280 0.43 5.68
May15 135 18.8 94.5 12.36 7.20 0.562 0.276 0.44 5.42
Jun11 162 23.1 95.7 12.30 6.10 0.534 0.230 0.47 5.00
Jul17 198 21.2 94.07 12.36 4.33 0.486 0.210 0.52 4.58
Aug16 228 13.5 93.04 12.24 4.24 0.512 0.210 0.51 5.00
Sept15 258 2.2 90.2 11.9 4.66 0.487 0.222 0.58 5.28
Oct15 288 -9.6 86.9 11.72 7.19 0.510 0.286 0.41 5.31
Nov14 318 -18.9 85.3 11.52 8.12 0.543 0.313 0.39 5.47

Dec10 344 -23.0 83.79 11.44 7.92 0.600 0.312 0.38 6.00

29
4.2 Radiation Data from NASA

To get optimum design of PV system, it is important to collect meteorological data (solar

radiation and temperature) for the site under consideration (Tepi town)

Table 4. 5 daily radiation of Tepi town

Months Daily radiation in KWh/m2/day

January 5.43

February 5.82

March 5.87

April 5.64

May 5.39

June 4.87

July 4.41

August 4.64

September 5.21

October 5.39

November 5.40

December 5.41

Source [NASA Surface meteorology and national meteorology]

30
 Glbal solar radtion of NASA Global salar radittion of NMSA

Figure 4. 2 Data compression of global solar radiation of NMSA and NASA

Table 4. 6 Data compression of global solar radiation of NMSA and NASA

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Av
NASA 5.43 5.82 5.87 5.64 5.39 4.87 4.41 5.21 5.39 5.4 5.41 5.41 5.29
NMSA 5.62 5.46 5.78 5.68 5.42 5.00 4.58 5.00 5.28 5.31 5.47 6.00 5.38
Change 0.19 0.36 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.11 0.09 0.06 0.59 0.09

The average global solar radiation of NMSA Tepi branch was 5.38 KWh/m 2/d and average
change between NMSA and NASA data was 0.09 KWh/m2 /d.

From the above value it is understood that solar power generation is feasible in Tepi town.
According to the input data there is excess food waste in the cafeteria so, it is desirable to design
the solar power generation and biomass power generation system to meet the load consumption.
The total load consumption of library is 290.32KWh/day which is around 73.4KW. According to
the availability of the input and cost it is desirable to design 10kw solar system and 63kw
biomass system.

31
4.3 Solar PV system design

In the design of PV system it is desired to deliver more than half of power for the Tepi campus
central library 10KWhr/day. Single crystalline and polycrystalline module’s has high efficiency.
The system load is, the number of solar panel we also be large.so the expense of the panel will
raise and using these high quality modules will go beyond the reach of the common people.by
considering the cost and efficiency ET-M660250WW simono crystalline with 16% efficiency is
selected from etsolar (china) manufacturer.

Steps for desinig solar power system

Stetp1 calculate input power to the inverter and number of inverter.

Step2 calculate amperage of inverter and decide the number of charge controllers needed.

step3 calculate load energy concemption in KWh.

step4 calculate number of solar panel.

step5 calculate required number of batteries.

1. Inverter design

output power
ηinverter = , implies that
input power

output power 10000 watts

Input power = = =10526.3watts
ηinverter 0.95

Since the input power to the inverter is greater than the maximum rating of its power rate the
number of inverter required is maximum input power divided by the maximum rating of the
inverter. i.e.

maximuminput power 10526.3

Number of inverter = = =23.39 which is approximately 24
maximum rating of inverter 450
inverters.

2. Number of charge controller

The power coming out of charge controller to inverter is 10526.3watts.

P 10526.3
P = V*I → I= = = 877.2amps
V 12
32
Since charge controller capacity is 416amps, maximum required charge controller is 3.number of
charge controller is 16.

3. Load energy usage

The required load energy to be designed from PV only is 10KW for four hours. Thus the required
energy is 40KWh/day. From this the energy coming from charge controller is:

output energy output energy 40 KWh/day

ηinverter= → input energy = = = 42.1KWh/day
input energy ηinverter 0.95

Calculating how much energy one solar panel produces

1 kilowatt
= 4.58hours/day*250W*
1000 watts

=1.145KWh/day/solar panel

To provide 40KWh/day calculate how many solar panel needed.

