PRONUNCIATION

PRONUNCIATION 2

Do you wanna speak English like a native speaker?

Mr. Vio & Team

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRONUNCIATION ................................................................................................ 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ 2
WHY SHOULD WE STUDY ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION? ........................... 3
(D/ED SOUND)....................................................................................................... 4
D / ED SOUND.................................................................................................... 5
(S / ES SOUND) ...................................................................................................... 8
S / ES SOUND ..................................................................................................... 9
(WORD STRESS) ................................................................................................. 12
WORD STRESS ................................................................................................ 13
(INTONATION) .................................................................................................... 17
INTONATION ................................................................................................... 18
(WORD CONNECTION) ..................................................................................... 22
LINKING / WORD CONNECTION ................................................................. 23
(AMERICAN T/GLOTHAL T) ............................................................................ 26
T-SOUND .......................................................................................................... 27
(SHORTENING AND COMBINING) .................................................................. 30
CONTRACTION ............................................................................................... 31

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WHY SHOULD WE STUDY ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION?

 Pronunciation is definitely the biggest thing that people notice when we are
speaking English.
 When we talk to a person in real life, they may not notice our limited vocabulary
or grammar mistakes. But they will notice right away wether our pronunciation
is good or bad.
 And the consequences of bad pronunciation are tragic. Even if we used correct
grammar, people may not simply not understand what we want to say.
 If our pronunciation is poor, they will consider us as the guy/girl who speaks
bad English, and good grammar and vocabulary won’t help us!
Here is an anecdote about this. After coming back from a vacation in the united
states, a friend of mine said:

Whenever I spoke to a person in America, they kept asking me what? I

would repeat my sentence again and again. Finally they would say Ah ha! And
then repeat my sentence, using exactly my words! It was very humiliating. I knew
my word and grammar were good, but nobody would understand me, just
because of my pronunciation. I am very motivated to learn English now.

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FINAL SOUND
(D/ED SOUND)

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D / ED SOUND
Pronounce ed at the ends of words. There are three ways to pronounce the
final -ed in a word (regular verb).
-ed = /ɪd/
-ed = /t/
-ed = /d/

 /ɪd/ sound
In this type of -ed sound, we should add an additional syllable in a word.
For example, the past of “start” is pronounced / stɑːtɪd / with stress on the
first syllable. If the last sound of the present in verb is /d/ or /t/, the -ed will
sound like /ɪd /.

Example of /ɪd / sound

Present Past and past participle
Last sound in present
(v1) (v2 and v3)
End Ended
/ end/ / endɪd/
d Need Needed
/ niːd / / niːdɪd /
Wait Waited
/ weɪt / / weɪtɪd /
t Want Wanted
/wɒnt/ /wɒntɪd/

Practice:
I needed your answer
He hated her so much
Mr. Fio waited for you
They wanted to go to the party

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 /t/ sound
You make this sound by unsticking your tongue from the roof of your mouth
and pushing air out of your mouth at the same time. The vocal chords aren‟t
used (voiceless only).

Example of /t / sound
Present Past and past participle
Last sound in present
(v1) (v2 and v3)
Stop stopped
p /stɒp/ /stɒpt/
Watch Watched
ʧ / wɒʧ / / wɒʧt /
Pack Packed
k / pæk / / pækt /
Laugh Laughed
f / lʌf / / lʌft /
Froth Frothed
ɵ /frɔːɵ/ /frɔːɵt/
Kiss Kissed
s / kɪs / / kɪst /
Wish Wished
ʃ /wɪʃ/ /wɪʃt/

Practice:
Who cooked the rice?
I washed it.
She watched Yowis Ben Movie last night
And we laughed together
My car is stopped by the police

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 /d/ sound
If the last sound of the word is all symbol except voiceless and d (all symbol
include vowel sounds) –ed will sound like /d/

Example of /d / sound
Present Past and past participle
Last sound in present
(v1) (v2 and v3)
Play Played
/pleɪ/ /pleɪd/
Vowel sound
(lax, tense, diphthong) Try Tried
/traɪ/ /traɪd/
Move Moved
/muːv/ /muːvd/
Voiced
(b, ʤ, ɡ, v, ð, z, ʒ) Judge judged
/ʤʌʤ / /ʤʌʤd /
Fail Failed
Other consonant /feɪl/ /feɪld/
(m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j, h) Rain Rained
/reɪn/ /reɪnd/

Practice:
They lived in Jakarta for three years
We cleaned up the floor also the roof
I stayed in pare til I met her
She cried again and again
I pulled it out of my pocket

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FINAL SOUND
(S / ES SOUND)

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S / ES SOUND
Pronounce -es at the ends of words. There are three ways to pronounce the
final -es in a word ( verb 1 s/es or plural nouns). The pronunciation depends on the
last sound of the verb or noun which is usually a consonant.
-es = /ɪz/
-es = /s/
-es = /z/
 /ɪz/ sound
If the last consonant sound of the word is a sibilant sound (a hissing or
buzzing sound), the final s/es is pronounced /ɪz/. This sound is pronounced
like an extra syllable.

