THE NEW ERA PUBLIC

SCHOOL

Session:- 2023-2024
Class:- Xll
Sub :- physics
TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF
THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING A HOLLOW
PRISM FILLED ONE BY ONE WITH
DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT FLUIDS.

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
MR.MAYAS MISS. SUNIDHI CHOUHAN
MAITHIL

ROLL NO. - 1214 SIGNATURE -....................

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 CONTENTS

1. Title................................................. 1

2. Content............................................ 2

3. Certificate........................................3

4. Acknowledgement...........................4

5. Objective..........................................5

6. Introduction....................................5-8

7. Theory 9...............................................-12

8. Apparatus Required.........................12

9. Procedure...................................... 13

10. Observations 14......................................-15

11. Conclusion..................................... 15

12. Precaution...................................... 16

13. Sources of Error.............................. 16

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 CEK“3fi3Cfi“E
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON
THE TOPIC “TO INVESTIGATE THE
DEPENDENCE OF THE ANGLE OF
DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE USING A HOLLOW PRISM
FILLED ONE BY ONE WITH DIFFERENT
TRANSPARENT FLUIDS.” HAS BEEN
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED BY
MR. MAYAS MAITHIL
OF CLASS XII UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MISS. SUNIDHI CHOUHAN
AND PARTICULAR FULFILMENT OF THE
CURRICULUM OF CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION { CBSE }
LEADING TO THE AWARD OF ANNUAL
EXAMINATION OF THE YEAR 2023-24.

Signature of teacher Signature of external

......................... .......................................

Signature of principal

...................................
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have been efforts in this project. However, it would

not have been possible without the kind support and
help of many individuals.

I would like to thank my principle Mrs. Archana

Tiwari and school for providing me facilities to do any
project.

I am highly indebted to my physics teacher

Miss. Sunidhi chouhan, for his invaluable
guidance which has sustained my efforts in all the
stage of this project work.

I would like to thank my parents for their constant

Support and encouragement.

My thanks and appreciation also go to my fellow

classmates and the laboratory assistant in developing
the project and to the people who have willingly
helped me out with their abilities.

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OBJECTIVE
To investigate the dependence of the angle of
deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow
prism filled one by one with different transparent
fluids.

INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with
flat, polished surfaces that refract light. The exact angles
between the surfaces depend on the application. The
traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular
prism with a triangular base and rectangular sides, and
in colloquial use “prism” usually refers to this type. Some
types of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of
geometric prisms.

Prisms can be made from any material that is

transparent to the wavelengths for which they are
designed. Typical materials include glass , plastic and
fluorite.
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A prism can be used to break light up into its constituent
spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow). Prisms can
also be used to reflect light, or to split light into
components with different polarizations.

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Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light
was colorless, and that the prism itself produced the
color.
Newton’s experiments demonstrated that all the colors
already existed in the light in a heterogeneous fashion,
and that “corpuscles” (particles) of light were fanned out
because particles with different colors traveled with
different speeds through the prism. It was only later that
Young and Fresnel combined Newton’s particle theory
with Huygens’ wave theory to show that color is the
visible manifestation of light’s wavelength.
Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the red color
from one prism through a second prism and found the
color unchanged. From this, he concluded that the colors
must already be present in the incoming light — thus, the
prism did not create colors, but merely separated colors
that are already there. He also used a lens and a second
prism to recompose the spectrum back into white light.
This experiment has become a classic example of the
methodology introduced during the scientific revolution.
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The results of this experiment dramatically transformed
the field of metaphysics, leading to John Locke’s primary
vs secondary quality distinction.

Newton discussed prism dispersion in great detail in his

book Optics.
[1] He also introduced the use of more than one prism
to control dispersion.
[2] Newton’s description of his experiments on
prism dispersion was qualitative, and is quite
readable. A quantitative were introduced in the
1980s
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THEORY
How does a prism work :–

Light changes speed as it moves from one medium to

another (for example, from air into the glass of the
prism). This speed change causes the light to be refracted
and to enter the new medium at a different angle
(Huygens principle). The degree of bending of the light’s
path depends on the angle that the incident beam of
light makes with the surface, and on the ratio between
the refractive indices of the two media (Snell’s law).

The refractive index of many materials (such as glass)

varies with the wavelength or color of the light used, a
phenomenon known as dispersion. This causes light of
different colors to be refracted differently and to leave
the prism at different angles, creating an effect similar to
a rainbow. This can be used to separate a beam of white
light into its constituent spectrum of colors.
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 Prisms will generally disperse light over a much larger
frequency bandwidth than diffraction gratings, making
them useful for broad-spectrum spectroscopy.
Furthermore, prisms do not suffer from complications
arising from overlapping spectral orders, which all
gratings have.

A triangular prism, dispersing light; waves shown to illustrate the differing wavelengths of light.

Prisms are sometimes used for the internal reflection at

the surfaces rather than for dispersion. If light inside
the prism hits one of the surfaces at a sufficiently steep
angle, total internal reflection occurs and all of the
light is reflected. This makes a prism a useful substitute
for a
mirror in some situations.
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Angle of minimum deviation :–
[A] Definition–
The minimum value of angle of deviation, is called
angle of minimum deviation. It is represented by
the symbol Dm.
[B]Explanation–
For same angle of deviation (D) there are two
values of angle of incidence. One value equals ’I’
and other value equals ‘e’.
As angle ‘I’ is increased from a small value, ‘e’
decreases from large value and angle of deviation
decreases. When angle of deviation is minimum
(Dm) , then, ‘I’ and ‘e’ becomes equal.

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Where-
P is Incident Ray
S is Emergent Ray
<i = Angle of Incidence
<r = Angle of Refraction
<e = Angle of Emergence
< m= Angle of Deviation
= i-r+e-r1
= i+e-(r+r1)
=i+e-A

APPARATU
S REQUIRED
Drawing Board Half Meter Scale
White Sheets Of Paper Thump Pins
Prism Graph Papers
Drawing Pins Protractor
Pencil
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PROCEDURE
1. Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing
board with help of drawing pins.
2. Keep the prism and mark the outline of it
as ABC.
3. Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
4. Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with
the normal PQ and place 2 pins so that they
appear to be in the straight line.
5. Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid
on the marked outline ABC.
6. Now take the pins and place them on the side
AC so that all the 4 pins appear to be in same
line.
7. Remove the prism and draw the line joining
the points so obtained.
8. Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.
9. Repeat this with different liquids and
different angle of incidence.
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 OBSERVATIONS
• Benzaldehyde :–
S. No. Angle of Prism (A) Angle of Incidence (i) Angle of Deviation (d)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

• Water :–
S. No. Angle of Prism (A) Angle of Incidence (i) Angle of Deviation (d)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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• Dilute Sulphuric Acid :–
S. No. Angle of Prism (A) Angle of Incidence (i) Angle of Deviation (d)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

CONCLUSION
Refractive indices at room temperature:
Benzaldehyde— Actual

:
Observed:

Water— Actual :
Observed:

Dilute Sulphuric Acid— Actual :

Observed:
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PRECAUTIONS
• Angle of incidence should lie b/w 35-60 degree.
• Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in same
line.
• Distance b/w two points should not be less than 10mm.
• Same angle of prism should be used for all observation.
• Arrow head should be marked to represent emergent and
incident ray.

SOURCES OF ERROR
• The pricks made by the pins might be thick.
• Angles might go wrong while measuring them.

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