40 KWh/day
1.1025 kwh
=
day
solarpanel

= 34.9solar panel

= 35solar panel

5. Number of batteries

Required days that the batteries will need to operate without sun light is 3.as the load requires
290KWh/day and over three days these equals to 870KWh. The battery size is in amp hours. It is
required to convert 870KWh to amp hours.

1 1000 amphours
= 870KWh* = 18.125kilo amp hours * = 18125amp hours.
48 volts 1 kilo amp hours

Since each battery is 210 amp hours the required battery for the 18125 amp hours is found by
dividing 18125 by 210.

18125
= =6.04 →7 batteries are required
3000

33
4.4 Biomass system sizing and design

The total Electrical power demand of Tepi campus central library was calculated as 80KW. In
designing the hybrid power system 98% (72KW) of the power demand of the library was
assumed to be covered by Bio-mass power system. Assume 10% of system loss which was
72*0.1=7.2KW, Generator capacity = 72+7.2= 79.2KW. The electrical power generating
capacity of the available food waste was estimated by the following empirical formula

4.5. Homer Simulation result

Figure 4. 3 overall system simulation diagram

4.5.1 Component assessment

In this simulation solar and biomass resources are considered. The resource assessment is
presented above. The solar resource used for Tepi campus central library at a location of 7 o66' N
latitude and 36°83'E longitude was taken from NASA Surface Meteorology and national
meteorology. The annual average solar radiation was scaled to be 5.38kWh/m2/Day.
34
 The power generated by solar PV system is only 10kw due to high cost of solar panel and its
component. Biomass generation system given high load around 80%. By considering the cost
and comparative efficiency Chinese’s solar PV has been selected. The capital cost and
replacement cost for a 1kW Solar PV is taken as $2700 and $2000 respectively. As there is very
little maintenance required for PV, only $10/year is taken for O&M costs the varying effects of
temperature and dust on the panels. The panels have no tracking system it simply mounted at the
roof of library. An LGP biomass generator with 70kW is considered. The amount of electricity
generated by biomass generator greatly depends on availability of food waste. The cost of 1KWh
biomass generator is taken as $3000.

Batteries are used as a backup in the system and to maintain a constant voltage during peak loads
or a shortfall in generation capacity. The battery chosen for this study is Hoppeke24opzs3000. It
is a 2V battery with a nominal capacity of 3000Ah (10.196 kWh). It has a lifetime throughput of
10.24kWh. The capital cost, replacement cost and O&M costs for one unit of this battery were
considered as $350, $300, and $100/year respectively. 5 HOMER models the batteries on charging
and discharging cycles. The capital cost, replacement cost and O&M costs of the converter for
1kW systems were considered as $1100, $1000, and $100/year respectively [20]. The lifetime of
the converter is 20 years, inverter efficiency of 90% and rectifier efficiency of 85%.

4.4.1 Biomass availability

According to the measurement taken for seven successive days from Tepi campus student’s
cafeteria the following values are registered.

Table 4. 7 Daily Waste Abundance in Tepi campus

Type of waste Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Breakfast 100 90 85 90 150 95 160

Lunch 350 280 285 270 288 295 280
Dinner 288 300 292 265 290 285 282
Total waste 730 670 662 625 728 675 722
(kg/day)
Total waste 0.73 0.67 0.662 0.625 0.728 0.675 0.722
(ton/day)

35
 Table 4. 8 monthly food waste from student’s cafeteria per tone

Months Average Tone/day

January 19.68

February 18..99

March 18.89

April 18.82

May 18.86

June 18.87

July 6.52

August 6.72

September 22.86

October 22.78

November 22.79

December 22.8

36
 According to international journals of electrical and electronics engineering publication subtitled
“a study of solar and biogas hybrid power generation system with max power tracking by solar
panel” published vol.no.7 issue 02, July. December 2015 by Dr. Sunil Chaudhary and his
student, 5m3 of waste will produce 12KWh and according to American environmental protection
law, 1 tons of food waste will produce 375m3 methane gas[19].by considering the above
parameter let us calculate power from available biomass.

