WOLLO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RATE OF FARM YARD MANURE

APPLICATION ON THE GROWTH OF POTATO (SOLANUM

TUBEROSUM L.)
A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BSC. DEGREE.

BY

NAME OF GROUP MEMBERS ID/NO-

1. BAYUSH ABEBE---------------------------------------------------3277/08

2. HABTAM DEMLE--------------------------------------------------3381/08

3. HAILEMIKAEL WOLDE------------------------------------------3396/08

4. MEDINA SEID ------------------------------------------------------3455/08

5. SEID KASSAYE-----------------------------------------------------3524/08

Advisor:. Ali Seid (MSc)Dessie, Ethiopia

June, 2018
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE
LIST OF TABLE.............................................................................................................................................III
LIST OF ABBRAVATION...............................................................................................................................IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................................V
Abstract......................................................................................................................................................VI
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Statement of the problem................................................................................................................2
1.2 Objectives of the Study......................................................................................................................2
2. LITRATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Origin and distribution Potato...........................................................................................................3
2.2 Botanical Description of Potato.........................................................................................................3
2.3. Cultivars............................................................................................................................................3
2.4Agro-ecological situation....................................................................................................................4
2.4.1 Climatic requirements................................................................................................................4
2.4.2 Soil requirements........................................................................................................................4
2.5. Fertilizer application methods..........................................................................................................4
2.6 Response of organic fertilizers.........................................................................................................5
2.5.3 Effect of Farm Yard Manure on the Growth of Potato................................................................6
3 .MATERIAL AND METHODS.......................................................................................................................8
3.1 Description of study area...................................................................................................................8
3.2 Experimental material.......................................................................................................................8
3.3 Experimental design and Treatment..................................................................................................8
3.4 Treatment description and procedures.............................................................................................9
3.5 Data to be collected.........................................................................................................................10
3.6 Data analysis....................................................................................................................................10
4. Result and discussion.............................................................................................................................11
4.1 Plant height.....................................................................................................................................11
4.2 Stem number...................................................................................................................................12
4.3 Leaf Number................................................................................................................................13

I
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION................................................................................................14
6. REFERENCE............................................................................................................................................15
7. APPENDICES...........................................................................................................................................19

II
 LIST OF TABLE

TABLE PAGE

Table 1: Effects of different FYM application on day of emergency

Table 2: Effects of different FYM application on plant height

Table 3: effects of different FYM application on stem number

Table 4: Effects of different FYM application on leaf number

III
 LIST OF ABBRAVATION

ANOVA ……………………………Analysis of variance

CV…………………………………...Coefficient variation

FAO…………………………………Food and Agriculture organization

FYM ………………………………..Farm yard manure

GM………………………………….Grand mean

HA ………………………………….Hectare

LSD ……………………………….Least significant difference

m.a.s.l …………………………………meter above sea level

RCBD………………………………Random complete block design

IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Above all for the success of our research, we would like to thanks God for his presence with us
while we do this activity. We would like to acknowledge our advisor Mr. Ali Said (M.sc).
Finally we would like to acknowledge all library workers who contributed their support by
providing reference books

V
 Abstract

Potato (Solanumtuberosum L.) is originated in the highlands of North America. Among the root
and tuber crops it ranks first followed by cassava, sweet potato and yams. Potato tuber gives an
exceptionally high yield per hectare and are used in wide variety of table processed, livestock
feed, and industrial use, potato provides nutrition's food in diversity environments. FYM
increases crop yield probably since, it carries considerable quantities of elements necessary for
plant growth that are often in sufficient in the soil, It adds organic matter to the soil, it increases
the bacterial content of soil, it improves the soil physical properties, (like water retention,
infiltration, percolation etc.), it maintains good soil aeration and also it maintain good drainage
of the soil. FYM is added to the soil and mixed with the soil before two weeks the sprouted potato
tuber is planted. The problem is to investigate the optimum amount of farm yard manure (FYM)
for higher production of potato tuber. The objective of this research is to determine the optimum
rate farm yard manure for better yield component of potato. The experiment was laid out in the
field using RCBD design. There were four (4) treatments (Okg/plot, O.75kg/plot, 1.5kg/plot and
2.25kg/plot) and three replications. Three parameters were recorded such as plant height, stem
number and leaf number. The parameters did not showed significant effects on plant height,stem
number and leaf number. But the highest plant height was recorded from 2.25kg\plot (55.4 cm)
and the shortest plant height was recorded from 0kg/plot (45.1cm) ,the highest stem number was
recorded from 1.5kg/plot (6.20)and the shortest stem was recorded from 0kg\plot (3.87) and the
more leaf number was counted from 2.25kg/plot (58.3)and the less number of leaf counted from
0kg\plot (46.4).at the result showed slight difference numerically.So from this result it is difficult
to recommendfrom one research the recommended rate of farm yard manure application at
1.5kg/plot is best.

