Thesis

On

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of green synthesis of

iron oxide Nano particles using medicinal plant extracts

By

Name - Arsheed Ahmad Baba

subject - PhD Botany

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CHAPTER 2
S. Kanagasubbulakshmi and K. Kadirvelu (2017), explained that With the right surface
chemistry, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) display a wide range of intriguing
features that can be used in a number of biological applications, including cell separation,
tissue healing, drug administration, hyperthermia, and magnetic resonance imaging contrast
enhancement. Unknown Lagenaria siceraria leaf extract was discovered in this work to be
capable of producing iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) through green synthesis, and
their features were examined using a UV-visible spectrophotometer, SEM, EDX, XRD, Zeta
sizer, and FT-IR. The resulting Fe3O4-NPs had cubic shape, were naturally stabilised, and
ranged in size from 30 mm to 100 nm. The leaf's phytochemicals play a key function as a
reducing agent in the environmentally friendly production of Fe3O4-NPs with improved
antioxidant properties. Since the main functional groups on the NPs are -OH and -COOH
(FT-IR), which make them hydrophilic, NPs don't require any additional functional alteration
for applications. The antibacterial effectiveness of synthesised Fe3O4-NPs was assessed
against Gramme positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gramme negative Escherchia coli. The
zones of inhibition were determined to be 10 mm for Escherchia coli and 8 mm for
Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. In numerous biological applications, organically stable
Fe3O4-NPs with herbal properties can thus be employed.

Waseem Ahmad, Krishna Kumar Jaiswal & Mohd Amjad (2021), studied that In recent
years, there has been a huge uptake in the production of inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles
using extracts from various plant parts. In the now suggested work, they use an undiscovered
Euphorbia herita leaf extract in the green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
(Fe3O4 NPs), which have a variety of biological uses. Utilising cutting-edge analytical
technologies like UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)
analysis, and X-ray diffraction investigation, the customised Fe3O4 NPs were structurally
characterised. The synthesised nanoparticles had a cavity-like shape, spontaneous
stabilisation, and an average particle size of 25–80 nm. A key role was played by
phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols and alcoholic compounds, in the production of
magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The antimicrobial study's outcome was highly
encouraging. Selected bacterial and fungal pathogens were used to test the iron oxide
nanoparticles' antibacterial efficacy.

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Mina Jamzad & Maryam Kamari Bidkorpeh (2020), The use of biomaterials in the creation
of nanoparticles is a useful strategy in green nanotechnology. In this experiment, they used an
easy and environmentally acceptable method to create iron oxide nanoparticles in the
hematite (-Fe2O3) phase using an aqueous extract of Laurus nobilis L. leaves. The energy-
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transfer electron
microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction
analysis (XRD) techniques were used to characterise the nanoparticles. The findings
demonstrated that the nanoparticles, which have an average size of 8.03 8.99 nm, are
crystalline, nearly spherical-like, and somewhat hexagonal in shape. Three bacteria and two
fungi were used as test subjects for the synthesised nanoparticles' antibacterial properties.
According to the findings, Listeria monocytogenes, a Gram-positive bacterium, and the
fungus Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium spinulosum are all susceptible to the nanoparticles'
modest effectiveness. These environmentally friendly nanoparticles could be used as
antifungal and antibacterial compounds, gas sensors, light photo-catalysis, and
semiconductors, among other things.

Figure 1.

Bouafia, A., & Laouini, S. E. (2021), In this analysis, they look at 'greener' ways to produce
iron oxide nanoparticles. In recent years, nanotechnology has become a cutting-edge, state-
of-the-art technology with numerous applications in a variety of industries. As reductants and
capping agents during synthesis, natural compounds or products taken from natural products,
like various plant extracts, have been employed. The creation of green nanoparticles (NPs)
using an aqueous extract of different plants was made possible thanks to a simple, effective,
and environmentally friendly approach. Phenolic chemicals from plants serve as important
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non-toxic reducing and capping agents for nanoparticles. On bacteria, viruses, and fungi,
nanoparticles and their compounds have been shown to have potent antimicrobial and
inhibitory effects. Green synthesis, characterization, and use of nanoparticles (NPs) are
turning into a significant problem in nanotechnology in the modern world due to the rise of
infectious diseases brought on by various pathogenic bacteria and the development of
antibiotic resistance. Nanoparticles are produced in vast quantities via green synthesis across
the globe for a variety of purposes. This method is both incredibly secure and kind to the
environment.

F. Buarki, AbuHassan, Al Hannan and F. Z. Henari (2022), explained that an unusual,

environmentally friendly method was used to create iron oxide nanoparticles (- Fe2O3),
employing an extract from the Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower (also known as the China rose)
as a reducer and stabiliser agent. Iron oxide nanoparticles were successfully created using the
microwave technique. To maximise the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, varied volume
ratios of iron chloride tetrahydrate to the extract were obtained and cooked by the microwave
for various amounts of time. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
(UV-Vis) were used to characterise the synthesised iron oxide nanoparticles. Hematite
(Fe2O3) nanoparticle production was verified by X-ray diffraction. Iron oxide nanoparticles
were discovered to have an average size of 51 nm. Researchers looked into the antibacterial
activity of synthetic iron nanoparticles against a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus
aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli. The findings
demonstrated that all of the microorganisms under study experienced an inhabitation effect
from the synthetic iron nanoparticles.

Al-Karagoly, H., Rhyaf, A., Naji, H., Albukhaty, S., AlMalki, F. A., Alyamani, A. A., &
Aloufi, S. (2022), A more ecologically friendly, secure, and safe way for creating
nanoparticles (NPs) is through green synthesis. This study sought to determine the method of
manufacture of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) utilising Nigella sativa (N. sativa) seed
extract as a powerful reducing agent and to calculate their cytotoxic and antibacterial effects.
By using zeta potential (ZP), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction, field-
emission scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studies,
the resulting IONPs were characterised. The MTT on a Vero cell line was used to show that
the biosynthesized IONPs were cytotoxic. Additionally, the antibacterial efficacy of the
synthesised biosynthetic metal oxide NPs was examined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion
4
method on the bacterial strains Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218) and Staphylococcus aureus
(ATCC 29213). This study demonstrated the generation of extremely stable, well-dispersed
IO NPs with an average diameter of about 31.45 nm (ZP = 51.8 mV). Additionally, when
examined by the MTT assay, the biosynthetic NPs (IONPs) had a significantly noncytotoxic
effect. With inhibition zones of 12.34 0.58 and 11.52 0.58, respectively, the biosynthetic
NPs (NS-IONPs) demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficacy against E. coli and S.
aureus.

Faten Farouk, Mohammed Abdelmageed, Mohammad Azam Ansari & Hassan M. E. Azzazy
(2020), studied and find out that Wild medicinal plant Citrullus colocynth (CTC) has
antibacterial action that has been demonstrated. Its aqueous extract is being used in this
investigation to create magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) with enhanced antibacterial
activity. MNPs were created using the cold and hot aqueous extract of the CTC's seed and
pulp, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersion x-ray, FTIR, and
surface charge measurements were used to characterise the particles. Two Gramme positive
(Bacillus subtillis and Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gramme negative (Escherichia coli
and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, as well as Candida albicans, were used to test the
antibacterial activity of the particles generated. Cold seed extract (S-MNP) and pulp extract
(P-MNP) were used to create spherical MNPs. In comparison to the P-MNP (12-45 nm), the
S-MNP (6-15 nm) had a more homogeneous size distribution. Similar anti-microbial
potential was displayed by both particles against the investigated bacteria. S-MNP and P-
MNP both suppressed bacterial growth by 16.0–99.0% and 10.0–91.0%, respectively, at
concentrations between 0.48–1000 g/mL for Gramme positive and negative bacteria. The
least impacted microbe was Candida albicans, which was maximally inhibited by 63–88%
after being treated with S–MNP and P–MNP (1 mg/mL), respectively. MNPs having
antibacterial activity can be created using the aqueous extract of CTC. The described
methods are easy to follow and can be changed to produce MNPs in large quantities using
green synthesis.

G. Jagathesan, P. Rajiv (2018), The paper described the steps involved in producing biogenic
iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) using green chemistry and examined their antibacterial
properties. UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), X-ray
Diffractometer (XRD), EDX (Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), and SEM (Scanning
electron microscopy) were used to characterise the biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
(FeNPs). Rod-shaped nanoparticles were created by synthesis. Iron oxide nanoparticles
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(FeNPs) produced by Eichhornia were tested for their antibacterial properties. Iron oxide
nanoparticles mediated by Eichhornia were shown to have the maximum zone of inhibition
when used against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens at 100 g/ml
concentration. The iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) demonstrated substantial antibacterial
activity and have potential applications in medicine.

Pallela, P. N. V. K., Ummey, S., Ruddaraju, L. K., Gadi, S., Cherukuri, C. S., Barla, S., &
Pammi, S. V. N. (2019), explained that Utilising a plant extract from Sida cordifolia, the
work's objective is to create iron oxide (-Fe2O3) nanoparticles and assess its antibacterial
efficacy. By using HPTLC and LC-MS/TOF, the phytochemical content of the methanolic
plant extract of Sida cordifolia was examined. The established plausible process for the
creation of Fe2O3 nanoparticles in the presence of plant extract. X-ray diffraction, scanning
and transmission electron microscopy, TG-DTA, FTIR, and UV spectroscopy were used to
characterise the greenly synthesised iron oxide nanoparticles (-Fe2O3 NPs). According to the
Williamson-Hall plot and Debye-Scherrer formula, the crystallite size of the generated -
Fe2O3 nanoparticles was approximately 20 nm, which is consistent with the particle size in
TEM pictures. The iron-oxide nanoparticles (-Fe2O3 NPs) produced by S. cordifolia possess
strong antibacterial properties against a variety of gramme positive and gramme negative
bacteria.

