CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

The students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES),also known as industrial

training is a compulsory skill Training program designed to expose and prepare

students of Nigerian Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of education, Colleges of

technology and Colleges of Agriculture, for the industry work situation they are

likely to meet at the graduation. The scheme also afford students the opportunity of

familiarizing and Exposing Themselves to the needed experience in handling

equipment and machinery that are usually not available in their institutions.

Before the establishment of the screen, there was a growing concern among

industrialists, that graduates of institutions of higher learning lacked adequate

practical background studies preparatory for employment in industries. Thus

employers were of the opinion that the theoretical education in higher institutions

was not responsive to the needs of the employers of labor.

SIWES is a tripartite program involving the students, their institutions and

industry. The scheme strives to encourage employer’s involvement in the

educational process of preparing students for a work environment outside the

various institutions. The program form part of the approved minimum academic

standard in various degree disciplines for all Nigerian universities.

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 1.2 Company Profile

The founder, Dr. Godswill Agbagwa – priest and ethicist – grew up in Nigeria. His

experience with poverty as a teenager led him to dedicate his priestly ministry to

integral social and human development. In 2010, while studying abroad as a

graduate student, he decided to establish CSAAE as a platform to advance integral

social and human development in Africa and across the world. The five core values

at the foundation of his work at CSAAE include: Punctuality, Integrity, Creativity,

Accountability and Solidarity (PICAS)

CSAAE is a registered nonprofit in Nigeria; a 501(c3) nonprofit in the United

Staes; an organisation in special consultative status with the United Nations’

ECOSOC and former representative of African civil societies at the World Bank

and IMF civil societies working group. The Centre carries out its operations from

its head office in Owerri, Nigeria, with technical support from its U.S. office in

Maryland.

CSAAE envisions a better Africa where all can find support and encouragement to

work hard, live with dignity and feel proud to belong. The Centre pursues this

vision through three programs.

 A socioeconomic program that enables:

 Entrepreneurship

 Quality primary health care

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 Youth empowerment

 Quality primary education

 Women empowerment

 Sustainable environment

 An advocacy program that advocates for:

 Human rights

 Good governance

 Rule of law

 Anticorruption

 An ethics program that promotes:

 Business ethics

 Professional Ethics

 Ethical Leadership

1.3 About ICT

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) refers to all equipment and

applications that involve communications such as computers, cell phones,

televisions, radio and satellite systems as well as the various services and

applications associated with them such as video conferencing and distant learning.

FUTO Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Centre was established

in 1996 during the tenure of Engr. Prof. C.O.G. Obah, the third substantive Vice-

3
Chancellor of the University. ICT activities started then with the establishment

of Nigerian Universities Network (NUNET) Steering Committee to provide e-mail

services to the University Community from an office in the Vice Chancellor’s

lodge.

The e-mail service was provided by connecting to the National Universities

Commission’s dial-up which connects to the International Centre for Theoretical

Physics (ICTP) in Italy. Due to the delay associated with this type of

Communications, an alternative and full Internet access that does not depend on a

telephone line were implemented through Link Service Ltd. With such improved

access the University Community provided URL for search and download. Further

relief was provided with the donation of Internet Centre to Electrical and

Electronic Engineering in 2004 by a Philanthropist, which was extended to the

NUNET office in the University Permanent Site. The need to harmonize and

coordinate the various ICT Units in the University brought about the creation of

the Directorate of ICT in January 2005 by the then Vice-Chancellor Prof. Jude E.

Njoku. Since then, the subsequent Vice-Chancellor has impacted positively in the

development of ICT facilities in the University including completing all ongoing

projects, the establishment of a dynamic website and portals, rolling out of ICT

policy for the University etc.

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In his address to the General Assembly of the University on the assumption of

office in June 2016, the 7 th Substantive Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Francis C. Eze

reaffirmed his desire to sustain efforts at full computerization of all university’s

administrative and academic processes as encapsulated in his mantra “Driving the

Culture of Excellence”. His vision is to leverage on ICT to enhance teaching,

learning and research so that FUTO will be repositioned into a World Class

University of Excellen

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Introduction

Graphic design can be defined as the art and profession of selecting and arranging

visual elements, such as types, images, symbols, and colours, to convey a message

to a recipient. Sometimes graphic design is called visual communications, a term

that emphasizes its function of giving form, e.g. the design of a book,

advertisement, logo or web site, to information. An important part of the designer’s

task is to combine visual and verbal elements into an ordered and effective whole.