Example of / ɪz/ sound

Last sound in verb and Verb and noun Verb and noun
noun (without s/es) (with s/es)
Kiss Kisses
S /kɪs/ /kɪsɪz/
ʧ Watch
/ wɒʧ /
Watches
/ wɒʧtɪz /
prize Prizes
z / praɪz / / praɪzɪz /
ʃ Wash
/wɒʃ /
washes
/ wɒʃɪz /
ʤ/ʒ Judge
/ʤʌʤ /
Judges
/ʤʌʤɪz /

Practice:
She kisses me on the cheek
Bella watches the video alone
The judges come to the field
In the evening she washes her clothes

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 /s/ sound
If the last consonant sound of the word is a sibilant sound (a hissing or
buzzing sound), the final s/es is pronounced /ɪz/. This sound is pronounced
like an extra syllable.

Example of / ɪz/ sound

Last sound in verb and Verb and noun Verb and noun
noun (without s/es) (with s/es)
Kiss Kisses
S /kɪs/ /kɪsɪz/
ʧ Watch
/ wɒʧ /
Watches
/ wɒʧtɪz /
prize Prizes
z / praɪz / / praɪzɪz /
ʃ Wash
/wɒʃ /
washes
/ wɒʃɪz /
ʤ/ʒ Judge
/ʤʌʤ /
Judges
/ʤʌʤɪz /

Practice:
She kisses me on the cheek
Bella watches the video alone
The judges come to the field
In the evening she washes her clothes

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 /z/ sound
If the letter of the words ends in a voiced consonant (or sound), then the s
is pronounced like a /Z/ (without crating another syllable). This /Z/ sound
is similar to the sound a bee makes zzzzz.
We also use this ending when the word ends in a vowel sound.

Example of /z/ sound

Last sound in verb and Verb and noun Verb and noun
noun (without s/es) (with s/es)
Play Plays
/pleɪ/ /pleɪz/
Vowel sound
(lax, tense, diphthong) Flee Flees
/fliː/ /fliːz/
Love Loves

Voiced
/lʌv/ /lʌvz/
(b, d, ɡ, v, ð) Pig Pigs
/pɪɡ/ /pɪɡz/
Come Comes
Other consonant /kɒm/ /kɒmz/
(m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j, h) hill hills
/hɪl/ /hɪlz/

Practice:
A child plays football everyday
Jordan sees a beautiful girl on a bicycle
The young couple full of loves
The farmers kick many pigs on the field
She comes to me to pick me up
Castle on the hills

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WORD STRESS
(WORD STRESS)

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WORD STRESS
In phonetic, stress is the degree of emphasis given a sound or syllable in
speech. Why is stress important in pronunciation? Stress is important because it
adds rhythm when you speak. If you stress all the words in an utterance, you may
sound unpleasant or even cause misunderstanding, because:
 You are giving too much information; and
 English native speakers usually stress all words only when they are
impatient or angry.

In English there are two main types of stress in syllable recognized by the
IPA. The symbols used to denote stress can be found in the suprasegmentals section
of the IPA. At the word level, primary stress is denoted by a superior vertical stroke
(/ ˈ/) and secondary stress is denoted by an inferior vertical stroke (/ ˌ /).

Here, there are three kinds of syllable stress in word:

1. Monosyllabic word
Monosyllabic word is a word which contains only one syllable. In
monosyllabic words, most of the syllable are not denoted by the stroke
(/ ˈ/) except when they stand within a sentence.
Examples:
You / juː /
Good /ɡʊd /
Tie / taɪ /
Fan /fæn/

2. Bisyllabic words
Bisyllabic words is a word which consists of two syllables. There are
four common patterns that can be noted in pronouncing and transcribing
two syllable words at the word level.

