Lecture 7

 Points of agreement
 Definition of Anarchy
 Anarchy encourages States to act unilaterally and promote
self-help behavior
 Anarchy makes cooperation difficult to achieve
 Points of disagreement
 Neo-Realists
 World is more competitive & conflicting
 Chance for the loss of power
 Neo-Liberals
 World is competitive
 Cooperation in areas of mutual interest may mitigate the effects of
Anarchy
 Neo-Realists
 High politics
 State security issues, military issues, politics of survival

 Neo-Liberals
 Low politics
 Human security issues, economic issues, politics of human
welfare
 Neo-Realists
 F.P is dominated by issues of national security and survival
 Most effective tool of statecraft is force or threat of force
 All States are egoistic value maximisers

 Neo-Liberalists
 F.P is about managing complex interdependence and process of
Globalization
 Address issues of economic well-being
 Dealing with environmental issues
 Management of financial markets
 Maintaining and empowering institutions
 Neo-Realists
• States establish Inst. if these serve their interests
• Support Inst. if these bring Relative gains
• Due to emphasis on Relative gains cooperation is difficult,
which limits the growth of Inst.
• Inst. are significant where national security interests are not
at stake
 Neo-Liberalists
• Inst. can promote foreign policy agenda by providing
critical information and expertise
• Inst. facilitate policy-making and encourage cooperation at
all levels
• Increased cooperative behavior with more Inst.
 Not addresses critical questions
 Why civil war?
 Why inequality in International System?

 Important issues left out

 Role of domestic politics
 Learning
 Political globalization
 Domestic forces might promote more cooperative
strategy to address ethical issues
 Development assistance given to poor states
 Domestic interests that promote isolationist policies in
USA when system changes suggest international
activism
 Issues of political culture, identity, domestic politics
must be considered
 Leaders and citizens learn from experiences
 Lessons of two World Wars prompted economic
community
 Neither theory explores the possibility that States
would learn and shift to emphasis on common
interests
 Both theories underestimate the momentum to
cooperation and institution building
 Both theories neglect the fact that political activities
may be shifting away from the State
 Establishment of institutions promote further
cooperation and fundamentally challenge the power
of States
 Emerging of global or transnational political
advocacy networks have had a major impact on
human rights issues (Child labor & security)