Table 4. 9 conversion of daily food waste (tone) to energy (KWh)

Monday Friday Saturday Sunday

Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

1ton=375m3 1 ton=375m3 1ton=375m3 1ton=375m3 1ton=375m3 1ton=375m3 1ton=375m3

0.73=? 0.67=? 0.662=? 0.625=? 0.728=? 0.675=? 0.722=?
X=273.75m X=231.15 m3 X=248.25 m3 X=234.37m3 X=273 m3 X=253.1 m3 X=270.75m
3 3
5m3=12KWh 5m3=12KWh 5m3=12KWh 5m3=12KW 5m3=12KW
5m3=12KW 231.15 m3=? 248.25 m3=? 234.37 m3=? h h 5m3=12KW
h X=554.76KW X=595.8KW X=562.5KW 273 m3=? 253.1 m3=? h
273.75 h h h X=655 X=607 270.75
m3=? KWh KWh m3=?
X=657 X=650
KWh KWh

Tepi campus is closed from July to September so to calculate the total food waste available we
have to consider only ten months (September to June) per year for this project.

Now energy production from food waste per week =

37
 =Monday+Tuesday+Wednesday+thersday+Friday+saterday+Sunday
= (657+554.76+595.8+562.5+655+607+650) KWh
=4282.06KWh
Monthly energy production=weekly energy*number of week in month
=4282.06KWh*4
=17,128.24KWh
Yearly energy production=monthly energy production *number of working month
=17,128.24KWh*10
=171,282.4KWh
=171.282MWh/year
From the above calculation it is clear that 4.28MWh is more than enough to power the library
load.
4.5.2 Dispatch strategy

The economic dispatch logic described in the previous section governs the production of energy
to serve loads and hence applies to all systems. But for systems comprising both a battery bank
and a generator, an additional aspect of system operation arises, which is how the generator
should charge the battery bank. This battery-charging logic cannot be based on simple economic
principles, because there is no deterministic way to calculate the value of charging the battery
bank.

Economic input into HOMER is summarized in Table 5.1. The values given in this table are
primarily chosen according to the size of the load for the assumed sleeted area. Resource inputs
are summarized in Table 5.2.These inputs are the principal guidelines for selecting the size of the
power components. The costs are estimated according to the current local and global price of the
components. Other inputs into the software, such as the range of sizes for the PV, battery,
converter and lifetime of the equipment are given so as to give flexibility to the software and
optimize the output results.

38
 Table 4. 10 size and cost of the system

Type Size of Capital Replacement O&M Life time

equipment(KW) cost($) cost($) cost($/year
)

2,750 2500
Pv 1 5 25

682 545
Biomass 1 30 25

1250 1100
Battery 3000Ah 2v 20 12000hr

900 900
Converter 1 20 15

Digester 82 m3 2000 100 10 25

The in putted data fed for the HOMER simulation software described the primary load, and
hybrid system components and its costs (PV module, Battery bank, converter and biomass
Generator) and different sizes as mentioned in the previous sections. The simulation output
consists of several combinations of each source, with initial capital and net present cost of each
of them. The monthly average solar radiation for Tepi campus central library with latitude and
longitude of 7.66 and 36.83 fed into HOMER.

4.5.3 Optimization result

For the standby electrification of Tepi campus central library, various combinations have been
obtained for the hybrid systems with PV, batteries convertors and generators from the HOMER
optimization simulation. From the simulation 10KW pv, 70KW biomass, 50 Hoppecke opz3000

39
battery, 10KW converter with comparative cost of $0.153/KWh and pure renewability ratio 1% has
been selected

