EU I] daho ‘ p ~~ ¢ Rh tee pire iy Nesurnplion uc Jossical sted meth 7 AE af t { a on. gepecks. of Ones wy binned Hmnamics > smacwsia pie specs 9 : Ther inte cee unk fre Het, lorena a) wadhanics —¥ » » properties: od matter | » » J lie. eR Stak onsch - coloda} | macmsenpic, qpoeities 4 ee a » occount “the, ayenoge, behouore of — mitrrascopic qparkies . > t f ( > 37 Vrob loidite Sikes 7 9 a g 7 *, 5 Oehomes fevente of tie oxgenierante > distink & ea ochusie bd ty sieople exenle, UL = Ouhome re Sipe eats - 2 Tossing of tin USK 45 Sy eo 4 » ise of dite i= {12,347 8,63 alate Gin and) hee EN let hy ~y hoods Me > woof tals N=yevly Fy = Me Unepany 4 aig food hy “% (fee 4 ity taale) Fi+ foe 1 Pe of indi event i+ |"P, = hin ME Ns £70 za \( ir an N hero Re lim mM, ' Nae oN a . as ( ae ee Snsemble “Time AVELAgY, ava \° } agulor probably: AIL coteomes ane, eal yorbo le, , (basic assumphior > . cmnsidee a atecle 4) cond ? = eal Wik Ata %e coxa Pey= dat (ota of ling, 30 ) 2) = (Ihobnbi ey ce one, eyed | jac) ar sh | PaA)= B 2 (Febebity af atti « heat’) PCBUC) = PMB)+ P(cy = o (* ae todependton events ) P(AuB) » P(A)+ Pls) -P(ANB)y PAB) Si Bog ee Oe eng Bae (Sacra hac 32 Plane) = TUB) (lait naakubion J na mR RAR RMR AAARAAANKRBALY|KECEEEEes Ply) = 2 prbebilty, Pry) > what on pokabili ne % wilh Le er 4b ae . Py) Nie Pig) = Pes) 2) ee Yas) = st T@) = Then PA @ 3a (AB) Brit i = Y(AlB) 26) eae 4 \ Sz = pieBles % FEIA)= POA) g, ging Ai wae + lanes’ be (4) Me 13 Awa Tal = To pled ok Dr \ So tO) LE Se: Xb| Pie) = WB) _ Y(e) V(alA) = Pas + p(ye PIA) 7 eos Bel Ptawy= Ped . PWIRAD «—- PAD °F 4 VAs) = uN > PO) PB) Se [res Ta | PUy6) Pal) = MO LL - XO) * Pa) = 2) Pic) = Lf a+ PA) P(c) So when ioe B Sy independlenk ertnts & choo dies axe walled] edie: et fe aumben - o>. 3213) 4) 8, 6) 4, 8,4) 10 pWyps G3) bs) G8) C45) 5 |@) [2 [als [da [a] a] 0 u a (12) ae » [> |S BSS pay a 0 8) ()) lac} lag BO 36 [36 | 3g [26% [3 (4) (i) (62) (2,6) (61) (118) (28) “yay C38) (a4) (38). (5,3) Gay (43) Gry Com PAAR ARAAAADAARAADANNDANHRARe =a =>CFP SS Ee € 4 Name Var Se" "Gi it Sa Neg Lo ee a a. FS larkicles hilt i scoten , oe , pias Thiky oh endlende, | 1 Noo -? %, 0%) : i miu ee Ss as of widdh BA conkeredl f0)= tin POD ane oe: Axy0 AK fH ct pe) = ae (tera biy tel = Pov) Le ae ——_ i | “from -2 | Pony, ax, ay) . For) Anda, fie ie flax to-oedinabes ~otakonal synmehe ‘Por, 8) = P(e, 6, 66) = free) drde $ (0) ASV Go80 AX = asodr J =F sind ~ 8 vsined Q at el a = sroody 4 Vas 7 (ode - sina db) (Siasde + rcosede J = ED wsssinods” 4 vetadrde -rsinedadr ~Y* (os0@ Sineda® .