Seerangaraj Vasantharaj, Selvam Sathiyavimal, Palanisamy Senthilkumar, Felix LewisOscar,

Arivalagan Pugazhendhi (2019), One of the promising, environmentally beneficial, and safer
processes is the green production of nanoparticles. Instead of using hazardous chemicals,
reducing agents derived from plant sources will be used to create nanoparticles. In the current
study, FeONPs were created using an aqueous leaf extract of Ruellia tuberosa (RT). FeONPs
were then further characterised using UV-vis spectroscopy, which revealed a visible peak at
405 nm. The existence of Fe metallic ions was demonstrated via FTIR, or Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy. Hexagonal nanorods with agglomeration were identified as the
structural characteristic by field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy
dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
analysis. FeONPs were estimated to have an average size of 52.78 nm by dynamic light
scattering (DLS), and differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) demonstrated their stability at
higher temperatures of 165.52 °C. When used as a material over cotton fibres, the synthesised
FeONPs demonstrated promising antibacterial action against Gramme negative and Gramme
positive microorganisms. FeONPs displayed greater antibacterial efficacy against Klebsiella
6
pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, but reduced antibacterial activity was seen against
Staphylococcus aureus. The degradation of crystal violet dye under sun irradiation up to 80%
was used to illustrate the photocatalytic capacity of the synthesised FeONPs. In order to
effectively kill bacterial pathogens and degrade dye for the bioremediation of wastewater
from industrial and residential sources, FeONPs synthesised utilising Ruellia tuberosa may
play a key role.

Rabia Irshad, Kamran Tahir, Baoshan Li, Aftab Ahmad, Azka R. Siddiqui, Sadia Nazir
(2017), A breakthrough discipline has emerged that uses a green method to create
nanoparticles. This greener strategy has several advantages, including eco-compatible
reaction configurations, the use of non-toxic ingredients, and the generation of highly active
biological and photocatalytic products. Here, we present a sustainable technique for
producing Fe oxide nanoparticles (NPs) utilising Punica granatum peel extract. Different peel
extract concentrations (20 mL, 40 mL, and 60 mL) were used to optimise the generation of
Fe oxide NPs for small size and improved shape. According to the findings, the FeNPs made
with a 40 mL concentration of peel extract have the smallest size. By using a variety of
techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy,
and electron diffraction spectroscopy, the morphology, size, and crystallinity of NPs were
confirmed. By using FT-IR analysis, the biochemical processes that reduce and stabilise
FeNPs were verified. The biogenic FeNPs' size-dependent antibacterial activity was
examined. The biogenic FeNPs generated at extract concentrations of 40 mL demonstrated
the greatest antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, measuring 22 ( 0.5) mm
as opposed to FeNPs at extract concentrations of 20 mL and 60 mL, measuring 18 ( 0.4) mm
and 14 ( 0.3), respectively. The 40 mL peel extract-optimized FeNPs are not only very
effective in producing ROS, but also exhibit negligible hemolytic activity. This significant
antibacterial activity can be attributed to FeNPs' tiny size and wide surface area, which are
reported to have a high antibacterial activity combined with biocompatibility when
synthesised utilising a greener method.

Amutha S., Sridhar S. (2018), It was discussed how Glycosmis mauritiana leaf extract might
affect the production of iron oxide nanoparticles and how it might be used to enhance
antibacterial activity. For the first time, the effectiveness of G. mauritiana leaves is utilised as
a biomaterial as a reducing agent. Iron oxide nanoparticles that were synthesised were
examined using SEM, TEM, DLS, XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and other methods.
The findings showed that iron oxide nanoparticles have an absorbance peak at 404 nm, are
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spherical in form, and are typically less than 100 nm in size. The green synthetic iron oxide
nanoparticles effectively combatted the examined pathogens with their antibacterial
properties. The current study emphasises the potential uses for iron oxide nanoparticles in the
biomedical sector.

Bibi, I., Nazar, N., Ata, S., Sultan, M., Ali, A., Abbas, A., & Iqbal, M. (2019), Pomegranate
(Punica granatum) seed extract was used to create iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) in a
sustainable manner. Techniques such as UV-vis, XRD, EDX, SEM, and AFM were used to
characterise the Fe2O3 NPs. The chosen green route produced semi-spherical Fe2O3 NPs
that were evenly dispersed and ranged in size from 25 to 55 nm. With the aid of Fe2O3 NPs,
the p-hydroxy benzoic acid, gallic acid, methyl gallate, catechin, kaempferol-3-O-
sophoroside, 3-deoxyflavonoids, magnolol, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, and pinocembrin, as
well as other minor constituents, were identified in the pomegranate seed extract using
LCMS/MS. Under UV light irradiation, the synthesised Fe2O3 NPs had outstanding
photocatalytic activity against reactive blue, and a maximum degradation of 95.08% was
attained in 56 minutes of reaction time. Due to their promising activity, Fe2O3 nanoparticles
might be employed as a photocatalyst for the degradation of colours in wastewater, and
pomegranate seed extract could be used as an eco-friendly and economical method for
producing Fe2O3 NPs.

P. Rajiv, B. Bavadharani, M. Naveen Kumar, P. Vanathi (2017), In the current study, iron
oxide nanoparticles from lantana cameras are synthesised and characterised using
environmentally friendly ferrous sulphate reduction. The primary goal of the research project
is to create iron oxide nanoparticles utilising an economical and environmentally friendly
process. The XRD (X-ray diffractometer), FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy),
SEM (scanning electron microscope), EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectrometer), and
UV absorption spectroscopy were used to characterise the biosynthesized iron oxide
nanoparticles. The nanorod-shaped, crystalline, and extremely stable particles were on
average between 10 and 20 nm in size. Iron oxide nanoparticles made synthetically were
examined for their antibacterial properties. Additionally, investigations on seed germination
and the biological effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on bacteria were conducted. With
varying concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles, Vigna mungo was grown from seed. At
100 g/ml of iron oxide nanoparticles, Pseudomonas (20.10 1 mm) showed the maximum zone
of inhibition in antibacterial experiments. The seeds treated with nanoparticles at a 200 ppm
concentration showed the greatest seed germination. When the concentration of the
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nanoparticles grew, the shoot and root length decreased. It has been demonstrated that this
environmentally friendly iron oxide nanoparticle has good biological activity and can be
employed in a variety of applications.

Dowlath, M. J. H., Musthafa, S. A., Khalith, S. M., Varjani, S., Karuppannan, S. K.,
Ramanujam, G. M., & Ravindran, B. (2021), Due to their magnetic properties and potential
uses in numerous emerging technologies, iron oxide nanoparticle production is a growing
field of study. FeONPs are essential in the biomedical industry for applications such as
bioremediation, medication administration, diagnosis, and treatment. Because biological
methods are supposed to be environmentally beneficial and chemical methods are thought to
be hazardous, the method of nanoparticle synthesis is a key concern. The goal of this work is
to examine the characteristics and application efficacy of FeONPs made using two different
synthetic processes. FeONPs were created and examined using microscopic and other
spectroscopic methods. Using the MTT assay, the synthesised FeONPs were tested for their
cytotoxic action on PBMCs and shown to have good biocompatibility. The GS FeONPs also
shown potential antibacterial properties, while also displaying decreased toxicity in a brine
shrimp mortality assay. These nanoparticles can therefore be used in a variety of medical
applications and are harmless for the environment.

Henam Sylvia Devi, Muzaffar Ahmad Boda , Mohammad Ashraf Shah , Shazia Parveen and
Abdul Hamid Wani (2019), The first explanation of an aqueous phase green production of
iron oxide nanoparticles using Platanus orientalis may be found in this study. The
phytoconstituents of the P. orientalis leaf extract perform a dual function during the synthesis
of iron oxide nanoparticles as a reducing and capping agent. In this work, the function of the
extract of the leaves in the formation of iron oxide remains briefly illustrated. X-ray
diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-
dispersive analysis, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and dynamically
scattered light technique were used to characterise the customised iron oxide particles.
However, the X-ray diffraction pattern shows that the resulting iron oxide is a mixed phase
consisting of -Fe2O3 and -Fe2O3. The average diameter of the spherical oxide particles, as
assessed by transmission electron microscopy, is 38 nm. The stabilisation of tiny particles of
iron oxide by the phytochemicals in the leaf extract was demonstrated by infrared
spectroscopy data. Iron oxide nanoparticles exhibit antifungal action against the model
fungus Aspergillus niger & Mucor piriformis, however they were found to be more effective
against M. piriformis.
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Ghassan H. Matar, Muberra Andac (2023), The use of metal oxide nanoparticles in
antibacterial agents, anticancer medications, wastewater treatment, the oxidation of toxic
organic dyes, and other areas has become commonplace. In this study, Brown Egyptian
Propolis (BEP) extract was used as a reducing and stabilising agent to create iron oxide
nanoparticles (IONPs). The antibacterial properties of the synthesised BEP-IONPs were next
tested, as well as their ability to clear an aqueous solution of the cationic methylene blue
(MB) dye. With the use of UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, and
EDX, the chemical structure, morphological characteristics, and optical properties of the
synthesised BEP-IONPs were identified. For the purpose of analysing the chemical makeup
of the BEP extract, GC-MS was used. The average particle diameters of the BEP-IONPs
made with a ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 (BEP:FeCl3) were discovered to be 87 and 194 nm,
respectively, and to be spherical. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, such as
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis,
were used to investigate the antibacterial activity. According to the findings, the synthesised
BEP-IONPs had strong antibacterial activity, with a zone of inhibition of 23.5 mm for gram-
negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and a high MB dye adsorption capacity of up to
92.7% at 210 min. It was discovered that BEP-IONPs' photocatalytic degradation of MB dye
followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with a constant rate of 0.0178 min1. The created BEP-
IONPs can also be employed as photocatalysts to remove toxic organic dyes and as
antibacterial agents against human diseases.