VI
 1. INTRODUCTION

Potato (Solanumtuberosum L.)is originated in the highlands of North America and was first
cultivated in the vicinity of lake Titicaca near the present border of Peru and Bolivia (Horton,
1987).1n the term of quantity produced and consumed worldwide, potato is the most important
vegetable crop.1t is one of the most important food crops in the world, in volume of world crop
production it ranks fourth following by wheat (TriticumasstivumL.), rice (OryzasativaL.) and
maize (ZeamaysL.)in world production for human consumption (F AO,2008).Among the root
and tuber crops it ranks first followed by cassava, sweet potato and yams (F AO,2008).Potato
produces more energy and protein per unit area and unit of time than most other major food
crops; it is fat-free and contains substantial amounts of minerals (Lutaladio and Castaldi,2009).
The balance of protein to calories, the balance among the most important amino acids in protein,
and the composition minerals make potato in nutritional value as a single source (Swaminatha
and Sawyer,1983).Potato (Sollanumtubersom L.) is grouped under the family of Solanacea.

Potato tuber gives an exceptionally high yield per hectare and are used in wide variety of table
processed, livestock feed, and industrial use, potato provides nutrition's food in diversity
environments. It is cheap source of energy, it contains high levels of carbohydrates and
considerable amounts of vitamins B, C and minerals (Tigoni, 2005; Muthoni and Nyamango,

2009). There are about 5000 varieties of which 3000grown in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, China, and

Colombia the world known verities includes Awash, Menagesha, Genet, Wechecha, Tolecha,

Sisay etc. (Robert and Andrews walker, 1989).

The above ground stem of potato plant are erect in early stage of development but later become
spreading and prostrate or semi prostrate. The tuber is an enlarged underground stem .the tubers
have buds or eyes. From which sprout arise under certain condition. Potato has relatively
shallow, fibrous root system with majority of roots in surface 0.3m. (Aselsoa, d.c.2003).

Potato is considered a cool season vegetable. Tubers are initiated more rapidly under short days
in most cultivar but under optimum temperature conditions tuberization can occur even under

1
Long days. Potato tolerates acidities of soil but the best soil is deep. Well drained sandy or silt
loam with a PH of 5.5-6.09(Williamsetal., 1991).

Organic fertilizer has beneficial effects including the increases of hydraulic conductivity, raises
the water holding capacity, changes the soil pH where increases or decreases in the pH,
depending on the soil type and characteristics of organic fertilizer, elevates the soil aggregation
and water infiltration and reduces the frequency of plant diseases (Olson and Papworth,
2006).Using of animal manure such as cattle manure has positively beneficial effects on
vegetative growth, yield and tuber quality (Kolay, 2007)

1.1. Statement of the problem

. Majority of farmer trends to either apply small amount or do not use any type of farm yard
manure. So this experiment will design to investigate the optimum amount of farm yard manure
(FYM) for higher production of potato tuber

1.2 Objectives of the Study

 To determine the optimum rate of farm yard manure for better growth and yield
component of potato

2
 2. LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 Origin and distribution Potato

According to legend the first potatoes for planting purposes in South Africa came from Holland
to provide food for mariners visiting the Cape (Bereke, 1994). Since the potato industry has
grown to become one of the important food providers in South Africa. Within the South African
context, the gross value of potato production accounts for about 43% of major vegetables, 15%
of horticultural products and 4% of total agricultural production (Bereke, 1994).