= -tdwdepigs i Ge) Bis 4 (veoso eu see )iee do = a de do Sie) = ¢ 8 Taexs 7 VG Di 2 | ° RE io dein Re (2 +ey*) 1 (R24) +) Avensis Variances and standaxo| deuiahioas. % — id n m 2( We) Rolling dices BC Ws) and Kind : number - yo CW) ee ee giz Sum of ue MV Jim Soa, volue, ohh Orie M Nn =. & ia \ N 3ce Lien n 1 Non iz “on fon NSoo m2 ties a) = 7 4eores) Ky discrele vaciabhe kez —s F(X g% = Ke BS di —2 Connemara £0) 4 Prabal ve ee \ {Or Qu) - frrfeo dk = « Ya. Gy ) x food xy 1 > TE ete {§ fre ae - 0 Be Ny Gold pee) = fe ds = £P(S) NS A fae d = Soe a Ce ae a, Wet ay n=) 3 cts ile ee Q2l> gee eswo = 1 ya ~ayx> 4 (e ) ax i Selio 20 1 Seog SSTea ay oO d ax OK ax \ — 20% @ 2 -piKe & (e)- 20 & ee ue = d ee ar” Ge — = 3 a Ok a ax” axe Coxe Baye = OE) gs Ay > 2 i (Yas Baty eo" ~ Bob BE 2% —oX™ ye =< i ata oe ~ax® (Ya+80) ent ad Pike ) Bas Bae dys Tran el One 0 (ite dx - 2 = (uae \e ae ° 3a? “lL ane a 3a: a (e~> Moni a0 SON Ke Te mw Noo GLE), = F(e-Ey Re “ o, ot = Ze 4 E- ant) he os i ee ee a ih a ee ere, = Se kK = a = Vaniente v= Werlk) Stondarel heviakvons €x (HS) Roll w single dic. find osrecage jumbo on eS do \rosciona2~ 6 |e = ee siete lats ; EAN t ay - te). 4p (ler tbe +5to) Ss) as ; ce? is Ae oes AB OL ~ ee : SS es 55 ab) SAS ee SaaS . 26 36 Be es RT a nea cal aa A Bi a en ay ea AY= \[ws - |e ~ 1-68 = AA \E Hy © Loc-03 \ wearer devichons Dt -22Fek, | iW) Agrnallired oe yorlance + (NAN) ————s pwsone 2 |= vellalive Jbuchuakiens ‘ Tv x > eee gtondond a ‘ i S ‘i ve Soe ue tanger eae ; ' cee (evr, vibe 4 2) he xce Ye IG - ®) 7) ke GiGe = xe x yo Z ra WE, a smo means 2 Xisy1 Hen ome fon toe XO os a vod vadater = ° Naviry ~ Stolish vacertoinities % CS) 4 affent dies as e) b= poz ee (most Uncen al) Ist die ‘ : so i 18 Pad ote e ) 8 (3) 20 (29 a5 P= ( oe eype gee eS Nee ole h, PW P(e) = Gy) i enor s f= and ACE Motoshion a = indeper tS ee howe on expodioan ell hse) Ose U feats (wot velated fo exch offer) the uncial e poh individu) uncantainities , [54 me Use Ist ond and die the useortal Wh be addeg tics ool aoloalet Utes of outcomes: 0 x | ces of on exgerionant depends oe i4 | ici shold depend syrsicdly ech ?, ie ‘| Uncentainities choold be maximum, usher abl outcomes a opal probable ! Now based om he, above abseorahinns boltemann prvi (the — neucraint i ey ShineHy = WO) HY wie ~Z Rb Bi : any tn (R.2) = - Rafa’ x i) > > > > > 4 : nna 2 (RR bh, t can > hy > > > . > » ) Is ‘) hy = 2 (Eumt) — 20, (2BmR | : ~ Thbnk - es Tent Ly Heng thts formulae a TE wy | works at,Let-04 \| nn —_ (QEeSESS Recall Last dase ORs eee 3 Ok: + E2539 = = ® 2, , lEG R= I ® ea aes } UF3 ; [0 she] ee | Sin (Se) + 39a (2/8) ee ae _~[SknS ~ Sok +3fh3 “w “\Pree) = ~( Ses a ae ae - Slo + alos ~ shy) ) ) > . > > > % ap g > = os o 7 : “7 [GH ahs - He) - 4(?) > : MUP) = tng = OR3B > 0 7 H (Pt) - : : Ze > 4 52, Visovele evtio » I Het) > OH (F*) : For continuous Tondom variables 7 J J ) ) ae { Foo Ont a de Sates dnyeoy “a | fonsider an oper white a LD particle is mov HD ond U2. o 20 = toy Jee-2 sy $24 4 (5) go ~ t= (4) os mes " behucea ; (Unoerctaint assoaded \(& hey) = © with 4) \ —>|Sdex_of Loss _o} injornabiowo| 9— EX) Now parkidle ts alloored to move bebvern Cero and 5. Than, u = tw ee eo Jeti - 8) 6 Sn Re Setwond G@se moe totormatton ts best. and amount o ‘nfowmakion dost is differance ja Weis vacertainibies. Nene amount § information lost is = Ualsy= She) . q &) die threown . PS #4) = a Glusase pa in Cs fees H Usa) =) Wes)= “LM (a) = m4Ne Rs ap cle teal met ee OM Me A er te ee) eat Now for a teve die WO) = Ind. r “The, amount of infewmation known io We ancl hie = Lis) oy, [Sle - ACH) = Un tne —EN ‘| <0 = &s —&2~ Rte tnfromadion must oe vee fh tnfewmatern (os 4 He, \ojremakion of}cets the outcome) Not poseitle, hen The Ate we not in Boren dynamic eqphibaiund). eqpotion of stele .— sta Gb iiaae) “4 PV=WRT PY-MRT=0 4, . a = tem. ae ged So son ) See | few Sore T= Gnctont flny 7) <0 a ae ol BE ae 2 dy a 3 =) SQrensyreg yr) = @go 3 FO uyeegn = Fyn + 2S wcig & oy! oS S& eh a V By be |) Sh = Wher Wey = 0 7 a ag\ 6 So vaniation of MACHOSLopic fale hone, ano Ce, Quesi-stadic ‘transfoomalions — when ome ee ee a kad 4o feral stale thrash senes of Sheps seh ae ae : associated wih each “slep is in Harmedanarel so i ® “fre werensibly pross= i v Nobume doecatt change 7 isodrgnic - seme ley Pressure, ofoesn of change. > isobante Temperature cloesnct shoe icoHhounal No hak eae ~> adtahadte Gnvention Worle done, ve system {Ne ) work, done ‘gp om He Sica Gve) rE -Ob a ol dx We Fede @ PD Adn= PdVv Rook oes Ge a x9 ea x soem vit infinite ek Spatarf system C ran Rend B aw in ea BPR ger EE ES Lott $0: ip ea cn eed eas satlems A and B ox iadegenlety io Hara] eqpilibriven en tend § pay tbewe with “each othe ; 8 Ea aldog nesnicke Gee (3 7 (Gembenk as a ee oh Lec-_{| vow duaasin ov Few: dk =23 feb Ast kag Reig of HReemos namics ger AU=dQ+dwi - (hang in inernal oa me wortkdeng, = , , > > > > ees + hot e ee “age ) re eee stem (Ve) > foe isolled ey U=Ug =) BUEO | 0 Lees internal > W , owe gat Ua-Ug= WW wae) ("each af eok) Us state Junction bag: 4. ee eee ’ dl P fe aren On t Pew | range tb from 1 A—Sog thon bey es Be Cont ha) arta 3S “1 This enuatton ales ouk Jet lin of pecpetaal machine Now look of Ist tow joo idank 4? Weal gas : PV = Nket = aT is ir mt ae (var)| chanfe’s Sua Roys fas i a a no ma Ses = cal du=dat dud | Vv \ w= -Pdv se fr dV +0 (wore. deme by he syste) ee | CU \piaeae | P Tle dt \p Bo Gaede en aa cr at, a ee ee Pye Nlegt Pdv = Nky lt Cp = ae + Nk, At |pCy = se [oe & a Nia dt Py a Cen Git mR fox