Sathiyavimal, S., Vasantharaj, S., Veeramani, V., Saravanan, M., Rajalakshmi, G.,
Kaliannan, T., & Pugazhendhi, A. (2021), explained that Using Psidium guajava (P. guajava)
leaf extract, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), also known as cupric oxide and used in
wastewater treatment and biomedical applications, are now being biosynthesised in a safe
and non-toxic manner. Phytocompounds from aqueous plant extract were added to this
special technology for the biogenesis of CuO NPs during the reaction mixture. These natural
bio-compounds served as the stabilising, capping, and reducing agent of CuO NPs. Using
ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), biosynthesized CuO NPs and their physicochemical
properties were examined in the current work. The characteristic peak at 265 nm of CuO NP
production was initially observed. The monoclinic crystalline structure of the CuO NPs was
further determined using an X-ray diffraction (XRD) research and Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis to confirm functional groups of biosynthesized CuO NPs with
an absorbance range of 624-870 cm1. The surface morphology of the particles was shown to
10
be oval and platelets, with sizes ranging from 40 to 150 nm, by field emission scanning
electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-
TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern analysis. Cu and O elements in
the produced samples were evaluated quantitatively using an energy-dispersive X-ray
spectrum (EDS). CuO NPs' average particle size of 153 nm was found using dynamic light
scattering (DLS). The prepared CuO NPs were found to have the strongest anti-bactericidal
activity against Gramme negative (G) bacteria like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. This was confirmed using agar well diffusion, and their NPs interaction on the
bacterial membrane was confirmed using confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) to see
live/dead bacterial cells. Additionally to being used for commercial dye removal of congo red
(CR) and methylene blue (MB) when exposed to sunshine, biosynthesized CuO NPs have
this potential.

S. Vijayakumar, V. N. Punitha & N. Parameswari (2021), The purpose of this research was to
investigate the phytonanosynthesis of MgO nanoparticles utilising Citrus aurantium peel
extract for potential biological applications. By using XRD, UV, FT-IR, FE-SEM with
EDAX analysis, and other characterizations, the successful production of MgO nanoparticles
was validated. The antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus
epidermis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and
Aspergillus niger was examined using the agar well method. Utilising the UV-visible
spectrum, the optical absorption peak at 290 nm was discovered. According to XRD and FE-
SEM studies, the MgO nanoparticles' average particle size is between 50 and 60 nm. The FT-
IR analysis was also used to look at the potential chemical components of the synthesised
MgO nanoparticles. When compared to commercial medications, evaluation of antimicrobial
efficacies has shown excellent antibacterial activity. Based on our findings, it can be said that
MgO nanoparticles were effectively synthesised using phytonanosynthesis, and that the
substance is safe, nontoxic, and environmentally benign. Because of their remarkable
antibacterial properties, the synthesised MgO nanoparticles have been approved for use in
biomedical applications.

Yadwade, R., Kirtiwar, S., & Ankamwar, B. (2021), noted that due to its eco-friendliness, the
bio-fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles utilising various plant sources, plant parts, and
microbial cells has gained a lot of attention in recent years. Because they are biocompatible,
stable, and non-toxic, the stabilising and capping agents found in biological sources are
advantageous for usage in a variety of biomedical applications. By secreting various
11
biomolecules, the bacteria are able to use metal ions and transform them into the appropriate
nanoparticles. Different kinds of phytochemicals found in plants and plant components are
essential for the synthesis and biofabrication of nanoparticles. It is well recognised that iron
oxide nanoparticles have numerous uses in the environmental, medical, and other domains.
The applications of iron oxide nanoparticles as an antibacterial, drug delivery, and material
for the removal of heavy metals and dyes from aqueous systems are discussed in this review.
The demand for iron oxide nanoparticles is significantly rising across a variety of industries
as a result of these extensive uses. This review discusses various methods for biosynthesising
iron oxide nanoparticles as well as their uses. The paper also provides an overview of the
methods used to modify the surfaces of iron oxide nanoparticles utilising various polymers
and polyelectrolytes that can be applied in vivo.

Durga Devi Suppiah, Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli, Suresh Sagadevan, Mohd Rafie Johan
(2023), A green synthesis method that substitutes natural extract for chemicals can be used to
create metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The simplest procedure and environmentally
benign processes provide plant extraction techniques an edge over others when scaled up for
commercial production. Phytochemicals, which can also serve as capping, reducing, and
stabilising agents, have a significant impact on the synthetic reactions that lead to the
production of nanoparticles (NPs). This green synthesis uses a straightforward, inexpensive,
and speedy processing method without the use of any pricey or dangerous chemicals. In order
to demonstrate the variety of green iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs), this review paper.
To comprehend the possibility of green NPs being employed on a broader scale, it is
important to examine their potential applications in biological applications such as
antioxidant and antibacterial capabilities.

Umair, M., Altaf, S., Muzaffar, H., Iftikhar, A., Ali, A., Batool, N., & Saif-ur-Rehman, B. S.
R. (2022), The purpose of the research was to describe the manufacture of iron oxide
nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using green nanotechnology by
extracting the seeds of Elwendia persicum and to examine their antibacterial efficacy against
Staphylococcus aureus. E. persicum has strong antibacterial activity, is non-toxic, and is less
expensive. Treatment for bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus is becoming increasingly
difficult due to multi-drug resistance. To combat antimicrobial resistance, it serves as
essential to create substitute antimicrobial agents that are also affordable, safe, and effective.
Thanks to developments in nanotechnology, there has been possible to create green
nanoparticles that can be used to inhibit bacterial growth. the development of antibiotics,
12
which are mostly effective against bacteria and germs that are resistant to drugs. In order to
test the antibacterial effectiveness of green silver and iron oxide nanoparticles on
Staphylococcus aureus, the production of green NPs (silver and iron oxide) has been
envisaged. Visual confirmation of the presence of nanoparticles came from a change in the
solution's colour. Zeta sizer, zeta potential, UV-Visible spectrometry, FTIR, and scanning
electron microscopy were used to characterise these nanoparticles in order to pinpoint the
precise synthesis of silver and iron oxide. creation of nanoparticles. The well diffusion
method was used to refine the antibacterial mechanism. According to the findings,
synthesised silver and iron oxide nanoparticles effectively combat Staphylococcus aureus
germs.

Aayushi Biswas, C. Vanlalveni, R. Lalfakzuala, Soumitra Nath, Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum

(2021), This research describes the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs)
using Mikania mikrantha leaf extract and its use as an effective antimicrobial agent with the
goal of introducing a new class of highly effective antimicrobial nanoparticles through an
environmentally friendly method. By using X-beam diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis
spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), and Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) analysis, the green Fe3O4NPs have been
characterised. Rhomboidal Fe3O4NPs with average mean diameters of 20.27 nm are visible
in the TEM image. The FT-IR analysis demonstrated that the connections of steroids,
terpenoids, flavonoids, phenyl propanoids, phenolic acids, and proteins found in the leaf
extract had balanced out Fe3O4NPs. The synthesised Fe3O4NPs shows a very high
antibacterial and antifungal property against 5 bacterial strains like Bacillus cereus,
Acinetobacter johnsonii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Achromobacter spanius or
Chromobacterium pseudoviolaceum strain, as well as 4 fungal strains (Aspergillus niger,
Penicillium citirinum, Fusarium oxysporium, as well Candida albicans). The green synthetic
iron oxide nanoparticles have intriguing applications in the medical domains because they
can disrupt the metabolic processes of microbes, which define their antimicrobial
capabilities.

R Perveen, S Shujaat, Z Qureshi, S Nawaz, M.I. Khan, M. Iqbal (2020), The antibacterial
efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesised by green vs sol-gel synthesis was
assessed against a large panel of bacterial and fungal diseases. For green synthesis, five
Brassicaceae plant seed extracts were used, whereas the sol-gel technique was used for
chemical synthesis. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray
13
Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to
characterise the ZnO NPs. By using the disc diffusion method, the synthesised NPs'
antibacterial capability was evaluated against bacterial and fungal strains. The ZnO NPs were
between 100 and 150 nm in size. The ZnO NPs demonstrated promising antibacterial action,
and their zones of inhibition ranged from 10 to 20 mm, compared to 25 mm for streptomycin
(the gold standard medication). Promising antibacterial and antifungal potential was shown
by the synthesised ZnO NPs. When compared to the chemical approach, the green way of
synthesis is much safer and more environmentally friendly, and it might be used to create
ZnO NPs as an antibacterial agent.

Gautham B. Jegadeesan, K. Srimathi, N. Santosh Srinivas, S. Manishkanna, D. Vignesh

(2019), In this study, they report a simple biogenic synthesis of iron (Fe) NPs from three
plant sources: Terminalia bellirica (TB), Moringa oleifera fruit (MOF), and Moringa oleifera
leaves (MOL). The amount of total phenols in the TB extract was highest (3581.36 2.38 g/ml
comparable to gallic acid). Utilising X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FT-IR), and UV-Vis spectroscopy, the synthesised Fe NPs were characterised. The FT-IR
spectra of the extracts and nanosuspensions were comparable, with peaks at about 3300-3400
cm1, 1600 cm1, 1050-1150 cm1, and 500 cm1 corresponding to O-H, Cdouble bondO, C-O,
and C-H stretching, confirming the presence of biomolecules in the nanomaterial creation
process. The T-Fe particle size is 21.32 nm, and the MOF-Fe and MOL-Fe particle sizes are
45 nm and 45 nm, respectively, in TEM and SEM pictures. Hematite (-Fe2O3) and ferric
oxyhydroxide (FeOOH), both of which are present in the Fe NPs, were both validated by
XRD analysis. The TB extract had the highest level of antioxidant activity out of all the
aqueous extracts due to its increased phenolic content, surpassing that of the biogenic Fe
NPs. Fe-NPs, along with T-Fe and MOL, had greater antibacterial action than the extract
alone. S. aureus and B. subtilis are both sensitive to -Fe. Fe nanoparticles suspended in a
propylene glycol: water base fluid had its thermal conductivity measured. Fe NPs have the
potential to be used as a nanofluid for a variety of heat transfer applications due to their
strong thermal conductivity in glycol-water mixes.