2.2 Botanical Description of Potato

The potato tuber is an enlarged portion of an underground stem, although these stems sometimes
grow above ground as well, in which case they are termed solons (MOARD, 2007). The term
stolon is commonly used in the potato literature for both rhizomes and solons (Burton,
1989).Potato plants may develop from seed or from tubers. Plants grown from seed form a
slender tap root with lateral branches. Plants grown from tubers form adventitious roots at the
base of each sprout and, later, above the nodes of the underground part of each stem. Its color is
generally green; sometimes it may be reddish-brown or purple (MOARD, 2007). Potato flowers
are bisexual. They possess all four essential parts of a flower calyx, corolla, male elements and
female element (Burton, 1989).

2.3. Cultivars

Potato cultivars available can be divided into three groups according to the length of their
growing periods (Bereke, 1994). In the group for early cultivars Vander plank is the most
popular cultivar. The medium-growing season cultivars form the bulk of potatoes grown in South
Africa, of which BPI and Up-to-Date are the most popular cultivars at present(Burton,l989).
Together BPI and Up-to-Date constitute almost 77% of the potatoes grown in the country
(MOARD, 2007). In the third group of cultivars are those cultivars with a longer growing season

3
(Longer than 120 days) such as Sack filler, Late Harvest, Kimberley's Choice and Cedar
(Mahmoud, 2005).

2.4Agro-ecological situation

2.4.1 Climatic requirements

The potato has long been classified as a short-day, cool-season crop, but does very well at high
temperatures when water is supplied in uniform quantities sufficient to meet evapotranspiration
demands (Anonymous, 2011). The highest yields are currently being produced in areas where the
day time temperature is often over 38°C during the hottest part of the growing season and nights
are cool 18°C (Mahmoud, 2005).

2.4.2 Soil requirements

Potatoes grow well on a wide variety of soils (EARO, 2004). In some areas where potatoes are
commercially grown the soils are acid, where as in others they are alkaline (Mahmoud, 2005).
Ideal soil for potato growing is deep, well-drained and friable. High soils in organic matter such
as peat or muck, if adequately drained, can also produce high quality potatoes, particularly for
the fresh market. Sandy soils, which contain little clay or little organic matter and have almost no
soil structure, when properly irrigated and fertilized, will produce high yields of tubers with
excellent culinary and processing quality (Endale and Gebremdhin, 2001).

2.5. Fertilizer application methods

Farm yard manure is the bulky organic manure resulting from cattle over wintered in yards
bedded with goat dung, sheep dung, chicken dung and straw by farmers .And when the material
is available the potato crop receives priority .However ,the important of such materials has
declined with the increased use of inorganic fertilizers .They may still be of considerable
significance else organic fertilizers of which FYM is the principal play on intra ordinary in the
cultivation of tundra and taiga virgin soil .where according to Sokolove and Orlviski(1971).

Crowther E.M and Yates (1941) should that the response of crop to fertilizers N, P and K where
considerable reduce when grown in the presence of 25 tones/hectare of FYM, however they

Pointed out that the most remarkable features concerning the effect of small FYM was difference
between the response to the absence the Nitrogen in of FYM and its presence.

4
Re-examined the experimental evidence and concluded that the response to N in the absence of
FYM was very dependent on the basal supply of P and K in the presence of FYM it is less
dependent. Showed from survey data collected in Britain that farmer did not adjust their rates of
fertilizer when FYM was used indicating that the manure was valued for properties other than it
content of mineral elements. Boyd conclude that the effect of the nutrients N, P and K without
having re course to other effects.

Cattle manure is often favored over other type of fertilizers as it is low in nutrients and can be
applied in endless quantities will no detrimental side effects (Powell and sattler, 2001). Stated
that the affected of FYM could not always be eliminated by high leaves of inorganic fertilizer.

2.6Response of organic fertilizers

The use of organic manure as a fertilizer in less developed countries like Ethiopia has received
much attention from economic point of view. In view of the current worldwide shortage of
chemical fertilizers and its anticipated adverse effect on food production, the endeavor
todiscover and develop efficient techniques of utilizing organic materials as fertilizer is
urgentlyneeded. Organic fertilizers were regarded as important, but it was realized that organic
fertilizers

Would not be available in sufficient amounts to increase food production drastically (Place et al.,
2003). According to Shaliniet al. (2002), application of organic manures increased uptake ofN, P
and K over application of inorganic fertilizers alone. The authors also revealed that integration of
organic with inorganic fertilizer had a marked effect in increasing growth and ultimately yield
and also in maintaining soil fertility and availability of nutrients in soil after harvest. The result
of several long-term experiments in different cropping systems also revealed that, long-term
sustainability of productivity in intensive cropping system could be achieved only through
integration of inorganic and organic source of nutrients.