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a. First syllable
The first syllable receives primary stress and the second syllable
without stress.
Examples:
Table /ˈteɪbl /
Open /ˈəʊpən /
Paper /ˈpeɪpə(r) /
Busy /ˈbɪziː/
b. Second syllable
The first syllable without stress and the second syllable receives
primary stress.
Examples:
Above /əˈbʌv /
About /əˈbaʊt /
Defeat /dɪˈfiːt /
Inside /ɪn ˈsaɪd /
c. Both syllable
The first syllable receives primary stress and the second receives
secondary stress or the first syllable receives secondary stress
and the second receives primary stress. These pattern are usually for
a word with two classification word such as noun and verb.
Examples:
Present (n)/ˈpre ˌzent / (v)/ˌprɪˈzent /
Export (n)/ˈeksˌpɔːt / (v)/ˌɪks ˈpɔːt /
d. Compound word
Frst syllable always receives primary stress. This word are usually
for compound noun.
Examples:
Baseball /ˈbeɪs bɔːl /
hotdog /ˈhɒt dɒɡ/

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 3. Multisyllabic words
Multisyllabic words are a word which consist of more than two syllables.
Multisyllabic words may have more than one syllable that receive
secondary stress.
Examples:
Animal /ˈænɪməl /
Aromatic /ˈærəˌmætɪk/
Pronunciation /ˈprəˌnʌnsiːeɪʃən /

There are six very simple rules about word stress:

 One word has only one stress (one word cannot have two stress. If you hear two
tresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that
there can be a “secondary” stress in some words. But secondary stress is much
smaller than “primary” stress and is only used in long words).
 We can only stress vowels, not consonant.
 Stress on first syllable (most 2 syllable nouns and most 2 syllable adjectives).
 Stress on last syllable (most 2 syllable verbs).
 Stress on second from end (-ic and –ion)
 Stress on third from end (-cy, -ty, -phy, -gy and –al)

Word stress has difference way to pronounce abbreviations and numbers also
names of places and people.
 Abbreviations and numbers
Always stress the last letter or the last number when pronouncing
abbreviations and numbers.

 Abbreviations for practice:

MBA UCLA JFK ph.D

FBI CNN USA IBM

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  Numbers for practice:
1997 911 $37.99
11:45 5:15 (310) 555 2389

 Names of places and people

When pronounce a name whether of a person or place, always stress the
last word.
 Names of places for practice:
Palm Springs New York
Las Vegas South Africa
Central Park Venice Beach
Mount Everest North Dakota

 Names of people for practice:

Bill Clinton Martin Luther King
George Washington John F. Kennedy
Tom Cruise Julia Roberts

Practice sentences:
He arrived at LAX at 8:23 AM.
I love my IBM PC.
He has a ph.D from UCLA.
My SUV was made in the USA
We arrived in the USA in 2007
I bought the DVD player for $39.99
I have a class at 9:17 til 10:17

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INTONATION
(INTONATION)

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INTONATION
“Intonation” is the melody of language and is made up of pitches that rise
and fall. This rising and falling melody is used to communicate our intentions
and our emotions. In spoken language, intonation replaces punctuation. It tells the
listener whether we are finished talking or whether we have something more to say;
whether we are asking a question or making a statement. Intonation also gives
information that words alone cannot give. It can indicate anger, surprise,
confusion, hesitation, sarcasm, interest, or lack of interest. If your speech has
good intonation, it will be more dynamic and more interesting to listen to.

Speaking and understanding English doesn‟t just come from using correct
grammar and vocabulary. Native English speakers convey meaning in their
sentences with pitch the ups and downs and the musical notes of their sentences.

 Rising intonation
Rise the pitch of your voice at the end of the sentence to create “rising
intonation”. Rising intonation is used in “yes/no questions. Yes or no
question it can be answered with either a “yes” or “no”.
Practice sentences:
Did he work yesterday? Just it?
Does he know about it? Excuse me?
Can you call me at five? Really?
Is it good?

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 Falling intonation
Lower your voice at the end of the sentences to produce a “falling
intonation”. This intonation is used in two conditions:
1. STATEMENTS
Falling intonation is used in simple sentences that are not questions.
For example:
My name is john. I‟ll be back in a minute.
It‟s nice to meet you. I‟m going outside.
Have a nice day.

2. QUESTIONS
Falling intonation is also used when asking questions if they contain
interrogative words such as what, where, when, who, why and how.
For example:
What‟s your name? When does it start?
where are you going? Who are you?
Why did you leave? How about me?