Subhapriya S., Gomathipriya P. (2018), Due to the growing need to create safe and non-toxic
chemicals, affordable methods, eco-friendly solvents, and renewable materials, biosynthesis
of nanoparticles has attracted a lot of attention recently. utilising the aqueous leaf extract of
Trigonella foenum-graecum (TF-TiO2NP), TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) were
14
biosynthesized in the current study utilising a combination of chemical and biological
methods. Methods such as FTIR, UV, XRD, HR-TEM, and HR-SEM were used to
characterise TiO2 NPs. The occurrence of peaks at 25.28, which corresponds to 101 anatase
form, verified the presence of TF-TiO2NPs as shown by the X-ray diffraction. According to
HR-SEM observations, synthesised TiO2NPs were spherical in shape and ranged in size from
20 to 90 nm for both individual nanoparticles and a few aggregates. Utilising the Kirby-
Bauer method, the antibacterial properties of biosynthesized nanoparticles (TF-TiO2NPs)
were studied. All of the studied bacteria were significantly inhibited by the TF-TiO2
nanoparticles' antimicrobial activity.

Shanmugam Prakash, Nagaraj Elavarasan, Alagesan Venkatesan, Kasivisvanathan Subashini,

Murugesan Sowndharya, Venugopal Sujatha (2018), For the development of more
environmentally friendly processes, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles have attracted a lot of
attention in the fields of organic catalysis and photocatalysis reactions. The Cordia sebestena
(C. sebestena) flower's aqueous extract was used in the current study to create copper oxide
nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in a more environmentally friendly manner. The catalytic
effectiveness of the nanoparticles was assessed. Various analytical tests were used to
characterise the green synthesised CuO NPs. Their FT-IR spectrum had peaks at 431 and 542
cm1, and their UV-Visible spectrum had a peak at 267 nm, demonstrating decrease by plant
metabolites. An agglomerated spherical shape with Cu and O signatures is visible in CuO
NPs according to FESEM-EDX analysis, while XRD results show distinctive crystallinity.
The TEM-SAED pattern confirmed crystallinity, and DLS and TEM studies revealed particle
sizes between 20 and 35 nm. A moderately stable Zeta potential is one of 26 mV. The 3,4-
dihydropyrimidinones were produced quickly and with a high yield thanks to the CuO NPs'
role as a catalyst in the Biginelli reaction. By using photocatalysis and hydrogen peroxide,
the NPs also destroyed bromothymol blue (BTB). By exposing BTB to natural sunlight for 3
hours, 100% dye removal efficiency was attained, demonstrating the catalyst's efficacy,
affordability, and environmental friendliness. This discovery shows how the NPs might be
employed in photolysis to eliminate water contaminants. Additionally, antibacterial activity
against specific harmful bacterial pathogens was used to gauge the biological importance of
green CuO NPs.

Shazia Parveen, Abdul Hamid Wani, Mohammad Ashraf Shah, Henam Sylvia Devi, Mohd
Yaqub Bhat, Jahangir Abdullah Koka (2018), explained that Tannic acid was used as both a
reducing and capping agent in a green method to create iron oxide nanoparticles with a
15
particle size range of 10 to 30 nm. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), high resolution field
emission scan electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
were used to study these nanoparticles. The antifungal activity of the produced iron oxide
nanoparticles was further tested against Trichothecium roseum, Cladosporium herbarum,
Penicillium chrysogenum, Alternaria alternata, and Aspergillus niger. The antifungal activity
was identified as spore germination inhibition and by identifying the zone of fungal pathogen
suppression brought on by various doses of iron oxide nanoparticles on culture media. In the
current study, it was found that Fe2O3 nanoparticles significantly inhibited the growth of all
fungal infections studied. The two bacteria that induced the greatest spore germination
inhibition were T. roseum (87.74%) and C. herbarum (84.89%). Iron oxide nanoparticles
were observed to have the maximum zone of inhibition against P. chrysogenum (28.67 mm),
A. niger (26.33 mm), T. roseum (22.67 mm), A. alternata (21.33 mm), and C. herbarum
(18.00 mm). P. chrysogenum had the highest activity index (0.81 measured). The
effectiveness of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NP) against various fungal infections is
demonstrated by the MIC value of Fe2O3 NP, which varies between 0.063 and 0.016 mg/ml
for different fungal pathogens and is comparable with the MIC value reported by the
standard.

Adhikari, A., Chhetri, K., Acharya, D., Pant, B., & Adhikari, A. (2022), Iron-oxide
nanoparticles (IONPs) have been utilized more frequently than other metal and metal oxide
nanoparticles for the breakdown of toxic organic dyes and the suppression of microbial
growth; on the other hand, it positively impacts mammalian cells. Researchers are interested
in green synthesis of IONPs because it increases stability and is a safe way to avoid using
hazardous chemicals as a reducing agent. Psidium guajava leaf extract was used in this study
to make IONPs, which were then tested for their ability to degrade industrial dyes and their
anti-microbial properties. The produced nanoparticles were examined by UV-visible
spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, XPS, EDX, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, and Zeta potential analysis. In
the presence of H2O2, the synthesized IONPs were successful in destroying methylene blue
(MB) and methyl orange (MO). For MB and MO, the efficiency of degradation was 82.1% in
95 min and 53.9% in 205 min, respectively. The synthesized IONPs also demonstrated
effective anti-bacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria Shigella sonnei and
Staphylococcus aureus with a ZOI of 13 mm. Similar to this, they showed effective anti-
fungal action against Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans, with ZOIs of 15 mm and 13

16
mm, respectively. The IONPs can thus fight toxic organic dyes and stop the pathogenicity of
a number of human infections.

Sunmbal Awais, Hira Munir, Jawayria Najeeb, Fozia Anjum, Khalida Naseem, Naghmana
Kausar, Muhammad Shahid, Muhammad Irfan, Nayra Najeeb (2023), In this study, iron
oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) were successfully created utilizing a green method and gum
extract from the Bombax malabaricum (B. malabaricum) plant. It was discovered that the
bioactive compounds and phytochemicals included in the gum extract of B. malabaricum
were what caused the creation of designed nanoparticles (NPs). UV-VIS, FTIR, and TEM
were used to characterize the Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The consistent rounded-shaped NPs with
an average mean diameter of 09 02 nm were seen, as shown by TEM micrographs. Three g-
positive bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus halodurans, and Micrococcus
luteus) and one g-negative bacterial strain (Escherichia coli) were used to test the
antibacterial efficacy of Fe3O4 NPs. Investigated was the antifungal activity of Fe3O4 NPs
against the Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus fungi. To assess the antioxidant potential
of produced NPs, the methods of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging assays were used. The exceedingly small size of the
synthesized NPs was credited with the expanded biomedical applications of these NPs.
Additionally, the degradation of the model pollutant methylene blue (MB) dye was used to
study the photocatalytic potential of Fe3O4 NPs. Two alternative optimization techniques,
one-factor-at-a-time (OVAT) and response surface methodology (RSM), were used to
examine the impact of the reaction variables on the response (i.e., deterioration percentage; D
%). The comparative comparison of various approaches raises the uniqueness of our research
because it is a novel technique to simulate the photocatalytic reaction using statistics. The
RSM demonstrated superior D% results (98.721%) than OVAT (94.23%), showing that the
RSM should be used for the optimization of the MB dyes rather than the traditional OVAT
approach. Furthermore, it was found that the key rate-limiting factor for enhancing the
response was MB dosage. The statistical modelling approach is the sole way to gain these
extra insights into photocatalysis.

Derya Aksu Demirezen, Şeyda Yılmaz, Dilek Demirezen Yılmaz, Yalçın Şevki Yıldız
(2022), The aim of this study was to develop a straightforward and dependable approach for
the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (gIONPs) by optimizing reaction parameters.
An investigation was conducted into the antibacterial activity of the as-produced gIONPs as
well as the potential of the aqueous extract of the carob pod, Ceratonia siliqua L. The iron ion
17
concentration, extract concentration, extract pH, temperature, stirring rate, and reaction
duration were chosen as the synthesis parameters. ANOVA was used to objectively assess the
importance of the investigated parameters in regulating the particle size distribution of
nanoparticles. With an average zeta potential of + 40.75 1.22 mV, a hydrodynamic size of 78
22 nm, and a polydispersity value of 0.42 0.06, iron oxide nanoparticles were generated
under the ideal conditions. When used against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and
Gram-negative Escherichia coli, gIONPs displayed the highest inhibitory zones, measuring
24 mm and 21 mm, respectively. Comparing the conventional drugs to the reported
antibacterial activity. The study's conclusions showed that it is possible to create highly stable
and antibacterial iron oxide nanoparticles by modifying the reaction conditions and omitting
components.

Marjan Shahriary, Hojat Veisi, Malak Hekmati, Saba Hemmati (2018), For the first time,
they created a unique, eco-friendly hybrid magnetic nanocomposite with the ability to act as a
stabilizing and reducing agent for the immobilization of metal nanoparticles. Several
carbonyl and phenolic hydroxyl functional groups found in Stachys lavandulifolia extract can
be used to modify Fe3O4 NPs. The capacity and surface qualities of the Fe3O4@S.
lavandulifolia NPs for sorbent and in situ reduction of silver ions can also be improved in
aqueous solution by the feasibility of polyphenol complexation with silver ions. Therefore,
the novel magnetic nano-sorbent (Fe3O4@S. lavandulifolia NPs) has the potential to
immobilize silver nanoparticles to produce a novel magnetic silver nanocatalyst as both the
stabilizing and reducing agent. So that the catalyst can be prepared without the use of extra
reductants, hazardous chemicals, or complicated equipment. Numerous analytical techniques,
including X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), energy-
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), high resolution transmission electron microscopy
(HRTEM) images, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), FT-IR spectroscopy, and
inductively coupled plasma (ICP), were used to clarify the morphology, structure, and
physicochemical properties. Fe3O4@S. lavandulifolia/Ag shown significant catalytic activity
for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction at room temperature as a reusable nanocatalyst. The
Fe3O4@S. lavandulifolia/Ag antibacterial characteristics were ultimately tested against two
bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), and their
antibacterial activities were found to be effective against both gram positive (Staph. aureus)
and gram negative (E. coli) bacteria.