5
2.5.3 Effect of Farm Yard Manure on the Growth of Potato

Farm yard manure benefits both the soil and the crop. It improves the tilth of heavy soils, and
increases the water holding capacity of light soils. The full benefit of manure is obtained only
when the soil is well cultivated, well drained, and well limed (Russell, 2004). Animal waste can
make substantial contribution to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrient needs, Total
supply, however, depends on the nature and size of animal enterprises and methods used in
decomposing, storing, and application of the manure(Habtemariam, 2003; Russell, 2004).
Animal manures, particularly cattle dung, were the main source of nutrients for the
maintenanceof soil fertility in settled agriculture until the advent of mineral fertilizers (Ofori and
Sanatanna, 1990). The use of mineral fertilizers started to dominate cropmanuring in developed
countries since then. But farmers in developing countries, due to limited financial resources, can
barely afford to purchase sufficient mineral fertilizers, therefore, use animal manures whenever
available. Farmyard manures are responsible to nutrient availability for crop in demand, improve
soil physical properties (aggregation) and hence improve water retention capacity, infiltration
rate and biological activity of soil(Kwakye, 1980). The advantage of farmyard manure
application, however, greatly depends, among others, on proper application methods, which
increase the value, reduce costs, and enhance effectiveness (Tekluet al., 2004). Farmyard manure
should first be stored for about a year in pits and then transported to field during soil preparation
for planting. Farmyard manure has comparatively lower C: N ratio (1 0: 1) and hence is more
useful in enriching the soils than those with high C: N ratio (18:1) manures like crop residues
(Malik, 2000). Besides NPK, manures contain all otheressential elements. However, the nutrient
contents of manures may vary depending upon the feed, bedding and the individual animal
(Ofori and Santana, 1990).Now a days, the decline in per capital food production as a result of
population growth, the shorterrecuperation period of the fallows, the loss in soil fertility, and the
high cost of mineral fertilizers have made it necessary to give attention to the use of manures and
other organicmaterials to sustain soil productivity (Tolera, 2003).

6
Cattle manure is by far the most important source of nutrients among the various animaldung.
Although the cattle population, and consequently the dung output, has greatly increased in
developing countries, there are several constraints on the efficient utilizationof the nutrients from
the dung. There are wide variations in the nutrient content of thedung that are attributed to
factors such as husbandry systems, storage methods, and thebases of reporting (whether on a dry
or wet basis) (Ofori and Santana, 1990).Sikka (1982)reported that application of farmyard
manure may contribute to an improvement in theefficiency of the phosphate application. Tolessa
(1999) also reported that application offarmyard manure in maize significantly increased
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassiumstatus of the soil as compared to inorganic fertilizers
application. The author also revealedthat there was significant increase in total nitrogen,
available phosphorus, and potassium content of the soil with increases in farmyard manure levels
from 8 to 24 t ha-l. SimilarlyJayaprakash (2001) reported that significantly higher grain yield of
maize was recorded due to application of organics;vermin compost and farmyard manure at the

rate of2 t ha-land 10 t ha-1 respectively. The use of farmyard manure, however, is generally low

due tolow nutrient content per unit volume, compared to commercial fertilizer and, hence, large

quantity of manure is required to fulfill crop nutrient requirements, demanding hightransport, and

Labor cost for applying it (Renuka and Ravisankar, 2001).

7
 3 .MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 Description of study area

The experiment was conducted at kelem meda in Wollo University at plant science
demonstration site which is located at Dessie campus in south Wollo; the area has an altitude of
2600m a.s.l. The mean annual rain fall range between 900-1400mm and the maximum rain fall
recorded during June to August and the mean annual minimum and maximum temperature is
120c and 260c respectively. The study area is located around11 010’10”N latitude and 39037’36’’ E
longitude.