adiabatic processes * eee er : al? Cy & dU = GdT =) Cdt = - PdV PAN + VAP = ARAT =)-Pdy = \ide- medi ") Gdte vdP-aedt Ge Wa ~mk py = aRT N 4 Sy V= WRT pe sles es noes Il, Ses 2 Ct EP by a ee at ly oF i ook = oe "oP. mR) 1 Sa P= Cte \ On T aaae| a w= (7 \ TortPes G ple | | ¥ fee ty > p= Ur icy) | — == l- , | ==pSet Ga Ley a 5 Pee | w > (ies | 7 Pee ee Geet | = Be PO ec ————— ee yea Ove ee Pee phy = Gre MR =) \PVT= Gut Foe odiahalic poocess : | PVUe Get pf a tea oyeteseticer ts Thar can not be machdne possible chech can oho infinite asnount of werk by dem ex in tofinile emnount of heal - 4 a J J “Tre doesnot exist om Hexmadynamic bonstremebin whose sole petpose is ty aksoslo (nea fom a > > d d wv > ve A a (se- sw ) 60 te b dl 2} $s) - SA) 7 { + A 4 Gnhop will ofhoayg increase ) thee is 0 0 5 bop will al ‘t bale iene, reversal is not a yt in (2nd faso) mMatros D-pic world yt be Quantorn “Site bo = reversal is a pete. 7 hore is on addihve i “ho of the, a (i ges tS, ) fe isp lobed mle = (2) SB) 7 Say) Maximum entropy. stale is Be oe rt the mock lable shale jor the 7 Given a mmavmstale , dean contain infinilely mm mitoostades lots. iu hoe a ae macmstate, , then no -of miowos fadec in a given maostate is given ts LNW, TP) .-? Tus is colle as the probability of the macmstate . 9. iv in which ——ESSAI NOSISAES TIGL tio0) ee ay Ley L = SY (Uy Vyhh) Br (Us,%2, Wa) Now Torn ae cone came =U, LU (oral cnn) du, + do, = 0 ai (2s dus 2 Au aoe Gath Se Dadi, + 2a) Nand Vo doesnot ch AL eee Ry * (Se) Sy J ™ ae ‘som expilibsiom ston AL=0, ty (aa) ya = -fL\du, 0 2 ae , 5 AY =~ 1222) Ju, l rn ) alias : 7 2 (tr r\du = -2 Unt) du, au ol QUy, ) Noo we Know thot d= dU, he. 2B (aR) dy = 2 (dr)dv, aU Wy as a) = - aa” Sh) = = B= constant- es ioe =e Sea tdea of Tempochne 7 ; ae Now usin and Las , AQ = Woo cron I tao a dU = das dw > d= Tds- Pd =) Us = aan 3 » Bl 2 @(kwr ; Flu = fa 7 cole a :) ) (Ears N+ se whew c fix ipo Ga be dB deaver| in difener ays rt S= fy fi Ra) = Jey + 4(t2) We = Ue) Huron) = furerbey FEOF Foa= feaye $09 e) fo) EQ: WH SU or caries expanston absudiie: SEES = fet Use) ) Frye e095. y Boy = 94 tke Suu) +h) + 24'0) Syke oversay Pe e ay OR Sk (bolle mann cnstet ) = oa as) + Gnil K Ju ee } (x) ~S = KMn(ti) +t inet eurin cu _ = = eee jes i Sth | cal = Dake — 6 mm aes = ~ Ee —— jGnsider. chao idarktal ayetme [we sort) PN, TIS) N,0 By ysnu Combive | Vv | P, av, T, 2, 2N, 20 (v,5.Nv) ~> Seded bt the syst ele CorensiveS variables ) (PT) 2 Aono sole (infercive vasia:ees') as eure cs Sealed,dvs Tas — Pav ean (v8) KY > tatersive (Wyn) S extensive U(S, WN) oo | ds? 4 ou dv + 2 alee eS yt Ov 6,N Ws ee oe ata ul P Flee 05 |v w I a ON Vs "Gd - AV, Pav _ KAN 3 S=S(y,4,N) ali a ay