18
 Figure 2. Synthetic application of Fe3O4@S. lavandulifolia /Ag nano catalyst.

Gudkov, S. V., Burmistrov, D. E., Serov, D. A., Rebezov, M. B., Semenova, A. A., &
Lisitsyn, A. B. (2021), explained that using nanoparticles of metal oxide is one of the more
promising approaches to combating bacterial drug resistance. Iron oxide nanoparticles
(IONPs) have numerous uses in a variety of biomedical sectors. The antibacterial potential of
IONPs has been advocated for use in numerous research. The function of living systems in
various hierarchies depends significantly on iron, one of the essential microelements. It is
unclear if iron compounds at the same doses may both suppress microbial development and
have favourable effects on mammalian cells. This is because iron is abundant and has
physiological roles. The antibacterial action of IONPs against Gram-negative and Gram-
positive bacteria and fungus has been demonstrated in numerous research that have recently
been published. According to a number of studies, IONPs are not harmful to eukaryotic cells.
It is encouraging to think of IONPs as prospective new-generation antimicrobial drugs that
have good biocompatibility with the human body and antibacterial activity. This review aims
to educate readers on the data that is currently available regarding the antimicrobial

19
properties of IONPs, a variety of bacteria that are susceptible, mechanisms of the
antibacterial action, dependence of the antibacterial action of IONPs on the synthesis method,
and the biocompatibility of IONPs with eukaryotic cells and tissues.

Aarti R. Deshmukh, Arvind Gupta and Beom Soo Kim (2019), This paper describes an easy
and environmentally benign method for the ultrasound-assisted production of silver and iron
oxide nanoparticles, as well as their improved antioxidant and antibacterial properties. In the
creation of nanoparticles, the fenugreek seed extract was employed as a reducing, capping,
and stabilizing agent. According to the results of transmission electron microscopy,
ultrasonication produces nanoparticles that are smaller (20 nm) than those produced by
magnetic stirring (40 nm). The appearance of an absorbance peak at 396 nm, which was
suggested by the solution's color change from milky white to brown, proved the creation of
silver nanoparticles. The crystallinity and elemental composition of the nanoparticles created
using fenugreek seed extract were validated by the results of powder X-ray diffraction and
energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The phytochemicals from the fenugreek seed were
found to be coated on the nanoparticle surface, according to a Fourier transform infrared
analysis. The thermal stability and degradation of nanoparticles were demonstrated by
thermal gravimetric analysis. The superparamagnetic property of iron oxide nanoparticles
was confirmed by a magnetization research. Iron oxide nanoparticles did not exhibit any
antibacterial properties, however silver nanoparticles did against both gram-negative
(Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) pathogens. In comparison to
nanoparticles produced by magnetic stirring, the ultrasound-assisted nanoparticles displayed
greater stability and antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

Mirza, A. U., Kareem, A., Nami, S. A., Khan, M. S., Rehman, S., Bhat, S. A., & Nishat, N.
(2018), In this study, Agrewia optiva (Dhaman or Biul) and Prunus persica (Peach) leaf
extract have been used in the biogenic approach to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles as
capping and stabilizing agents, respectively, without the need of harmful toxic chemicals.
Convenient, quick, economical, and environmentally beneficial, the biogenic method of
synthesis. The green synthesized nanoparticles were examined using scanning electron
microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy,
ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, attenuated visible
spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering measurements.
The agar well diffusion method was used in the antibacterial study to assess the effectiveness
of the phyto species extract and its iron oxide nanoparticles against three gram negative
20
bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Streptococcus mutans, and
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), as well as five gram positive bacteria, including
Staphylococcus mutans, Streptococcus As reference standard medications for gram positive
and gram negative bacterial stains, respectively, the antibiotics Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin
have been utilized. Using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay with l-
ascorbic acid as a reference, the antioxidant activity of the Phyto extracts and created
nanoparticles was assessed.

Figure 3.

M.V. Arularasu, J. Devakumar, T.V. Rajendran (2018), Metal oxide nanoparticles' catalytic
and biological qualities combined with green biosynthesis technologies are starting to make it
possible for nanotechnology to advance further. Natural extracts offer a wonderful substitute
for harsh chemicals, are excellent for synthesis, and are reasonably priced. Here, Fe3O4
nanoparticles were produced using an environmentally friendly Kappaphycus alvarezii plant
extract and a productive hot plate combustion process. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy
dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy are
used to evaluate the produced nanomaterials. With the aid of high resolution scanning
electron microscopy (HRSEM) and transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), the shape
and extraordinary size of produced Fe3O4 nanoparticles were demonstrated. The use of
Fe3O4 nanoparticles in a variety of processes has been studied, including the photocatalytic
destruction of toxic cationic textile dye waste (CTDW) gathered from the dyeing industry.
Additionally, analyze the impedance analysis and the antibacterial efficacy of Fe3O4

21
nanoparticles against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, two types of bacteria.
Earlier reports of Fe3O4 were made, but because of their high cost and harmful chemical
content, they required to be improved using biosynthetic and economically viable materials.
There have been suggested several reaction mechanism paths when the photocatalyst is added
to the dye solution over Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The findings demonstrated that Fe3O4
nanoparticle synthesis was economically inexpensive when compared to traditional
procedures, and the nanoparticles demonstrated a high efficiency in the environmentally
benign removal of dangerous textile colors. Thus, we predicted a variety of strategies for the
economical green synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs, which is crucial at this moment for the
elimination of dangerous compounds.

22
 Figure 4.

Fatih Erci & Rabia Cakir-Koc (2020), Here, Thymbra spicata leaf extract was used to create
iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles (NPs) utilizing a green method. Using a broth microdilution
technique, the antibacterial activity of FeONPs was assessed against both gram-positive and
gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of FeONPs was
assessed using conventional methods. Investigations were done on how Staphylococcus
aureus grows and how their biofilm forms in response to nanoparticle exposure. FeONPs had
remarkable bactericidal activity against Salmonella typhimurium at a concentration of 100
g/mL. The biogenic nanoparticles also slowed S. aureus' rate of growth. FeONPs also
demonstrated noncytotoxic properties toward L929 murine fibroblast cells. All of these
findings suggested that FeONPs produced using a straightforward and environmentally
friendly synthetic procedure using T. spicata extract could be a good antibacterial contender
for a variety of uses. Additionally, biogenic FeONPs may be effective antibacterial agents
against pathogenic biofilm-forming bacteria due to their antibiofilm activity on S. aureus.
23
Soumaia Chihi, Abderrhmane Bouafia, Souhaila Meneceur, Salah Eddine Laouini & Rachida
Zouari Ahmed (2023), explained that the use of plant extracts in the green production of
metal oxide nanoparticles offers an environmentally acceptable and promising alternative to
the conventional physical and chemical synthesis methods. In the present study, ferric
chloride (FeCl3) and Moltkia ciliata plant extract were used to biosynthesize iron oxide
nanoparticles (-Fe2O3-NPs). Our method of increasing the yield involved varying the saline
solution's concentration (0.1, 0.05, and 0.025M). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)
spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-
ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy were used to examine these -Fe2O3 NPs. While the SEM
and DRX results are being built, UV-Vis examination reveals absorption maximums at the
range of 200-400 nm that belong to Fe-O. FT-IR also reveals obvious peaks in the region of
450-500 cm1, which are linked to the vibration of Fe-O. Despite the various concentrations,
the samples have a comparable shape and size in terms of structure. E. coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus were among the Gram-
positive and -negative microorganisms that were the subject of antibacterial investigations.
For Klebsiella pneumoniae, the sample produced at a concentration of 0.05M exhibited the
maximum antibacterial activity (inhibition zone) up to 11.7 mm at a concentration of 0.025
M. This study found that Moltkia ciliata extract provided substantial antibacterial action
when used to create biosynthetic -Fe2O3.

K. Velsankar, G. Parvathy, S. Mohandoss, M. Krishna Kumar & S. Sudhahar (2022), An

essential way to create nanoparticles at a minimal cost is by biosynthesis. These particles
should also be potent, have tunable features, and be environmentally benign. The leaf extract
of Celosia argentea was successfully used to biosynthesize the iron oxide nanoparticles. The
phytochemicals in the leaf extract of Celosia argentea were examined. Analytical approaches
were used to analyze the produced nanoparticles in order to learn about their structural,
elemental, and optical characteristics. The acquired results supported the development of
highly crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles with an SPR band at 299 nm. The Fe-O bonding
has been confirmed. The 5–10 nm-sized particles took on a spherical shape. Fe and O spots in
the mapping spectrum served as additional confirmation of the Fe and O existence. The
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and larvicidal properties of synthetic iron oxide
nanoparticles were known to have bioactive therapeutic properties. With 150 g/mL
concentration, the antibacterial activity indicated by the high zone of inhibition was seen at
19 mm (E. coli) and 25 mm (S. aureus). A greater rate of inhibition was seen for biofilm
24
activity at 150 g/mL concentration. Antioxidant activity was revealed to be more active at
97% in an 80 g/mL concentration. For the anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties,
high activity was achieved at concentrations of 500 g/mL at 93% and 87%, respectively.
Anopheles subpictus larvae experienced an elevated amount of mortality at 24 hours in 100
ppm and 48 hours in 80 and 100 ppm. At a concentration of 50 g/mL, the high inhibition of
86% was attained in the MTT analysis. All of these findings suggest that the synthetic iron
oxide nanoparticles could be used as insecticides and antibiotics.