3.2Experimental material

The materials that had been used during the experiment:

 Local variety of potato tuber

 Farmyard manure and
 Equipment's like rope, spade, meter, hoe etc.

3.3 Experimental design and Treatment

The field experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replication and four treatments. The
experimental area was divided into small homogeneous blocks and each replication contained
complete set of treatment which was allocated to plots within each block at random. The
arrangement of block was against concentration gradient since to control soil erosion, each

Plot had four rows and each row contained five plants. There are 20 plants per each plot. The

Total number of plant would be240. Four levels of FYM were used as treatment.

Treatment one (T1) Okg/ha used as control

Treatment two (T2) 0.75 kg/plot,

Treatment three (T3) 1.5kg/plot

Treatment four (T4) 2.25kg/plot

8
3.4 Treatment description and procedures

The experiment field would be selected and all un wantedmaterials like stone straw, weed and
other substances were removed. The land would be prepared very well by digging four or more
than by using Tractor and our force. The total area of land was8.5m*11m= 93.5m 2 the area per
plot was 1.5m*3.0m=4.5m2.The distance between plot and blocks was 0.5m and 1m respectively.

The levels of surface of land would be softened with addition of water and we prepared raised
seed bed. The different amounts of FYM is added by broadcasting form and incorporated with
soil according to its level of each experimental plot before two weeks of sprouted potato tuber
was planted on a well prepared seed bed. Experimental plot with zero level of animal manure
was used as control group. The spacing between row and plant was 75cmx30cm respectively and
there were four rows per plot with twenty plants in each plot respectively. The total numbers of
plants were would be 240. All agronomic practice like watering, weeding, earthening up,
cultivation etc. were done as recommended for the area.

9
3.5 Data to be collected

Five plants would be selected from the middle plants in the net plot for growth and yield
component parameters. The way that data collection would be accordingly

 Plant height: would be measured as the distance in cm from the soil surface to the top
most growth point of aboveground at full maturity.
 Number of stem: average number of main stems produced per hill were taken from five
randomly selected plants from each plot.
 Number of leaf:was counted from each main stem branch.

3.6 Data analysis

The data obtain from effect of different rate of farm yard manure was subjected to analysis of
variance (ANOV A) using analysis software (Gnstat). Mean separation would be carried out
using Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) at 5% probability level.

10
4. Result and discussion

4.1 Plant height

Table 1: Effects of different FYM application on plant height

Level of farm yard manure (kg/plot) Plant height(cm)

0 45.1
0.75 47.4
1.5 48.9
2.25 55.4
GM 49.2
CV 12%
LSD NS
NS=Non significant difference

Plant heights was non significantly differencebut the highestplant was recorded from 2.25
kg/ha(55.4 cm) and the lowest plant height was recorded from 0kg/ha(45.1 cm) .This showed
thatslightly difference on plant height and Accordingly K wakye (1980)who reported that one of
the most important function farm yard manure in potato plant is promotion of rapid emergency
and growth through increasing of root length, height and size of leaves and Robert and Anderws
(1989), reported that increased application of farm yard manure fertilizer increased plant height.

11
4.2 Stem number

Table 2: effects of different FYM application on stem number

Levels of farm yard manure (kg/plot) Stem number

0 3.87

0.75 5.47

1.5 6.20

2.25 5.73

GM 5.32

CV 33.6

LSD NS

NS=Non significant difference

According to data analyzed in table 2 above indicated that different rate of FYM applied on plots
that receive 0.75, 1.5, and 2.25kg/plot showed that no significant difference on stem number of
the potato tuber. This showed that the application of FYM at different rate does not have any
effect on stem number. But the above table 2 showed that slight difference in this. This indicates
more number of stem at 1.5kg/plot and less in 0kg/plot. That means addition of farmyard manure
have no significant difference on stem number parameter.

12
4.3 Leaf Number

Table 3: Effects of different FYM application on leaf number

Levels of farm yard manure (kg/plot) Leaf number

0 46.4

0.75 51.7

1.5 57.1

2.25 58.3

GM 53.4

CV 20%

LSD NS

NS=Non significant difference

As observed from data analyzed in table 3, the result showed that there were no significant
differences (appendix table 3) among treatments on leafnumber. However; the number of leaf
(58.3) increased at 2.25kg/plot and decreased (46.4) at 0kg/plot control level. The reason that
more number of leaf recorded at this treatment. (2.25kg/plot) and also the leaves were more
green.