 Wavering intonation
Wavering intonation is used for expressing specific emotions or attitudes.
With this type of intonation, the pitch changes within words. Some
of the emotions we can express with our intonation include anger,
surprise, sarcasm, hesitation, uncertainty, fear, amazement, and pity.

Practice 1:
Let‟s start with the words thanks a lot. We can say them with three
different ways depending on the emotion or intention.
Thanks a lot normal
Thanks a lot very happy
Thanks a lot sarcastic

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Now try saying the expression, you did in five different ways.
Change the intonation each time.
You did? curious
You did? Very surprised
You did? disappointed
You did? angry
You did. in agreement

Try saying okay with four different emotions.

Okay normal
Okay hesitant or unwilling
Okay very excited
Okay frustrated and angry

Practice 2
The following question pairs contain falling and rising intonation,
depending on whether they contain a “question word” or whether they are
“yes/no questions.

Do you teach? What do you teach?

When did you see the movie? Did you see the movie?
How do you know that guy? Do you know that guy?
Did you buy the car? Where did you buy the car?
Why do you work there? Do you work there?

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Practice 3
This dialogue has examples of all of the types of intonation you have
learned so far.
Losing weight
Emily : Rachel, is that you?
Rachel : Hi Emily.
Emily : I didn‟t recognize you at first. Did you lose weight?
Rachel : As a matter of fact, I lost twenty pounds. Emily :
Really? How did you do it?
Rachel : Well, I stopped eating cake, ice cream, potato chips,
and candy bars and istarted eating healthier foods like
salads, fruits, nuts and vegetables.
Emily : Wow! I have to say, you look amazing.
Rachel : Do you really think so?
Emily : Absolutely!

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LINKING
(WORD CONNECTION)

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LINKING / WORD CONNECTION
Linking is the merging of multiple words together until they sound as if they
are only one word. Words are not pronounced one by one. Usually the end of one
word attaches to the beginning of the next word. Native speakers of English all do
this naturally.

 Vowel + vowel
When a word ending in a vowel sound is next to one beginning with a vowel
sound, they are connected with a glide between the two vowels.

U + vowel = w I + vowel = j
eg: Youare eg: Theend
Goaway Anyidea
Doit Iunderstand

 Consonant + vowel
When a word ends in a consonant sound and is followed by a word that starts
with a vowel sound, the speaker should push that consonant sound forward
and connect it to the vowel in the next word.

Consonant + vowel = link up

eg: Feeloke
Comein
Turnon

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 Consonant + consonant
Words are connected when a word ends in a consonant sound and the next
word starts with a consonant that is in a similar position.
Consonant + consonant Consonant + consonant
(same consonant) (similar position)
eg: Besttime eg: Blendtogether
Biggrape It wasso
Goodday I keepbuy it

When the sound of /t/, /d/, /s/ or /z/ is followed by a word that starts with /j/or
it‟s sound, both sound are connected.

/t/+/j/ = ʧ /d/+/j/ = ʤ
Example: Example:
I got you Did you see?
About you Could you
Don‟t you Find you

/s/+/j/ = ʃ /z/+/j/ = ʒ
Example: Example:
I miss you How‟s your family?
Yes you are How was your class?
Kiss you Who‟s your friend?

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 Another rule in word connection.
/t/+ vowel = d/r /t/+ consonant = held
Example: Example:
Getout That was
Outof Fat boy
ButI‟m here Sit down

/h/ and /ð/preceded by consonant = (silent)

Example:
Did he
Town hall
Tell them

Practice 1
American accent

I’m taking American accent training. There is a lot to learn but I hope to make it as
enjoyable as possible, and if you already to speak some English, and now would
you like to speak like a native, you have to learn about pronunciation.

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 T-SOUND
(AMERICAN T/GLOTHAL T)

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T-SOUND
The “T” sound is influenced very strongly by intonation and it’s position in
a word or phrase. There are, however, five basic rules:

 T at the beginning of a word (T is T)

The regular T sound is almost always used when “T” is the first letter of a
word.
Example:
Table Teach
Take Ten
Tomorrow times

 T in the middle of a word (T = D)

When T is between two vowel sounds (A, E, U, I, O) or between a vowel
and R or L, it becomes D sound. It should be a soft, light sound.
Example:
Computer Heater
Compuder header