Figure 5. Graphic Extract

Bhavika Turakhia, Saujanya Chikkala, and Sejal Shah (2019), The creation of
environmentally sound methods for creating nanoparticles is the present emphasis of
nanotechnology. They chose to use Zingiber officinale for the manufacture of iron
nanoparticles because of its phytochemistry. A GC-MS investigation of ginger's
phytochemical profile was conducted. With a retention time of 40.48 minutes, gingerol was
discovered to be the most powerful phytochemical out of 20 distinct compounds. The current
work describes a quick method for producing iron nanoparticles and discusses their potential
usefulness as an antioxidant and an antibiotic. Ginger extract was used to coat surgical cotton

25
due to its antimicrobial properties. X-ray diffraction analysis, FT-IR, UV-visible
spectroscopy, and particle size analysis were used to evaluate the synthesized ginger root iron
nanoparticles (GR-FeNPs). Iron oxide nanoparticles' crystalline structure was validated by
XRD, which revealed the crystal planes (2 2 0), (3 1 1), (2 2 2), and (4 0 0 0). The particle
size analyzer (PSA) revealed that the average particle size was 56.2 nm. The FeNPs'
antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative
microorganisms. When compared to the other organisms, E. coli shown the highest level of
inhibition. Antioxidant activity shown that nanoparticles can create free radicals at a
maximum rate of 160 g/mL. Additionally, the first and 30th days after coating, when the
surgical cotton's antimicrobial activity was assessed, clearly demonstrated outstanding
growth inhibition of pathogens, forging a new avenue in the study of medical microbiology.
As a result, iron-nanocoated surgical cotton produced using green chemistry that is also
affordable, antimicrobial, and provides insights to the medical sector may be economically
beneficial and provide insights to the field of medicine, substituting traditional wound
healing treatments, over better prognosis.

Tayyaba Naseem and Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh (2015), explained that a major area of
interest for researchers recently has been the creation of trustworthy experimental techniques
for the production of nanoparticles of metal with specified morphologies and sizes. Due to
their unique features that make them relevant in numerous domains of science and
technology, metallic nanoparticles made by green synthesis have attracted enormous interest
over the past ten years. Plant-based metal nanoparticle synthesis is shown to be nontoxic and
environmentally benign. In this study, iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) were produced utilizing the
leaf extract of the plants Lawsonia inermis and Gardenia jasminoides using a very low-cost
and straightforward conventional heating approach. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA),
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the
iron nanoparticles. Using the well-diffusion method, the antibacterial activity was
investigated against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Proteus mirabilis, and
Staphylococcus aureus.

Arpita Roy, Vishwajeet Singh, Sukriti Sharma, Daoud Ali, Abul Kalam Azad, Gokhlesh
Kumar, and Talha Bin Emran (2022), Nanoparticles are used in many different industries,
including agrochemicals, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Plant extract is an extremely
effective, economical, practical, and ecologically acceptable approach for synthesizing
26
nanoparticles. When nanoparticles are formed, a plant extract functions as a reducing agent.
Due to its accessibility, Catharanthus roseus is one of the prospective plants for the
production of nanoparticles. In the current study, iron nanoparticles were created using a
plant extract from Catharanthus roseus. FTIR, DLS, and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to
characterize the produced nanoparticles. Investigations into the synthetic iron nanoparticles'
additional antibacterial and dye-degrading qualities have been conducted. Iron nanoparticles
produced by Catharanthus roseus were discovered to have antibacterial action against E. coli
and dye degradation activity toward methyl orange dye.

S. Mohamad Ebrahimzadeh Sepasgozar, Sh. Mohseni, B. Feizyzadeh, A. Morsali (2022), A

magnetic Iron Oxide called magnetite (Fe3O4) is used in numerous technical applications.
Magnetite nanoparticles' particle size and shape allow for fine-tuning of their properties for
various uses, including targeted medication delivery, cancer diagnosis, magnetic resonance
imaging, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and agriculture. Due to the growing
demand for ecologically friendly nanoparticle synthesis technologies, the biosynthesis of
nanoparticles has attracted a lot of attention during the past two decades. Therefore, there is a
need to create a green chemistry method that uses microbes and plants to synthesis
nanoparticles in an environmentally acceptable manner. The goal of the research is to provide
a straightforward and dependable process for environmentally friendly bio-fabrication of
magnetic Iron Oxide nanoparticles (IO-NPS) utilizing Achillea Nobilis extract. Using
different characterization methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (FTIR),
Ultraviolet spectroscopy investigations (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction, and FESEM, the
crystalline structure and morphology of IO-NPS were investigated. The iron oxide
nanoparticles' antibacterial and antioxidant activities was identified. Gram-positive and gram-
negative bacterial strains were investigated, and iron oxide nanoparticles shown significant
antibacterial action against both. Based on the findings, this approach can be used for a
variety of industrial and medicinal applications.

Jayanta Kumar Patra, Kwang-Hyun Baek (2017), Using the aqueous extracts of two food
processing wastes—the silky hairs of corn (Zea mays L.) and the outer leaves of Chinese
cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis—a simple, quick, and environmentally friendly
green method for producing magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) was introduced
in this study. Under photo-exposed conditions, Fe3O4 NPs were produced using the boiled
solutions of silky hairs (MH) and Chinese cabbage outer leaves (CCP). UV-Vis spectroscopy,
field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-
27
transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential thermogravimetric (TG/DTG)
analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis were used to characterize the
green route synthesized MH-FeNPs and CCP-FeNPs. Two absorption bands were visible in
the UV-Visible spectra of the MH-FeNPs and CCP-FeNPs, respectively, at 325 nm and 375
mm and 325 mm and 365 mm. According to calculations, the MH-FeNPs and CCP-FeNPs
had estimated absolute crystallite sizes of 84.81 nm and 48.91 nm, respectively. Both FeNPs
were superparamagnetic, according to the VSM study. FeNPs combined with kanamycin and
rifampicin both demonstrated effective synergistic antibacterial activity against pathogenic
foodborne bacteria (9.36-24.42 mm inhibition zones), and FeNPs combined with
amphotericin B also demonstrated effective synergistic anticandidal activity against five
different pathogenic Candida species (9.81-17.68 mm inhibition zones). Both FeNPs
demonstrated potent antioxidant properties, so all the characteristics of the greenly
synthesized MH-FeNPs and CCP-FeNPs made from food processing wastes may be
advantageous for their potential use in a variety of fields, including drug delivery,
antibacterial and anticandidal drugs, and biomedical fields.

Sourav Das, Chitta Ranjan Patra (2021), New forms of nanomaterials have been developed
recently thanks to advances in nanotechnology, which has increased environmental risk. As a
result, recent work has increased the development of new metallic nanoparticles using a
method that is safe for the environment. It is done to lessen the impact of employing toxic
chemicals on the environment. It is thought that one of the key aspects of green chemistry is
the use of different proteins to create metallic nanoparticles. Several advantages (low cost,
environmentally friendly, simple, efficient, use of inexpensive instruments, and other factors)
over conventional chemical methods have made the green chemistry approach for the
synthesis of metal nanoparticles (such as gold, silver, iron, and so on) and their application in
biology a fascinating area of science. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), in particular, are
biocompatible among the numerous metal nanoparticles and may be produced using green
synthesis. The phytochemicals, polyphenols, and other compounds found in plant extracts
also improve the therapeutic effects of IONPs produced through green synthesis. The
biological potential of green-synthesized IONPs in treating conditions like cancer, wound
healing, neurodegenerative illnesses, inflammatory, and microbial infections have recently
attracted the attention of several experts from all over the world. Accordingly, this book
chapter will concentrate on the therapeutic advantages of the green-synthesized IONPs in a
variety of disciplines, including anticancer, antibacterial, biosensing, bioimaging, wound
28
healing, neuroprotective activity, photocatalytic activity, dye, heavy-metal-removal
characteristics, etc. We will also quickly go over the IONPs' limits as they relate to green
synthesis. Additionally, a summary of the difficulties, potential outcomes, and effects of
green-synthesized IONPs on biology will be provided in the current book chapter.

Musrat Ali, Urooj Haroon, Maria Khizar, Hassan Javed Chaudhary, Muhammad Farooq
Hussain Munis (2020), The field of green nanotechnology is quickly developing for the
treatment of plant diseases. In the current study, iron nanoparticle manufacturing was
optimized and Calotropis procera leaf extract was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent. In
order to do this, the morphological characteristics and production of green iron nanoparticles
were studied. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses were
used to characterize the produced nanoparticles. Stabilizing and reducing compounds like
Osingle bondH, Csingle bondH, Odouble bondCdouble bondO, Cdouble bondO, and Csingle
bondO were found thanks to FTIR spectroscopy. The orthorhombic shape and size (32 nm)
of these nanoparticles were validated by XRD investigation. The existence of the samples'
key elements was determined by EDX analysis, while SEM detailed the generated iron
nanoparticles' spinal-shaped morphology. Iron nanoparticles were successfully prepared, and
their potential antifungal efficacy was assessed. Different nanoparticle concentrations were
tested to see how well Alternaria alternata's growth was inhibited using the poisoned food
method. The highest growth inhibition (87.9%) was reported at 1.0 mg/mL concentration of
iron nanoparticles, which significantly reduced growth. These findings demonstrate the high
effectiveness, low cost, and environmental friendliness of the iron nanoparticles made from
C. procera leaf extract. These excellent results point to the widespread application of these
green nanoparticles as a potent substitute for chemical fungicide.