13
 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Potato is the most vegetable crop in the world and it ranks first from root and tuber vegetable
crops grown. It has use as carbohydrate mainly as starch. It is cool season vegetable crop. FYM
is bulky organic matter that contains low amount of nutrient content and it used in large in
number in the field for potato tuber. It carries considerable quantities of elements necessary for
plant growth that are often in sufficient in the soil, it adds organic matter to the soil, it increases
the bacterial content of soil, it improves the soil physical properties, (like water retention,
infiltration, percolation etc.), it maintains good soil aeration and also it maintain good drainage
of the soil.

In this investigation application of FYM application on the yield and yield components of potato
by using different parameters, such as, plant height, stem number and leafnumber were observed.
But Pararneters had no significant effects such as plant height, stem number and leaf number.
But numerically slight significantly difference on plant height 2.25kg/plot (55.4 cm) the longest
plant height was recordedand the shortest plant height was recorded 0kg/plot (45.1 cm).at this
reason increase the farm yard manure level and it increase the plant height. But in this research
no significance difference in those parameters because of short period research since it is one
season and also it is difficult to recommended from this short period research since one variety
and one location experiment.However from this result the recommended rate of farm yard
manure application for this plot size of potato is 1.5kg/plots because there is more difference of
plant height, stem number and leaf number from 2.25kg/plot.

..

14
 6. REFERENCE

Anonymous,2011.Degemworedaprofile.OromiyaNationalRegionalState.http://www.oromiyaa.co

m/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=artic1e&id=217&Itemi<;l=559.

Aselson, D.s.c (2003).Effect of row spacing on plant production on yield and tuber size of

potatoA.Mpotatoes 44.17-29.

Bereke, T.T., 1994. The utilization of True Potato Seed (TPS) as an alternative method of Potato.

Burton, W.G., 1989. The Potato. 3rd Edn., Longman Scientific and Technical Publishe.

CN-willims,j.ou.zo and W.T.H.Dergrire,1991vegetable production in tropics.

Crowther E.M and Yates, F(1941).f.agric.sci.cab 63,249-63.

EARO, 2004. Directory of released crop varieties and their recommended cultural practices,

Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Endale, G. and W. Gebremedhin, 2001.Effects of spatial arrangement on tuber yields of some

Potato cultivars.

Endale, G. and W. Gebremedhin, 2001.Effects of spatial arrangement on tuber yields of some

Potato cultivars.

Exssex, R., A. Decoteau, A. hearth and H. Graham, 1994.Plant special arrangement affects

Growth, yield and distribution of Cayenne Peppers.

F AO, 2008.Pproduction year book.Food and Agricultural organization of the united

nations, Rome, Italy.

Freire, J.R.J., Sa, E.L.S. 2006. Sustainable Agriculture and the rhizobia/legumes symbiosis. In:

Rai, M.K. (Ed.), Handbook of microbial biofertilizers, Food Products Press. Pp. 183

203.

Gill, H. S. and Meelu, O. P., 1982. Studies on the substitution of inorganic fertilizers in wheat

Rice rotation. Fertilizer Research 3:303-314.

15
Gulluoglu, L. and H. Anoglu, 2009.Effects of seed size and in-row spacing on growth and yield

of early potato in a Mediterranean-type environment in Turkey.

HabtemariamKassa, 2003.Livestock and livelihood security in the Harar highlands of

Ethiopia.An implication for research and development, Swedish University of

Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.

Horton, D., 1987. Potato production, marketing and programs for developing countries. Wes

ViewPress, London, United Kingdom.

Jayaprakash, T.C., 2001. Role of organic and inorganic fertilizers in yield maximization of

Hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). MSc. Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate Studies of

Dharward University of Agricultural Sciences, India.156 p.

Kolay, A.K. 2007.Manures and fertilizers. New Delhi, India. Atlantic Publishers and

Distributors.

K wakye, P .K., 1980. The effects of method of dung storage and its nutrient (NPK) content and

crop yield in the northeast savanna zone of Ghana. FAO Soils Bulletin, 43: 282-288.