Figure 4. 4 Overall optimization result

40
41
Figure 4. 5 Categorized simulation result

42
Figure 4. 6 cash flow

43
Figure 4. 7 monthly electrical production

44
Figure 4.8 net present and annual cost

45
Figure 4. 9 system architecture

46
Figure 4. 10 inverter and rectifier output

47
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION

The search for a technically feasible and economically viable hybrid standby electricity supply to
Tepi campus central library resulted in a least-cost combination of solar PV, biomass and
batteries that can meet the demand in a dependable manner at a cost of $0.153/kWh. The per
KWh levelized cost is viable because, the cost of one liter fuel cost is greater than $0.714 so as
compared to fuel cell this hybrid standby system is better. The second advantage of this project is
that bad smell from food waste of Tepi campus student’s cafeteria will be eliminated. . A
random investigation was taken for how many times does power goes OFF in Tepi University
and it is found that an average of more than fourteen hours per week can’t get power from the
grid. Especially when there is rain around 18 hours per week. So, it is better to develop standby
system by hybridizing two or more power source in small scale. Especially in university area
where there is large amount of waste such system has great advantage.

48
 RECOMMENDATION

Further work is required in both pre and post HOMER areas. A standard template can be
designed for a systematic estimation of demand for off-grid areas and to capture the stakeholder
perspectives. Even demand scenarios can be included to take the simulations to another level of
iteration. Similarly, a systematic approach of considering the business case of the optimal
solution and its delivery-related issues can enhance the overall appreciation of the micro-energy
systems. The system is designed in this project has CHP efficiency of 72.1%.it is better to add an
intelligence device to control and manage the system the efficiency will be high and the loss will
become less if such device installed in the system. Hence the large amount of waste is available
in most university and city municipality.it is better if the government university administration
this project to manage the waste and turn to energy generation to serve the community.

49
 REFERENCE
[1]. Rai, G.D., Non-Conventional energy sources, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2nd Edition,

[2] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India. Retrieved 21 February 2014. [3] V.
Salas, E. Olìas, A. Barrado, and A. Làzaro, “Review of the maximum power point tracking
algorithms for stand-alone photovoltaic systems,” Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 90, no.
11, pp. 1555–1578, Jan. 2006.

[5] Villalva M. G., Gazoli J. R., Filho E. R., Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and
Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2009, 24(5), p.
1198-1208.

[6] Xuereb, P. (1997, December 20). A fuel produced from waste, news. Newsletter of
Michigan Institute of Waste Management

[7] Linn Solheim, Scaling an Optimized PV-cluster as part of a Micro grid in Wawashang,
Nicaragua, 2013

[8] http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Do_nuclear_power_plants_cause_any_type_of_pollution
[9] Environmental protection agency

[10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_resources_and_consumption

[11]. Albert H.P.N. Munthe, 2009, A Hybrid Renewable Energy System for a Rural Area in,
Ikem, Nigeria. Master thesis, Delft University of Technology.

[12]. Siddhartha Gobina Deb, 2012, Optimal Sizing of a Stand-alone Solar-Wind-Battery

DG/Biomass Hybrid Power System to Meet the Load Demand of a Typical Village at Sagar
Island Using Genetic Algorithm. Master thesis, Jadavpur University

[15]. Zelalem Girma and Martin Braun ,2013, Techno Economic Assessment and Optimization
Study of Hybrid Power System Using Homer Software For Electrification of Rural District In
Ethiopia. International journal of renewable energy research Institute of Wind Energy and
Technology, Vol.3, No.3.

[16] Lau, K. Y., MFM Yousof, SNM Arshad, M. Anwari and AHM Yatim, 2010, Performance
analysis of hybrid photovoltaic/ diesel energy system under Malaysian conditions, Energy, 35(8),
pp. 3245-55.

50
[17] Arun KumarVerma“ An Isolated Solar Power Generation using Boost Converter and Boost
Inverter,” in Proc. National Conference on Recent Advances in Computational Technique in
Electrical Engineering, SLITE, Longowal (India), March, 2010.
[18] C. Amnat, C. Ralf, Turnover of glucose and acetate coupled to the reduction of nitrate,
ferric iron, and sulfur and to methanogenesis in anoxic rice field soil, FEMS Microbial. Ecol.
[19] Barker, James C. (2001) Methane Fuel Gas from Livestock Waste: A Summary. North
Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service, Publication #EBAE071-80.