Ali Talha Khalil, Muhammad Ovais, Ikram Ullah, Muhammad Ali, Zabta Khan Shinwari &
Malik Maaza (2017), studied In order to effectively chelate iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs),
Sageretia thea (Osbeck) was extensively studied using XRD, FTIR, Raman, Energy
Dispersive Spectroscopy, HR-SEM/TEM, and SAED. Minimum inhibitory doses for five
human pathogenic bacterial strains were determined by antibacterial tests. The bacterium
most responsive to biosynthesized IONPs was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC: 7.4 g/mL).
All fungus strains shown IONP sensitivity. The promastigote & amastigote cultures of
Leishmania tropica were subjected to an MTT cytotoxic test, and the IC50 values were
determined to be 17.2 and 16.75 g/mL. Using brine shrimps as test subjects, the cytotoxic
29
potential was further evaluated, and the IC50 was determined to be 16.46 g/mL. Antioxidant
actions that were moderate were reported. Biogenic IONPs were discovered to be
biocompatible with human RBCs and macrophages (IC50 > 200 g/mL).

Figure 6.

Subhashini G, Ruban P, Daniel T (2018), The red macroalga Gracilaria edulis extract was
used in this study to create Fe3O4iron oxide nanoparticles extracellularly, and their

30
antibacterial activity was also tested against a variety of bacterial and fungal diseases.
Utilizing a UV-visible spectrophotometer, SEM, EDX, XRD, and FT-IR spectrophotometer,
it was discovered that the undiscovered Gracilaria edulis extract is capable of producing
Fe3O4 iron oxide nanoparticles in a green manner. The artificially created Fe3O4 Iron oxide
nanoparticles ranged in size from 20 nm to 26 nm and were naturally stable. An important
function of the phytochemicals found in seaweed is as a reducing agent that aids in the
creation of Fe3O4 iron oxide nanoparticles with improved antibacterial properties. In
antimicrobial action, it was found that p.Aerogenosa (Bacteria), A.nidulans, and C.albicans
(Fungi) showed more effective growth of cell inhibition. This naturally stable iron oxide
nanoparticle with herbal properties can therefore be applied in a variety of biological
processes.

Leili Shaker Ardakania, Vahid Alimardanib, Ali Mohammad Tamaddonb, Ali Mohammad
Amani, Saeed Taghizadeh (2021), explained that due to many advantages, such as high
efficiency, economic effectiveness, and eco-friendliness, green synthesis techniques are
currently receiving more and more attention in the nanotechnology field. Here, iron
nanoparticles (INPs) were made using the aqueous extract of Chlorophytum comosum leaf.
TEM testing proved that the INPs were spherical and amorphous, with a particle size of less
than 100 nm. Methyl orange (MO) was able to be removed by the produced INPs from the
aqueous solution. When using INPs and H2O2, it is simple to measure the MO concentration
using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. After 6 hours, the produced INPs showed a
77% MO degradation efficiency. Additionally, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria were susceptible to the anti-bacterial activity of the produced INPs. At
concentrations below 6 g/ml, the produced INPs had an impressive impact on Staphylococcus
aureus. Overall, the produced INPs could significantly aid in the fight against germs and
organic dyes.

31
Figure 7. Synthesis of INPs and test its dye degradation performance by decolorization
of an azo dye solution.

Tariq Alam, Raja Asad Ali Khan, Ahmad Ali, Hassan Sher, Zahid Ullah, Mohammad Ali
(2019), studied on Global food security is threatened by plant diseases. The main contributor
to pesticide resistance and toxicity to beneficial life forms is the overuse of agrochemicals.
The development of nanotechnology holds promise to battle pathogenic organisms, and the
search for safe and effective alternative antimicrobial agents is essential to overcome
pathogen resistance. In this study, a straightforward benign biogenic method was used to
make biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) using Skimmia laureola leaf
extract. The resulting nanoparticles were then tested in vitro and in plants for their
antibacterial efficacy against the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Through the
use of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,
the produced nanoparticles were physically and chemically characterized. The findings
showed that there were polydisperse nanoparticles between 56 and 350 nm in size. In vitro
32
bacterial growth was severely suppressed by culture conditions containing 6 mg/mL of
Fe2O3 NPs. Deteriorated, shriveled, and condensed cell walls were among the degenerative
traits that were discovered by scanning electron microscopy. By treating the root zone in
planta with 6% w/v of Fe2O3 NPs, the severity of the disease was successfully decreased.
With the use of Fe2O3 NPs, plant shoots, root length, and fresh biomass were all improved.
The outcomes showed that the biosynthesized Fe2O3 NPs may be able to inhibit an important
phytopathogen for agriculture. In both a plant and a laboratory, Ralstonia solanacearum.

Sunitha Abdeen, Rimal Isaac R.S, Sweetly Geo, Sornalekshmi S., Arsula Rose, Praseetha
P.K (2013), In order to create iron and silver nanoparticles, a straightforward and repeatable
biosynthetic approach was used, producing highly concentrated monodispersed nanoparticles.
The low cytotoxicity, biodegradability, and reactive surface of iron oxide nanoparticles,
which can be altered with biocompatible coatings, have made them very popular. Strong
antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties have been associated
with silver nanoparticles. The response procedure was straightforward, cost-effective, and
manageable. Iron and silver nanoparticles were created using both organic and chemical
processes. The fungi Fusarium oxysporum sp. and Actinomycetes sp. simultaneously used a
microbial pathway to produce iron and silver nanoparticles. Fungi have some advantages
over other creatures for producing nanoparticles since they are simple to manage and only
need basic raw materials. The generated nanoparticles' morphology was verified by
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after the obtained iron and silver nanoparticles were
characterized by UV-vis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). 20–40 nm-
sized particles were visible in TEM images of iron nanoparticles produced by Fusarium
oxysporum sp. With regard to Bacillus, E. coli, and Staphylococcus sp., these particles had
the strongest antibacterial effects. Silver nanoparticles produced through biological means
appeared smaller in TEM images (10–20 nm). Actinomycetes were used in the microbial
synthesis of silver nanoparticles, which were discovered to be very hazardous against several
human diseases due to their smaller size and the presence of antibiotic components on them.
Because of their incredibly small size and high surface area to volume ratio, nanoparticles
have an antibacterial impact by efficiently covering germs and reducing their access to
oxygen for respiration. It was discovered that silver nanoparticles produced by
microorganisms have higher antibacterial activity.

P.N. Kirdat, P.B. Dandge, R.M. Hagwane, A.S. Nikam, S.P. Mahadik, S.T. Jirange (2021),
explained that One quick, environmentally benign, and economically viable way of creating
33
nanoparticles is known as "green synthesis." In this procedure, many biological components
are utilized. Extract from ginger (Zingiber officinale), which is typically produced by
physical and chemical processes, is also used to create iron oxide nanoparticles. The
precursor employed was ferric chloride, while the reducing agent is ginger extract. Scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray
diffraction method (XRD), and UV-visible spectroscopy were used to study the production of
iron oxide nanoparticles. At 406 nm, the iron oxide nanoparticles displayed their typical
peak. By using FTIR spectroscopy, the various functional groups that were connected to it
were examined. The greatest peak in the X-ray diffraction examination of nanoparticles was
found at the (3 1 1) crystal plane with a 2 value of 32.43. SEM examination was used to
determine the stable and cubic structure of iron oxide nanoparticles. With a zone of inhibition
diameter of 22 mm, the produced nanoparticles from ginger extract exhibit antibacterial
activity against the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli. Antifungal and antioxidant potential is
anticipated for the produced iron oxide nanoparticles. It is discovered that this novel process
of synthesizing nanoparticles is more practical than any alternative.

SARANYA, S.: VIJAYARANI, K.; PAVITHRA, S. (2017), Musa ornata flower extract was
used to create iron nanoparticles. For the synthesis of iron nanoparticles, the ideal precursor
salt concentration, reaction mixture pH, reducing agent to precursor salt ratio, and time were
found to be 5 mM, 9.0, 3:7, and 0 sup>th/sup> h, respectively. UV/Vis absorption
spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy,
atomic force microscopy, and a particle size analyser were used to characterize the produced
iron nanoparticles. Iron oxide nanoparticles exhibit a distinctive absorption peak in the
UV/Vis spectrum between 250 and 350 nm. To identify potential chemicals like carbonyl,
CH, and OH band, a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurement was performed.
The average particle size of magnetite nanoparticles was determined to be 43.69 nm using the
X-ray diffraction method. By using the well diffusion method, it was discovered that the
synthetic iron nanoparticles have antibacterial action against harmful bacteria such
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica.
This biosynthetic method has been discovered to be economical, environmentally benign, and
promising for use in a variety of sectors.

Sudhakar, C., Poonkothai, M., Selvankmuar, T., Selvam, K., Rajivgandhi, G., Siddiqi, M. Z.,
& Vijayakumar, N. (2021), The goal of this research was to investigate a novel method of
producing iron oxide nanoparticles (CC-IONPs) by reducing iron(II) chloride using an
34
aqueous leaf extract of Canthium coromandelicum (CC). The presence of polyphenols and
organic acids in the CC extract, which were in charge of capping and stabilizing the CC-
IONPs, was discovered using FT-IR analysis. The spherical nature was confirmed by a SEM
picture, and the presence of an iron peak at 6.3 keV was confirmed by an EDS spectrum.
Additionally, using a vibration sample magnetometer (VSM), magnetic properties were
discovered with a saturation magnetization of 20.32 emu/g. The biogenically created CC-
IONPs show promising antibacterial action against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus
aureus. Additionally, at 180 minutes under sunshine irradiation, CC-IONPs demonstrated
outstanding degrading efficiency (97.23%) for Janus green B (JG).

