Assessment and Review Material

SOCIO-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 9. What is the primary source of knowledge and skills in

Subsistence Strategies and Resource Allocation I foraging societies?
What Challenges Face Foragers? a. Elders and leaders
b. Written records and textbooks
1. Which of the following models of cultural evolution c. Religious texts and teachings
suggests that culture change moves from simple to d. Sharing and learning from others in the group
complex? 10. What is a common feature of foraging societies in terms
a. Unilineal evolution of division of labor?
b. Multilinear evolution a. Strict gender roles and responsibilities
c. Generalized evolution b. Limited opportunities for social mobility
d. Neoevolution c. Specialization in a specific task or occupation
2. What was the main influence for the cultural evolution d. Flexible roles and individuals with multiple skills
models developed in the 1940s, 50s, and 60s? 11. What is a characteristic of the diet of foraging societies?
a. Biological evolution a. Limited variety of foods
b. Linguistic evolution b. Reliance on cultivated crops
c. Technological evolution c. Nutritionally balanced diet
d. Sociocultural evolution d. High consumption of processed foods
3. What are the three components of technology? 12. How do foraging societies generally rely on natural
a. Knowledge, skills, and tools resources?
b. Ideas, practices, and objects a. By exploiting and depleting resources
c. Information, techniques, and equipment b. By conserving and preserving resources
d. Concepts, methods, and instruments c. By depending on imported resources
4. What is the primary adaptive mechanism of foraging d. By domesticating and cultivating resources
societies? 13. What is a challenge faced by foraging societies in
a. Biological evolution modern times?
b. Linguistic evolution a. Lack of access to technology
c. Cultural evolution b. Escalating conflicts with neighboring societies
d. Technological evolution c. Dependence on external aid and charity
5. What is the main economic distribution system used by d. Pressure to transition to agricultural practices
foraging societies? 14. What is the primary source of income for the Dobe
a. Market exchange Ju/’hoansi in Namibia?
b. Redistribution a. Tourism and handicrafts
c. Reciprocity b. Agriculture and farming
d. Barter c. Hunting and fishing
6. Which type of reciprocity is dominant in foraging d. Mining and resource extraction
societies? 15. How do foraging societies generally handle economic
a. Generalized reciprocity distribution?
b. Balanced reciprocity a. Through market-based systems
c. Negative reciprocity b. Through centralized government control
d. Market reciprocity c. Through gift-giving and reciprocity
7. What is a characteristic feature of foraging societies in d. Through individual ownership and accumulation
terms of property and ownership? 16. What is an outcome of increased contact with
a. Private ownership of land and resources industrialized societies on foraging societies?
b. The concept of individual property rights a. Preservation of traditional cultural practices
c. Shared ownership of resources within the group b. Enhanced economic opportunities
d. Unequal distribution of wealth and property c. Improved health and well-being
8. What is a primary advantage of the foraging lifestyle? d. Loss of traditional knowledge and cultural change
a. High energy budget 17. What is the role of anthropologists in studying foraging
b. Specialization of labor societies?
c. Increased population size a. To exploit and undermine their cultural practices
d. Ability to shift to alternative food resources b. To advocate for their assimilation into mainstream society
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Assessment and Review Material

c. To understand their cultural adaptations and processes of

change
d. To encourage the preservation of their traditional way of life
18. What is the primary characteristic of foraging societies
in terms of division of labor?
a. Strict and rigid division of labor
b. Gender-based division of labor
c. Lack of division of labor
d. Flexible and adaptable division of labor
19. How do foragers usually obtain food resources?
a. Through agriculture and farming
b. Through hunting and gathering
c. Through trade and barter
d. Through inheritance and accumulation
20. How do foraging societies generally perceive property
ownership?
a. Private ownership of land and resources
b. Collective ownership of land and resources
c. Exclusive ownership by individuals
d. Absence of the concept of ownership

Answer Key
1. a
2. a
3. a
4. c
5. c
6. a
7. c
8. d
9. d
10. d
11. c
12. b
13. d
14. a
15. c
16. d
17. c
18. d
19. b
20. b

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