ii “OBJECTIVES OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS APPLICATIONS 1, To study the frequency response of the given op-amp (741) and determine the F2 i.e. buildan inverting amplifier with gain 5, 20and 100 and check gain-bandwidth consistency. 2, Touse the op-ampas 1) inverter, 2)adder, 3) integrator, 4) differentiator and 5) difference amplifier. BACKGROUND Ithas been shown in earlier experiments that the CE amplifier, based on a BJT, has a high gain but limited bandwidth whereas the CS amplifier, based on a JFET, has limited gain and a large bandwidth with better low frequency response. The CS amplifier also has ideal impedance matching capability. The Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) combines the high gain of CE amplifier and the wide bandwidth of the CS. amplifier ina unique way and thus becomes the building block for arithmetic algebraic operations {addition, multiplication, sign inversion etc.) and indispensible for transfer function analysis ie. analog computation. The characteristic features of an ideal op-amp —a special voltage — shunt feedback amplifier are Infinite voltage gain Infinite bandwidth Zero offset voltage ‘Two types of input terminals - inverting and non-inverting eee Depending on the relative type of passive elements employed in the input and feedback lumps, the op- amp can be used as sign changer, adder, (Rs, Ro, Ril, scale changer (2:/Z; =Constt.), 2:=Zo, phase changer (121 = Zs, but ZZ; = ¢ ), Integration (Zi = R, Z1 =C) or differentiation (Z\=C, Zr= 8). The pin diagram of theop-ampto be used in this experiment,LM741, is given below Offset null Inverting input Non-inverting input Vec Offset null Output Vet Nc eno Scanned with CamScannererting amplifier Vout = Vin. (-Ri/Rin) Av = (R/Rin) Note: In practical applications if Ry>> Ri , Rs can be removed and directly grounded. R,=R,= 10K ANC Voat = Vin (1+ Ri/Rin) Ay= (1+ R/Rin) 3. Buffer: Contains high input impedance Zand low output impedance Zou 5 Vou = Vie witikg. ‘Scanned with CamScanner4, Summer (Adder, Subtractor) Vout = Va #V2 for unity gain For >1 gain Vou = -(Rs/Rs) Va -(Ra/Ro) Vo wee phen sy Ri pk “LP Vv, WW e 2 i 3 Gq =10V v, Wi Re 5. Integrator : Vea = (1/R,Ci) dt Procedure: 1. Calculate R and C components for a frequency of 1 kHz @ 1Vp-P; 2. Study the effect of input frequency by varying it and find out the linear integration bandwidth. & 4 OOP 4h 1 10 ‘Scanned with CamScannerDifferentiator Vou = -RiC; dVi/dt Ensure that the time period of T(input) signal is longer than or equal to RC, orT>RiG (C: < 1p) Preferably use disc capacitors. Procedure: 1, Calculate R and C values for an input frequency of 1kHz and 1 Vp»: 2. Study the effect of input frequency by varying it and find out the bandwidth. oe + Vout Scanned with CamScanner7. Differential amplifier: Vo =Vi-V2 (1) At unity gain (R; (2) > Unity gain Vo 2) (R2/Ri)(Va - V2) Procedure: Vs = 2Vpp (kHz); V2=1Vpp (1 kHz) Find the Vou and note the output waveform Rak ‘Scanned with CamScanner