2.7 Fault Calculations using Znus The junction formed when two or more circuit elements are connected to each other at their terminals are called nodes. In order to examine some features of node equations, we begin with the simple circuit diagram of Fig. 9, which shows node numbers within circles. Fig. 9: SLD of the 4-bus system. Applying Kirchhoff’s current low at nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4 gives: 1, = YaVa + VaaVa + Yaa + Nia Ta = YaiV, + Yo2Va + Yaa Va + YaaVs Ty = YaiV, + Va2Vo + YaaVs + YauVs Ty = YaaVs + VarVo + YaaVa + YoaVa ‘The usual matrix format of equations is: 1) [Ya Yo Yaa Meal (Me ln] _|¥ex Yoo You You{|Va 1g] |¥ax Yao Yan Yau) [Va Il Wa Yar Yar Youll, The first subscript of the Y subscripts is that of the node at which the current is being expressed, and the second subscript is the same as that of the voltage causing this component of current. The Y matrix is designated ‘Yow and called the bus admittance matrix. The usual mules when forming the typical elements of Ypys are:1. The diagonal element Yj equals the sum of the admittances directly connected to node j. 2. The off-diagonal element Yy equals the negative of the net admittance connected between nodes i and j The diagonal admittances are called the self-admittances at the nodes, and the off-diagonal admittances are the mutual admittances of the nodes. Inyerting Yixs yields an important matrix called the bus impedance Zi, which has the standard form: fi ge a a Tne Wie = V7. Zan Zan Zan Za, Zar Zaz Zag, ‘When the three phase fault occurs on bus k of a network, we have: Vy Ip Tn The voltage at any bus j during the fault: where Za. and Zix are elements in column k of the system Zins. ‘The sub-transient current from bus i to bus j in the line of impedance Z, connecting these two buses: Y-\y ye 9 (ee) - a) If bus j is directly connected to the faulted bus k by a line of series impedance 2, then the current contributed from bus j to the current in the fault at bus k is simply VyZs.Example 3: A 3-ph fault occurs at bus 2 of the network of Fig. 10. Determine the initial symmetrical r.m.s current (that is the subtranstent current) in the fault; the voltage at buses I, 3 and 4 during the fault; the current flow in the line from bus 3 to bus 1; and the current contributions to the fault from lines 3 — 2, 1— 2, and 4— 2. Take the prefault voltage V; at bus 2 equal to 1 20° pu and neglect all prefault currents. ® — 50.25 25'pp, 12 sg Bros My! \ jo2s oa oom A665 olf aS le 2 > jox0 jor0 Y, 020 Ee 20 Solution: Yi. Yio Ys Ya] [-J145 j8 ja Vue = [022 Y22 Yea Yoal_| J8 17 ja bus Wer Yao Yaa Yaa ja j4 —j11.33 Yor Yoo Yaa Yea. j25 js jo 0.2436 j0.1938 j0.1544 j0.1456 ho = j0.1938 j0.2295 j0.1494 70.1506 bus = 50,1544 0.1494 70.1954 0.1046 j0.1456 0.1506 j0.1046 0.1954 120° 1 Zan an 30.2295 The voltages during the fault are: —j4.3373 pu p25 js jo 10.830.1938 1- 0.2255, vy 45 0.1556 Ve} _ | j0.1494| Olu V5] =A — 0.3490 y 30.2295) | 3438 * 4 j0.1506 70.2295. The current flow in line 3— Lis: 1, = Mz Ms _ 03940-01556 134 at Zs joa pu Fault currents contributed to bus 2 by the adjacent unfaulted buses are: From bus 1: hz = —j1.2448 pu From bus 3: Igy = 22 = 22499 _ _ 11 3960 rom bus 3: na = 7 = 7g" = —j1:3960 pu Ms , From bus 4:14. =< = 71.7190 pu Zoa