oe ae + Bl vos) dn uN Nv 2 Ratate (0S: _ YF oil oe ee Bs) oN UN U= ULSAN) dersire ch ‘LOY D (as, WAN) = UC YN) ah Systems Lorb lation, \toke alse) 2771 than Ulas, ay, 98) = (ae) UGH) (U(He)S, Grey, (ew) = Oe) usw) ¢ bol 7 USN) 5 ee | 08 ws t ev qn x VN ov ae Qn i VE) vr 2 UGNN ) 7 sel ev EL i) 1 VN Ou oy >) VES Ts ~ put pn 0 Sea caller. equation Wo dU = Tdsesdt -PdV- dP + pd Wd dv = Thy & Pdu+ pan “Then SAT © ~vdP + Nd =0 g Caintensive vooudbles / Nosietions (bbs deher CapakioNow Sina rcoeulge selof len S(DNN) 94 do the, same, procedure. as Ha S(@)U8, UrOVE Uae) ) = (ee) SU) ! 7 S(Us) + aus a ae + aie U WN Ov UN ON NN = $+ £6 J $= Wry 4 as 2s arly w | * on] win VN Then $= Uy =f = eee) = UTPV—-KN my ) Sdt+Tds = duet dev P-ydN -Ndp T Tas = du teav-pan + vdP- wd ~ SAT “7 VdP-Ndu~sdt =0 sy Gi bby og aS Tds= dut Pdu-pdal = dQ (ist Go) / Cooled se oN, ye Ua aoe eo “Ss sot + Ce E AV © ~Pv dt aaa eat wa TE At T Te - a & dP ~u = it ya as en rPdv-Kgne + oT tea “4eds Tr ) Mapeu gr —M dt * Nga + 2 } Sa at Ba + May + dt 2g ) Lidp - (UsPVenl) dr +Ndy =o a: 7h Tdp + (vrtv-H») (>) + Ndp =0 pee ae We Niet v Yor ideo 4, Us BMT a ei, i eg ian Na iTN dn + 2 ee ONe TfL AS went Se ie 4 NW kg df) + AN ~ NW a( E) 2 Wy Yad N ee =02 Net av INGT Sugan 8 alien kdl + KN AG) poe ee 7 Suedn + Tie A) + bedi tees - (We iM ~-Na d - HSE 8 > “pod ATNke —bdv _ wd( h_ y =e Gn vO a) Nee - Ldap a3 ply uM aye (&.) > af NM dN 8 du _ dv i oe 7 Oy fe Satay, eT poy kw FL gta f NM a} wey ky Wen Se U4 PW BN ToT 2 “ 2 = Ne + Nike - Neg ln (Sa i)3b 2 Nig + NegQn “| Nv enbropy an —=— oP f {rr ma \dool » DOS a —— ef oe See neces lek a Shenmo namical system hide ¢s ag wrk, Q = AU + bW yWe —AUtQ z ‘ AQ < oce)-s(A) = Sy Hempeue 16 conslrth Has Q= * da 4 T (s)-sa) A W+ Ay < + (se 2 sc4)) wee CCCCC CUCU YC C EGO 7 Wf VA) Ul) + TsC8y) —Tse@) 7 OW & UO) ~T E89 ~ (Ue)- T5189) 7 ow ¢ FW} FU) = ~ yEF ohne [Fe U-ts | eat Nee ape ee 2 Uelenholbs free a Ja a isebor panes (socket press) v=o > Wed -. FOAY-F(8) “30 2 da on expidoriom stoke, the lalmholke bree should be minimuny , tt a for a process where P ond Tone cmmehart w= FV(B)- PVA) < F(A) —F()PwWe Fuss Pye) ~ CU Dw & GW)- Gf) whine, Ge FEPV = O-TS In ane etae Oy will WWW be doothere tse ane © inde W=Us PV london potenteal ! U=Ts- Compresstily ia (®),-+ PV(B) ) bP = Cabbs free eee be minimum . LN — AV _ ad - in = = y OB pao ( var ) [Mo all, off Ramo dy namic Variables ane conskouk ¢ ne RN Hn 3 Spesitic heat ak constant pres OK at len (5 | \ > 3) Op = re 4 Cefticent of Hound eapension aahizakion 7 pee els Sung, | — Talhal }as Tr0 othe SU plot har a positive slop « Sh ae elo ty dSc= ASat dSa CCUEEUUVGI W'S CC ON wp from Jive i w Fe A: Teds = dQ, = Wem AW, dU, +P