Mahmood, S., 2005.A study of planting method and spacing of Potato using TPS.Asian journal

of plant sciences and Department of soils and nutrition, Bangladesh sugarcane research

institute, Pabna, Bangladesh.

Mahmoodabad, R.Z., S.J. Somarin, M. Khayatnezhad and R. Gholamin, 201 1. Correlation of

tuber yield whit yield components of potato affected by nitrogen application rate in

different plant density. Adv. Environ.

Malik, M.N., 2000. Horticulture.Biotech books. Delhi. 672 p.

MOARD, 2007.Crop Development Department. Crop variety registry, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,

MorrisD.A.(1966b).inter relationship between sprout and mother tuber in the tuber (potato)PHD

thesis university of nottigham.

16
Moursi, A.A., Tawfik, H.A., Abd El Gawad, A. 1968. Principals of agricultural research (In

Arabic).Dar EI Hanna Printing House, Cairo.418 Pp.

Ofori, C.S. and Sanatanna, R., 1990. Manures and organic fertilizers: their potential and use in

African Agriculture. pp 67-71. In: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop of the

Africa landProgramme held at Antananarivo, Madagascar, 9-15 January 1990.

Oliveira C.A.D.S., 2000. Potato crop growth as affected by Nitrogen and plant density.

Pesq .Agropec.Bras.

Place, F.S. N.S. Franzel, J. Dewolf, R. Rommelse, F. Niang and B. Jama, 2002. Agro foresuy for
soil fertility replenishment: evidence on adoption processes In: Kenya and Zambia. In: Barrett et
al., 2002b.pp 155-168.

Powell J.M WUZ and D.L Safer 2001.Dairy diet effect of phosphors cycle on crop

Land production. Ph.D. Thesis, School of Graduate Studies ofWageningen University

Wageningen.

Robert RM Hay and Anderws .walker (1989) an introduction to physiology of the crop yields.

Renuka, B. and Ravisankar, C., 2001. Effect.Of organic manures on growth and yield of

tomato.South Indian Horticultural science society, 49: 216-219.

Russell, E.J., 2004. Manuring for Higher Crop Production.Agrobios, India.Saleem.

Shalini, S.B., H.T. Channal, N.S. Hebsur, P.R, Dharmatti, and P.A. Sarangamath, 2002.Effect of
integrated nitrogen management on nutrient uptake in knolkhol, yield and nutrient availability in
the soil. J Karanataka Agri. Sci.15 (1): 43-46

Sikka, 1., 1982. Fertilizer and manure requirements of the potato. Pp. 92-99. In: Nganga, S and

F. Shideler. Potato Seed Production for Tropical Africa.International Potato Center.

Lima, Peru.

SINGH N.P.and R.A SINGH, 2002.Scientific crop production with special response to north

hall.

17
Sokova.U and Louskii N.V (l971).Ac.d .sci USSR translated 1974 Israel, program for scientific

translation .

TekluEshetu.,Stahr, K. and Getachew Tabor, 2004. Integration of organic and inorganic

fertilizers: effect on vegetable productivity. International research on food security,

national resource management and rural development. Humboldt. UniveritatZu berlin.

Tigoni, K. 2005. Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARl). National Potato Research

Centre, Tigoni Annual Report.

18
7. APPENDICES

Table: 1 ANOV A for plant height

DF SS MS F.cl F.tab
Source of
5%
Variation
Treatment 3 54.14 27.07 0.68 4.76
Block 2 174.99 58.33 1.47
Error 6 237.59 39.60
Total 11 466.72

CV=12.8 GM=49.2

Table: 2. ANOVA for stem number

DF SS MS F.cl F.tab
Source of
5%
Variation
Treatment 3 1.47 0.573 0.18 4.76
Block 2 9.237 3.079 0.96
Error 6 19.173 3.196
Total 11 29.557

CV=33.6% Grand Mean=5.32

Table: 3. ANOVA for leaf number

DF SS MS F.cl F.tab
Source of
5%
Variation
Treatment 3 64 32 0.28 4.76

Block 2 269.3 89.8 0.78

Error 6 686.5 114.4
Total 11 1019.9

CV=20% GM=53.4

19