Water Better
wader beder

Bottle Ability
bodle abilidy

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 T in the middle of a word (T is silent)
When T and N are so close or T comes after N, the T sound is dropped in
many words.
Example:
Interview Wanted
Inerview Waned

Interstate Enter
Interstate Ener

International Twenty
International tweny

 T in the middle of a word (T is held)

When T is before an N, the sound is stopped and turns into a hard N. the
final N should be strong.
Example:
Mountain Forgotten
Mou-N forgo-N

Certain Important
Cer-N impor-Nt

Written Sentence
wri-N se-Nce

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  T in the end of a word (T is stopped)
When T is at the end of a word and this is not followed by a vowel, the
sound is stoped.
Example:
It's hot Fat boy
It’s hok Fak boy

Like that Sit down

Like thak Sik down

Practice
Try to pronounce this text using all skills you have learned so far.

My American Accent

I’ve been practicing the American accent for a while now. At first, it was
kind of hard to keep track of all the rules and exceptions. I had no idea there was so
much to learn. I’ve been practicing with the audio materials. It’s somewhat easier
to pronounce some of the sound but it’s difficult to know how I sound to others. I
think I’m getting better. One of the hardest things for me is to stress some syllable
and to reduce certain others. When I ask my friends how I sound, they all say they
hear a difference in my speech. My boss said that I’m making progress and that I
sound more and more like a native speaker. My clients are not asking me to repeat
myself as much. It makes it all worthwhile, I won’t stop practicing.

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CONTRACTION
(SHORTENING AND COMBINING)

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CONTRACTION
A contraction is a shortened version of the written and spoken forms of a
word, syllable, or word group, created by omission of internal letters and sounds.

Practice
I dunno if you know, but if you wanna understand English people
when they talk you’re gonna hafta learn spoken contractions. It ain’t
easy it’s kinda hard but gimme five minutes lemme show you how
to understand English people when they talk. I’ve gotta start the class
I’m outa the time.

List of contraction words:

ain’t am not / is not / are not I'll I will

aren’t are not[3] isn't is not

‘cause because it's it is

can’t cannot it'll it will

could’ve could have let's let us

couldn’t could not o'clock of the clock

didn’t did not Outta Out of

don’t do not / does not[4] oughta Ought to

doesn’t does not should've should have

gimme give me shouldn't should not

gonna going to they're they are

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gotta got to wasn't was not

hafta Have to we're we are

hadn't had not weren't were not

hasn't has not who's who is

haven't have not won't will not

he'd he had / he would wouldn't would not

he's he has / he is y'all you all (colloquial)

he'll he will you're you are

I'm I am you've you have

I'm'a I am about to you'll you shall / you will

I'd I would

I've I have

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 NOTHING'S GONNA CHANGE MY LOVE FOR YOU
By: George Benson
If I had to live my life without you near me
The days would all be empty
The nights would seem so long
With you I see forever, oh, so clearly
I might have been in love before
But it never felt this strong
Our dreams are young and we both know
They'll take us where we want to go
Hold me now, touch me now
I don't want to live without you
Nothing's gonna change my love for you
You oughta know by now how much I love you
One thing you can be sure of
I'll never ask for more than your love
Nothing's gonna change my love for you
You oughta know by now how much I love you
The world may change my whole life through
But nothing's gonna change my love for you
If the road ahead is not so easy
Our love will lead the way for us
Like a guiding star
I'll be there for you if you should need me
You don't have to change a thing
I love you just the way you are
So come with me and share the view
I'll help you see forever too
Hold me now, touch me now
I don't want to live without you
Nothing's gonna change my love for you
You oughta know by now how much I love you
One thing you can be sure of
I'll never ask for more than your love
Nothing's gonna change my love for you
You oughta know by now how much I love you
The world may change my whole life through
But nothing's gonna change my love for
Nothing's gonna change my love for you
You oughta know by now how much I love you
One thing you can be sure of
I'll never ask for more than your love
Nothing's gonna change my love for you
You oughta know by now how much I love you
The world may change my whole life through
But nothing's gonna change my love for
Nothing's gonna change my love for you
You oughta know by now how much I love you
One thing you can be sure of
I'll never ask for more than your love
Nothing's gonna change my love for you
You oughta know by now how much I love you
The world may change my whole life through
But nothing's gonna change my love for
Nothing's gonna change my love for you
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Jl. Brawijaya No. 66, Pare, Kediri www.kampung-inggris.co.id
0813 3639 7447 @globalenglishpare
(0354) 398 235 @fiolivandri

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