dV. ada fs Bj Teds a AQ 5 AV, +h dV ~ He dNe eee both eqpakirns oat dbs « (ao os Ta da fe dg He diy ap 2 Tt a He We Noo Nee NatNy < Const, tb ANG = ANa+ ANg = comokert 0 *) Nae -Sina A= - deg ad AV= —AVe ee = Aue 4 i uk a JSa 4 dSe Wate el 1G ® &\ dV, (tp Tn 893 dASa4 Sg 70 a Ls =i Uy (%, : a) Ne ~ (He tan »0 Now tnsidaing © pmeess hua Vand N oxo not at ASat dg = E a AU, 70 YH duzvo 3 Say. is ee splen A. ts Sa S Syston Ais cldac Gnd. fos Uy = dN, <0 ; (4 ~ ke \ dv, zo Th Te Assume, Ta = af ond if ANA 0 then MAY R sigbeh Aa = dV, 6 ten ss — Ye sala ~d Ta ee Ves AK ond i dNa7o es ys 7HCe eo aes considonis the system B as enptlebrive wait easersgs y TadSp = dug + Reale — Ha dle OS Ne = NaiNg Vce= Wate Uc= Unt Ug Usi thes (ee AS, = ~ qs AE PadVe 4 He dN ee See ee tele “Ta (dsatdsy) = -dua - PedVa + Reda + Ted 70 [454% 0] cotohg martini. Zed « [dF Co) ~% Uahehelte wort mininiceed | dG do Gibbs fuce ty mdinaceed - K) Stet) nahonicg 2— ven macesstale Rew ow a (ot of micwostalles , SUYNN). Jy Nis. conctank han the der is a desea ane: tn Re phase Space: j poobadsli dishtbubion is {eer Pe Bp 5 ow park - > > » > > y ’ y 5 y y , ) dh -f [fess oa%bs By Yes » fe) de dy > uN prbvle.ee =_— : Fuedeoratuls a Stic mechanics _DEA3Mare _4 Corgyt Bashy) ~) dickibuhion jerckion | Teh, Paty te) dade did \siee) edb 7 micoostater fa soem an a ue onthe ow apd ple \ Consiclen elton of idea). amc] sola systont G sudie, cileckion 1¢ allel Swicmeannnicl agente” UN = tsastont) oa eee Now Gensidan 2 wlledton of i cawrhieall Systen in endl 1 | 2 in, Theres = These, Recervoiy eqpilib atom a S : A reese Or, Soch a ci ae calle ney canonical ensemble” , [ | J (Ses oo ee i tratrrostale, es v Now whatis the reeabiles aT fot w js shea tam Na migroctale? in to = LO Cononi cal enson ble pidure , 4(@F) - jE) E (%F ) Coen senchion )He) akedy = 1 Newel) aS space, +e) Ce aote be poet oe . ted . ) ‘ te minumom if - ’ é _ 1 Qarhopy > Ten SJ incr emp " Now concider @ | Systerv -of Rien oe , Ze =nckhw = \ Nie zt ee — No intecachim belween “Re bo parktes ae niet, Heit EL (acim, Treo Now it she nee \s In aw stufe whane, 2) Crt |b b Oo 0 e = ke 0 3 y hw O- akhw O° BesSheen eg Te ee eee eee ee eee eer. 5 Teo iE) = (I Me ne OV” TMT - toe eqpalibsiom stabe SUE) will be moximum . No va rriceosteles tll be maxiewmy HE) = L (UyN) Considor +i Sit A onal, G. | Lp Ly ® | @ Cy Ree Sy Se EtED LINN) \ mix trom - %, [Va N2,Ne) Sy = Ur — (Gominad ghd) « (Wsollateal SELYV,N) = SU(U,y, Nh) De (Ua,V.,Ne) yn eaten (tof afd Yer Ua (Constr ) N= Nit Wa. ( tonstaat) AN=0 (Syste is, in eaphiterin) J da=0 7 Vd + WAY =0 7 2% Ju Lat Wr dU, 5, =O QU, 2Oe. AOR Ln VA Ne “|, = Owe ) 2be,~ obs, -p > SE. QU, Dus assume, Be pU, 02) , : Wade - pl, V2) ond wok = pls. >) OVz ‘ ; ne possible ‘not possi ble . B Gnnok be -pachion on (UsYa, Vesa Ms Na) Now e Con depend on he Sharma] enpilibsiom fepenahune, ne p(T) we will see (teat) Kel “Ton a S=Kgbn + Const (Compare with a as eee Tha relation be ae / ales 6 ; cs 2 4 : N ache A ee ay ey ay SY NS oumbour’ ab p S fer idenf is ss U oe ) Sw Key W(V) + Conch - GN Nke Qav 4 Concho 5 Se KeNuve ¢(U,N)0 lhl S= kM + CCUN). @ , idea) ¥, eqpabion i, ~ Grsiden a whic containec of baer é and porticles on fe moe inside this umlainng . boon conditions will ee me Pp 2 wk my wir ae del ( == Peay 2) = rar! Sia ee Tr | Stn baat sia slate : cols, be (ote tony) ie t ? 2 enn of (*3 (casa my neat ex F (arerieny JRE U Then ee (nb any 4 OF ye aml N > tote] 2 a aN in be e. De oe Wea number of vam Tel pel gale : c aN . 3N y we ZR lp atte ge 33 (1 val rol aS L tl a SN el Pat Ee q \s\ \ > fs P amNTA UV Lima 2 SS WE KZ. 9 dirk dans of 1 5 AeA) ota yoy Er Hope: se wala?) AUUNN) = LLU", NI fen 6 = - : $= Ss (WSN) ase af STN) Then i we = K(SN) “4 en - - 2 = + KGa) ya ay : 2 3ica e tension Lisenbogic: potest Now cmsider a, ea esta Stree rion oa Aiscneke, « Assume all of thom, we enya r b= (pmbability ) Seba mara S = ky Pebak TSW TA Mk) SESE =) oe + iPox S= ola? In (ul) iy equal. i bE dn (he. 2) Vi oGa = eo (ai Su A ei = le ln ire =) S= kbs 3(5) - kal (1) 7 orakeME cll Mecreathe === DEI feb Mon” Tale 00 s: ae) A ond B % (Ee) = Fabel of foding AER. ao TelEs) Now we combine the system anf Mlow jor Hiexral ey Ura “then oohals Qual Opes =) : TetLee 7 Tass (Ene) = Bal) fnenfarte | B E aot syn A ia enitroctoles @ wit, Vee (Cun) £ Bile) ® (Ee) Be gery beep ates (G+ Ee) = we (Eq+ Ee) 7 (Be) 2 ACE) = WUE) 2: VCE) QEa DEe y a Wey = LS BRB) oe Gachek T(Ex) OE, Ries) OE Constonk = -f Cats ) 3) Wa Pa (Ex) SO: — €£, 4 Da (En) = it20 PGR coms Oh Viey- eure So fs an De\eet: te areas A ae Sonckion of each saben and oe different. a ik eee porcamahoe so empertune T So $ ‘has to be w forcon of Hernperakune. S p= b(T). Jessical cee wer sould howe peas ouk ore, $ (Ewe) - cz ees Now (Hewes le ao! MY micovstates er & Al r axtibion urchin) hee micas! Wess mm. : all. apace.ve assical eta (*) a - BEG, cajegenn I, Jase Space - ae ) (Wenlonian) ae es Dy ud hare a inansion of ey a ee “(turns Fos No parckiles Dy = 4/38 yau [o™ swtxe Uk). NEES eek 7m -$ Vv r YR woe GS es Dut ae X + Ste. dimens iondecs, (xR Geto, - _pe _ bE; Pe = & = > i bee ae & 5 ot OV croshakes Y= (ans ef ( = (_chossical cankin uous ses)em \(aeapat AW phase spate aes 38 + Padihion funchion % Consider horemonte oslator in 1d, Du (dp dx = 4 P tne! ty Lemdiy? = PB A a hy I oA wey (Ey Fe] ho (Yor oF on) 7 Se >) “ ias)- > *) xh aE) ot Dm Gra) 