Figure 8. Graphical chart

J Sandhya, and S Kalaiselvam (2020), Utilizing the seed coat extract of B. flabellifer, an eco-
friendly green production of iron oxide nanoparticles was studied. Utilizing XRD, UV-vis
spectroscopy, FTIR, TGA, SEM, and EDS, the nanoparticles were studied. The synthesis of
crystalline inverse spinel magnetite nanoparticles with a crystallite size of 35 nm was
demonstrated by the x-ray diffraction spectrum, and the distinctive peak in iron oxide
nanoparticle UV-vis absorption was recorded at 352 nm. The numerous functional group
peaks visible in the FTIR spectrum and the thermal disintegration of the produced
nanoparticles from TGA were used to confirm the surface functionalization of the
nanoparticles. SEM-based morphological analysis revealed the development of evenly

35
scattered nanoparticles with a hexagonal shape. Using the MTT assay and hemolytic analysis,
the cytocompatibility of the iron oxide nanoparticles was investigated. Measurements of the
nanoparticles' antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, Shigella, A. niger,
and Candida albicans revealed that all of the bacteria were significantly affected by the
nanoparticles, and that this activity increased with increasing nanoparticle concentration. The
nanoparticles' free radical scavenging activity against DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and
hydroxyl radicals was tested, and the results demonstrated effective antioxidant activity.

Ritu Hooda and Minakshi Sharma (2020), In order to avoid the toxicity of the reducing
reagents utilized, a green method of nanoparticle synthesis has recently been employed. We
used citrus (lemon) leaf extract to greenly synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs),
which were then examined using a variety of techniques, including transmission electron
microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray diffraction, an X-ray diffractometer, fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy, and zeta analysis. At microgram concentrations, the Fe2O3NPs also
shown an intriguing antibacterial action against human gut pathogenic bacteria that are gram-
positive (Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumonia). Using lemon leaf
extract as a green synthesis catalyst, Fe2O3NPs were produced, and they were then examined
using a variety of physicochemical methods. Our findings demonstrated that green
Fe2O3NPs are spherical, stable, and have a rhombohedral crystalline structure with an
average size of 40 nm. Two human gut pathogenic bacterial strains were effectively
combated by the green Fe2O3NPs.

Rishav Sheel, Puja Kumari, Pritam Kumar Panda, Md Danish Jawed Ansari, Paritosh Patel,
Sonal Singh, Baby Kumari, Biplab Sarkar, M. Anwar Mallick, Suresh K. Verma (2020), The
biocompatibility of magnetic iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticle (IONP) has come under
scrutiny due to their widespread use. Additionally, it has sparked research towards greener,
more biocompatible synthetic versions of the substance. In order to address the problem, this
study uses adult and embryonic zebrafish to examine the molecular nanotoxicity of iron
oxide nanoparticles (IONP) and reveals a novel, environmentally friendly method for
producing IONP utilizing Phyllanthus niruri plant extract. The P-IONP that was synthesized
had a size of 42 08 nm, a zeta potential of 38 06 mV, a hydrodynamic diameter of 109 09 nm,
and a magnetic saturation value of 90 emu/g. P-IONP was discovered to have excellent
antibacterial activity against E. coli. A comparison of the in vivo biocompatibility of P-IONP
and commercial C-IONP using zebrafish revealed that P-IONP was more biocompatible in
terms of death rate, hatching rate, heart rate, and morphological defects. P-IONP and C-IONP
36
each had an LC50 of 202 g/ml and 126 g/ml, respectively. The behavior was identified as a
result of induced apoptosis caused by a dysregulation of generated oxidative stress due to the
structural and functional influence of IONP on Sod1 and Tp53 proteins through intrinsic
atomic contact, according to a study on molecular nano-biocompatibility.

Figure 9. Graphical chart

Rajiv Periakaruppan, T. Selva Kumar, P. Vanathi, Ghaidaa Raheem Lateef Al-Awsi, Noura
Al-Dayan & Sugapriya Dhanasekaran (2023), This research offers a secure method for
producing iron oxide nanoparticles by extracting the leaves of Parthenium hysterophorus.
The unique aspect of this study is how P. hysterophorus biomass was used as a reducing,
capping, and stabilizing agent to create iron oxide nanoparticles with potential for antifungal
and antioxidant activity. Analysis was done on the size, shape, crystallinity, stability,
functional groups, and purity of the as-produced nanoparticles. Iron oxide nanoparticles were
created using Parthenium to produce spherically shaped, extremely stable, and crystalline
particles with an average size of 17.5 nm. Additionally, the antifungal activity was tested
using the well diffusion method against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, two fungal
diseases. Iron oxide nanoparticles prevented the growth of both fungi. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test was used to measure the antioxidant activity. In comparison to
ascorbic acid, iron oxide nanoparticle concentration showed greater free radical scavenging

37
activity. It has an IC50 of 184.3 g/ml. Sesamum indicum and Arachis hypogaea were used in
the seed germination assay. The level of germination was activated by a lower concentration
of parthenium-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles than by higher ones. To enhance human
health and agricultural productivity, parthenium-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles may be
employed as nano-fungicides in biomedical and agricultural domains.

Dalia M.S.A. Salem, Mona M. Ismail, Mohamed A. Aly-Eldeen (2019), Compared to

chemical synthesis, green biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a good alternative. Brown
(Colpomenia sinuosa) and red (Pterocladia capillacea) seaweed aqueous extracts were used to
create two samples of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs), which were then used
separately to reduce ferric chloride. The conventional techniques were used to characterize
the produced nanoparticles. The FT-IR results showed that the extracts under test contained a
variety of biocompounds that were necessary for the synthesis and capping of Fe3O4-NPs.
Each acquired nanosample's UV-visible spectrum revealed two absorption peaks at 402 and
415 nm, indicating the formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The size of the two Fe3O4-NPs
samples produced by the aqueous extracts of C. sinuosa and P. capillacea was determined by
SEM to be 11.24-33.71 nm and 16.85-22.47 nm, respectively. Fe3O4-NPs were also
discovered to be present in the form of nanospheres. The two biosynthesized nanosamples
included Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which were confirmed by the EDX spectra. The created
Fe3O4-NPs shown broad spectrum antibacterial activity against the growth of Gram-negative
(8.37 6.62 mm) and positive (5.75 2.25 mm) bacteria. In addition, when compared to Fe3O4-
NPs of P. capillacea (7 & 5 mm), negative and positive controls, and Aspergillus flavus (9
mm) and Fusarium oxysporum (6 mm), Fe3O4-NPs of C. sinuosa shown high antifungal
potency.

Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi, Javed Iqbal, Tariq Mahmood, Abdul Qyyum, Sobia Kanwal (2019),
This research reports the use of Rhamnus virgata (Roxb.) leaf extract as a potential
stabilizing, reducing, and chelating agent in the plant-mediated production of iron oxide
nanoparticles (IONPs). The physical and biological characteristics of the biogenic IONPs
have undergone substantial study. UV spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-
infrared analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy,
transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering were
used to characterize the morphology, structure, and physicochemical characteristics of
biogenic IONPs. For IONPs, the Scherrer equation yielded a mean crystallite size of about 20
nm. Significant therapeutic potentials for IONPs were shown by thorough in vitro biological
38
activities. It has been revealed that IONPs have potential antibacterial and antifungal
properties. HepG2 cell-targeting bioinspired IONPs have demonstrated promising results
(IC50: 13.47 g/ml). Using varying dosages of IONPs (1-200 g/ml), dose-dependent
cytotoxicity assays against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania tropica (KMH23)
were discovered. Additionally, brine shrimps were used to study the cytotoxic action, and
their IC50 value was determined to be 32.41 g/ml. Protein kinase and alpha amylase
inhibition experiments showed significant antioxidant [TAC (51.4%), DPPH (79.4%), and
total reducing power (62%)] and antioxidant activity. The biosafety of IONPs was validated
by biocompatibility tests utilizing macrophages and red blood cells (both > 200 g/ml). In
order to further develop their nano-pharmacological relevance in biomedical applications,
bioinspired IONPs should be the topic of more research. They have demonstrated potential
biological uses.

Shahana Bishnoi, Aarti Kumar, Raja Selvaraj (2018), The fruit extract of Cynometra
ramiflora, an unpalatable fruit waste, is used in this work to synthesize magnetic iron oxide
nanoparticles (MIONPs) in a unique and environmentally beneficial manner. Several
techniques were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The presence of Fe2O3
nanoparticles was confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction data. By using BET analysis, the
MIONPs' surface area was found to be 107.97 m2/g. The nanoparticles' zero point charge
was calculated to be 8.1. The FTIR analysis revealed the existence of several functional
groups of phytochemicals in the fruit extract of Cynometra ramiflora, which were in charge
of producing nanoparticles. The breakdown of methylene blue dye when exposed to sunlight
served as a demonstration of the nanoparticles' photocatalytic capabilities. The MIONPs'
durability and stability were examined over the course of five cycles in order to determine
their potential photocatalytic activity. The environmental catalytic restoration of dirty water
could therefore greatly benefit from the use of these nanoparticles.

39
 Figure 10.

Saikatendu Deb Roy, Krishna Chandra Das, Siddhartha Sankar Dhar (2021), Iron oxide
nanoparticles are of tremendous interest because they can be used as powerful catalysts. The
synthetic method, however, calls for the use of harmful chemicals, which are pricey and have
a negative impact on the environment. The focus of the present review is on a biosynthetic
process that leverages abundant plant-based extracts from roots, seeds, stems, flowers, leaves,
and fruits as a starting point for synthesis using conventional techniques. By using the co-
precipitation and sol-gel methods, iron oxide nanoparticles are created. There is also
discussion of other ways to create nanoparticles. The synthetic method, pH, and temperature
of the reaction media all affect the material's size. The size has a direct impact on its
application as a catalyst. Iron oxides are effective at degrading dyes, converting different
organic molecules to environmentally friendly substances that pollute, and other organic
processes of synthetic relevance. Due to the electrons and holes produced when the catalyst
was exposed to sunlight, photocatalytic activity was produced. Strong catalysts for organic
reactions include magnetic iron oxides. The effectiveness of the catalyst can be improved by
adding more metals, metallic oxides, and hydroxyapatites. The iron oxide-containing catalyst
was intended to degrade different dyes and can be utilized to carry out specific reactions of
industrial importance because of its magnetic nature.

40
41
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