51
 Appendix A
System Report – HOMER simulation of hybrid system

Sensitivity case

System architecture

PV Array 10 Kw

biomass gen 70 Kw

Battery 40 Hoppecke 24 OPzS 3000

Inverter 10 kW

Rectifier 10 kW

Dispatch strategy Load Following

Cost summary

Total net present cost $ 200,641

Levelized cost of energy $ 0.146/kWh

Operating cost $ 9,881/yr

52
Net Present Costs

Capital Replacement O&M Fuel Salvage Total

Component
($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)

PV 27,000 8,419 1,278 0 -4,718 31,979

biomass gen 23,325 66,658 29,637 190 -1,447 118,363

Hoppecke 24 OPzS 3000 12,000 3,742 10,227 0 -2,097 23,871

Converter 12,000 3,742 12,783 0 -2,097 26,428

System 74,325 82,560 53,925 190 -10,359 200,642

Annualized Costs

Capital Replacement O&M Fuel Salvage Total

Component
($/yr) ($/yr) ($/yr) ($/yr) ($/yr) ($/yr)

PV 2,112 659 100 0 -369 2,502

biomass gen 1,825 5,214 2,318 15 -113 9,259

53
 Hoppecke 24 OPzS 3000 939 293 800 0 -164 1,867

Converter 939 293 1,000 0 -164 2,067

System 5,814 6,458 4,218 15 -810 15,696

Electrical

Production Fraction
Component
(kWh/yr)

PV array 20,579 18%

biomass gen 93,670 82%

Total 114,249 100%

54
 Consumption Fraction
Load
(kWh/yr)

AC primary load 105,850 99%

Deferrable load 1,337 1%

Total 107,188 100%

Quantity Value Units

Excess electricity 612 kWh/yr

Unmet load 0.000118 kWh/yr

Capacity shortage 0.00 kWh/yr

Renewable fraction 1.000

PV

Quantity Value Units

Rated capacity 10.0 kW

Mean output 2.35 kW

Mean output 56.4 kWh/d

Capacity factor 23.5 %

Total production 20,579 kWh/yr

Quantity Value Units

Minimum output 0.00 kW

55
Maximum output 7.50 kW

PV penetration 19.4 %

Hours of operation 4,380 hr/yr

Levelized cost 0.122 $/kWh

Biomass generator

Quantity Value Units

Hours of operation 4,032 hr/yr

Number of starts 1,212 starts/yr

Operational life 3.72 Yr

Capacity factor 15.3 %

Fixed generation cost 2.05 $/hr

Marginal generation cost 0.000159 $/kWhyr

Quantity Value Units

56
Electrical production 93,670 kWh/yr

Mean electrical output 23.2 kW

Min. electrical output 21.0 kW

Max. electrical output 51.1 kW

Quantity Value Units

Bio. feedstock consump. 149 t/yr

Specific fuel consumption 1.110 kg/kWh

Fuel energy input 158,858 kWh/yr

Mean electrical efficiency 59.0 %

Battery

Quantity Value

String size 1

57
Strings in parallel 40

Batteries 40

Bus voltage (V) 2

Quantity Value Units

Nominal capacity 240 kWh

Usable nominal capacity 168 kWh

Autonomy 13.7 Hr

Lifetime throughput 407,840 kWh

Battery wear cost 0.032 $/kWh

Average energy cost 0.000 $/kWh

Quantity Value Units

Energy in 18,400 kWh/yr

Energy out 16,006 kWh/yr

Storage depletion 165 kWh/yr

Losses 2,228 kWh/yr

Annual throughput 17,260 kWh/yr

Expected life 20.0 Yr

58
59
Converter

Quantity Inverter Rectifier Units

Capacity 10.0 10.0 kW

Mean output 2.7 0.9 kW

Minimum output 0.0 0.0 kW

Maximum output 9.1 10.0 kW

Capacity factor 26.9 9.3 %

Quantity Inverter Rectifier Units

Hours of operation 6,212 1,660 hrs/yr

Energy in 26,224 9,558 kWh/yr

Energy out 23,602 8,124 kWh/yr

Losses 2,622 1,434 kWh/yr

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61