7) rae QeFQ Quantum mathanita) : (» = fo» 2 (zee Ze dae 2 FE OU 5 He Dz. — bel. ( = ( I ¥) ok yer Ste Nov Cex ~ = FOL = Cx . AL : oO % Find) ouk x=Qry E ak “eo ten og & = (art) [fata ah BP 3 tattemann dichibukim . # i) Peer ee aRE) + Le) es Gt Now ioleena) Ke be dey | 240 - aan), »/ Dee" Zar Joye tg yey ce) : ! ye ~2 he | PU). ~ Zee 2 ce t Rood cc fue porticle Then ~ xn ay mM 3 Ny % = (op \ ehh i Pe ee (ark ¥ \N 5 (eF ae “ED ge Tagjy 2 ary ul Tear ¢ i Dk = ay Compn Cure} im rors 8 ee ame 2 fore, pi a thm =p te co ® Conk eM (Up N a eee ! ey i] Ze a(anv [LI lam st (py U= -—2.n(%) - Wee ae 5 p= "ey Ce = 2N\qi )te-u { Greil ansemble tentinved ee io eS ® eae ECop) f(€@p) = ¢ cies " E: ce x ek 2 Rae se AR X= © > Fe Yt \JS [acer BAL . Gaplr) ee OF = UTS (gives me ass, —&t tne Teen Za eer “Then De) = geet ro) Pence |r eebeeny pe aaTae Dt = 20Naneh S=keoe 4 “ (pu) —9 Me se -& TPE) ML) —O K Foe conti rr Gontinveue @ses SS = KAT di d’p, fey ht Pleby) = zig Phe °) mars ee Seles Le Pigs tn (Fes) TS the Tet athe pe, pam. = Ln(@) PE: > Ce eceea eee) = CET 4 : ty Twi e 4) & AS * kefot +, Cag C5 Oe: fool. is vebiclobedt . H= ~ ZR Crk (emir exprasions) (stakishien? os eG Pee MP(EQ = ke H Ontardatals ) cs S= kel osS= ke (relakion belween enbrory ond, H) Ge athe 2 “TEM oe *P "Tp abe BE oe) p t = kK — Pee ~2ZE& et The ieee zt a » —U (eg ap e)~ (cay Ey = Ye) P Ey) = ~O = PU as ( . ‘OR — at ) Vall) = WT cy Ver (c) 2 |. wr Ww - Veet QU ee op a wel a = Now du= dQ+ Pdy (Ist a.0)) FAV =0 \J= Gast . du=dQ Wide a QT at Vox (8) = kay? 28) = lg Tey 7 lyNex (E)= ket Cy SD (standondond deviation) = \| VorC®) = feta Sow icloal) mono atomic i 5 Then SD = KaBN i Sate) a ANTS ON ( aC \ Neat Cy= BNky 2 a = 3N vet e ie SN Ket ( monouke ott 7D Sa fn MS ME) oe at TO (rlakie Racha) E WW YU ( Be Gay Nos Longe volue (Thermodunamte fimit’) Ne ROARi ) Grea conoaca nse enserable, & rae f Gonsidex -koo systems “4 caw . oa b Eel fel a (EasNe) % (€sNe) EN comgesile system Gtle ; Nd Ta (Oke » Nag = N \ i PEe Na) (8, Ne) hap (Et Ey, Nu+Ne) = on (&, Na) Pe (@s,N :) “View (Ext Ey, Nath 8) a 4 zie (Exes, Nat Na) ean 7 2 FCfaNi) Me (Ee ; y A (Ea,Na) a Ne) ae i iP (Fs, Ne) 2 En Na) e Ta(Es, Na) a (€,Ne) ave ah (Ea, Na) le 2% (€5, Ns) Grats Pa lEaa Eq Glens) EeDt -2 Marck, Ler \2 we hae in de fast class AP,(EaNe) + OREN ae 7 (Ean) Berk PQ aNe) 6 *) 2 WnPalEaNe) = a bh Web) = -6 Wm * ne Smiley —inslend of cegy Ih ve Lifbewbole ut te Nk ond N N, we Syn Talent) = ag” ve \Eale) They 9q Bama = ~ BER + Cals) Nooo 9 Wa%a(Pa,Ne) = 40 Na ON, IF ean) 2 ce ie gel try oferyetes Be - BEA + VNa+ po Pteesmentzrces. a = Soot Gale ds fi: Geand eee sys) ena Cu allieuds \elh energy and Mabe ty rachange wih the temldnge) _ i Se Se