Advanced High Strength Steels

Formability
Alex A. Konieczny
U. S. Steel Automotive Center
February 19, 2003
Great Designs in Steel Seminar
Livonia, MI

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 Formability Introduction

• Formability
• Experimental Forming Limit Diagrams A
• Bendability Test
• Other Forming Tests
B
Comparison of Yield Strength, Tested As Delivered, L-dir.
DP800 HSLA340 DDS HSLA550 DP1000 DP600 T600
1200
1000
σ1
B
True Stress

800
600
400
A σ2
200
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
True Strain

DDS r >> 1 DP r = 1

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 Typical Mechanical Properties

Example of Typical Mechanical Properties

YS n-value
GRADE UTS (MPa) El (%) YPE (%) n-value (4-6%)
(MPa) (10%-UE)

IF 163 282 49.0 - 0.240 -

DDS 183 314 42.9 - 0.230 -
CMn440 354 455 39.0 3.6 0.156

HSLA340 377 443 28.4 2.8 0.170 -

SF600 490 615 28.6 3.2 0.148 -

HSLA480 487 604 28.0 2.2 0.128 -

HSLA550 641 672 13.5 3.3 0.040* -

DP600 340 602 29.0 - 0.170 0.208
T600 393 631 34.0 - 0.230 -
DP800 459 838 17.2 - 0.115* 0.168
T800 475 822 28.0 0.6 0.240 -
DP1000 726 1003 10.8 - 0.060* 0.08

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 True Stress – Strain Curves

Workhardening of selected materials

T600 HSLA340 DP600
800
700
True Stress [MPa]

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
True Strain

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 Work Hardening Index

Instantaneous n - value
T600 DP600 HSLA340
0.3
0.25
0.2
n - value

0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Engineering Strain [%]

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 Strain Distribution Ability

Comparison of Thinning HSLA DP

30
25
20
Instantaneous n - value
15
Thinning (%)
T600 DP600 HSLA340
0.3 10
0.25 5
n - value

0.2
0
0.15
0.1 -5 0 10 20 30 40
0.05 -10
0 -15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -20
Engineering Strain [%] Location #

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 Experimental FLDs for Dual Phase Steel

Forming Limit Diagram for DP600 Forming Limit Diagram for DP800
1.2 mm 1.2 mm

90 90
Theor
80 80 Theor
Exper
Exper
Failed
70 70 Failed

Major Strain [%]

Marginal
Marginal
Major Strain [%]

Safe 60
60 Safe
50
50
40
40
30
30 20

20 10
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
10
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 Minor Strain [%]
Minor Strain [%]

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 Experimental FLD for T600

Forming Limit Diagram for TRIP T600 1.2 mm

100
90
80

Major Strain [%]

70
60
50
40 Experiment
30 Calculated
Failed
20
Marginal
10
Safe
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Minor Strain [%]

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 FLD Comparison

Forming Limit Curves for T600, DP600,

• The FLC of T600 is HSLA340, DDS, 1.2mm

comparable to DDS steel 100

T600
in draw forming area, and 90 DP600
HSLA340
exceeds DDS steel 80
DDS

Major Strain [%]

70
formability up to 10% in
60
balanced biaxial forming
50
• Influence of strain rate, 40
temperature and stress 30
state on TRIP steels 20
formability is different 10
than for other steels -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Minor Strain [%]

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 Bendability

DP600 HSLA 550

T600-0.5t T600-0t DP800-0.5t

Bendability is needed for dimensional accuracy control

in stamping
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 Cup Drawing Test

Rp=2mm Rp=6mm Rp=25mm

2.5
Limit Drawing Ratio

2
1.5
1
0.5 Rp
0
IF

00
40

0
0

00
60

0
44

60

T8
n4

P6

P8

0
SF

0/
0/

P1
M

D
34

D
C

A4
A

SL
SL

H
H

Material

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 Stretch Forming Test

Rp=2mm Rp=6mm Rp=25mm

30
Dome Heght [mm]

25
20
15
10
5
0
IF

00

00

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
60

00
4

0
44

P6

P8

T8
n4

/6
SF

P1
0/

40
M

D
34

D
C

A4
A

L
L

HS
HS

Material

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 Hole Expansion Ratio [%]

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
IF
C
M
n4
HS 4 0
L A
34
0/
44
0
SF
60
HS 0
L A4
40
/6
0 0
D

Material
P6
00

D
P8
00

T8
0 0
D
P1
00
0

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Hole Expansion Test
 T-Channel Drawing Test

T-Chanel Drawing
100
90
80
70
60
Height [mm]

50
40
30
20
10
0
00

00
IF

0
0

0
0

60

00
60

0
4

44

P6

P8

T8
n4

0/
0/

SF

P1
M

D
44
34

D
C

LA
LA

HS
HS

Material

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 Plane Strain Drawing Test

Springback
Rd=3mm Rd=7mm Rd=10mm
60
50
Delta W [mm]

40
30
20 Rd
10
0
Delta W = W-Wo
IF

00

00
0

0
0

0
0

60

00
0
4

0
44

P6

P8

T8
n4

/6

P1
SF
0/

40
M

D
W
D
34

D
C

A4
A

L
L

HS
HS

Material
Wo=48mm
R=3mm R =7mm R=10mm
60
50
Delta W [mm]

40
30
20
10
0
200 400 600 800 1000
UTS [MPa]

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 Conclusions

• DP and TRIP steels display excellent formability as

compared to conventional HSS and better capacity to
distribute strain over the part surface
• AHSS display very good bendability
• ASM FLC approximation (Keeler-Brazier) is applicable for
DP and TRIP steels
• Due to excellent combination of strength with formability,
TRIP steel has potential for economic application (possibility
for reduction of the number of parts in the car)
• A need to understand AHSS unique characteristics to
successfully make parts
- One-for-one direct substitution with other HSS may cause issues

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 References

1. Konieczny, A. A., On the Formability of Automotive TRIP Steels, SAE,

2003-01-521
2. Kamura M., Omija Y., Shaw J., Chen M., Formability and Springback
Characterization of Advanced High Strength Steel, SAE, 2003-01-522
3. Konieczny, A. A., An Overview of Formability, Technological and
Microstructural Aspects of the Automotive TRIP Steels, Processing and
Fabrication of Advanced Materials, 11th Int. Symposium 2002, ASM Materials
Solution Conference and Exposition, 7-10 October, 2002, Columbus, Ohio
4. Konieczny A. A., On Formability Assessment of the Automotive Dual Phase
Steels, IBEC, 2001-01-3075
5. Konieczny A. A., Hoydick D. P., An Overview of Formability, Technological and
Microstructural Aspects of the Automotive Dual-Phase Steels, Processing
and Fabrication of Advanced Materials, Ninth Int. Symposium 2000, ASM
Materials Solution Conference and Exposition, 9-12 October, 2000, St. Louis,
Missouri
6. Shi M. F., Thomas G. H., Chen X. M., Fekete J. R., Formability Performance
Comparison between Dual Phase and HSLA Steels, Process Symposium 43rd
Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conference, Iron & Steel Society,
2001

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