Graphic design is therefore a collaborative discipline – writers produce words and

photographers and illustrators create images that the designer incorporates into a

complete visual communication.

Computer graphics involves the creation, manipulation, and rendering of visual

content using computer software and hardware. Understanding the principles and

practices of computer graphics is essential for creating high-quality and visually

appealing graphics. To help you acquire the knowledge and skills necessary for

computer graphics, we have compiled a list of valuable PDFs, including free

ebooks, tutorials, and courses designed for both beginners and experienced users.

We encourage you to download and explore these resources to build your skills

and enhance your understanding of computer graphics.

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2.2 Common uses of graphic design include:

Identity (logos and branding) web sites publications (magazines, newspapers, and

books) advertisements and product packaging A product package, for example,

might include a logo or other artwork, organized text and pure design elements

such as shapes and colour which unify the piece. Composition is one of the most

important features of graphic design, especially when using pre-existing materials

or diverse elements.

2.3 History of graphic design

The evolution of graphic design as a practice and profession has been closely

bound to technological innovations, societal needs and the visual imagination of its

practitioners. Graphic design has been practiced in various forms throughout

history.

Strong examples of graphic design date back to manuscripts in ancient China,

Egypt and Greece. As printing and book production developed in the 15th century,

advances in graphic design developed alongside it over subsequent centuries, with

compositors or typesetters often designing pages in addition to setting the type.

In the late 19th century graphic design emerged as a distinct profession in the

West, in part because of the job specialization process that occurred there, and in

part because of the new technologies and commercial possibilities brought about

by the Industrial Revolution. New production methods led to the separation of the

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design of a communication medium (e.g. a poster) from its actual production.

Increasingly, over the course of the late 19th and the early 20th centuries,

advertising agencies, book publishers and magazines hired art directors who

organized all visual elements of the communication and brought them into a

harmonious whole, creating an expression appropriate to the content. In 1922

typographer William A. Dwiggins coined the term ‘graphic design’ to identify this

emerging field.

Throughout the 20th century the technology available to designers continued to

advance rapidly as did the artistic and commercial possibilities for design. The

profession expanded enormously and graphic designers created, among other

things, magazine pages, book jackets, posters, compactdisc covers, postage stamps,

packaging, trademarks, signs, advertisements and web sites. By the turn of the 21st

century graphic design had become a global profession, as advanced technology

and industry spread throughout the world.

In the 21st century graphic design is ubiquitous. It is a major component of our

complex print and electronic information systems. It permeates contemporary

society, delivering information, product identification, entertainment and

persuasive messages. The relentless advance of technology has changed

dramatically the way graphic designs are created and distributed to a mass

audience. However, the fundamental role of the graphic designer — giving

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 expressive form and clarity of content to communicative messages — remains the

same.

2.4 Reason to learn Computer Graphics

 Create High-Quality Visual Content: Learning computer graphics enables

you to create high-quality and visually appealing visual content for various

applications, including advertising, entertainment, and education.

 Enhance Your Creativity: Computer graphics provides a range of tools and

features that enable you to enhance your creativity and create unique and

compelling visual content.

 Advance Your Career: Computer graphics is a critical skill in high

demand, providing excellent career opportunities for skilled professionals.

2.5 Step to Graphic Design Process

1. Start with a creative brief

The creative design process starts with a creative brief which sets the tone for the

entire project. It's the first and arguably one of the most important steps in the

visual design process as it will lead the ideation phase in creating a design which

meets the requirements.

A creative brief is a document that’s aimed to help the designer understand the

scope of the project and what’s needed from them. You’ll want to include as much

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relevant information as possible to reduce any confusion, and as a result, back and

forth.

Be sure to include the following in your brief:

• Company details

• Brand guidelines

• Target audience

• If there is one; define the problem the brand is facing

• What the final product should be (I.e. brochure, eBook, etc)

• Timeline expectations and milestones

• Budget

• What you intend viewers to do when they see the final product

• Examples of similar work you like (and don’t)

Check out Co-Schedule’s creative brief template.

We also recommend going over creative briefs in person or over video if the

project is more complex. This allows both parties to iron out any uncertainties to

ensure everyone is on the same page and improves problem solving.

2. Conduct graphic design research

Depending on the scope of the project, you’ll want to include as much valuable

information in your creative brief to minimize the time spent in this step. However,

it’s still extremely valuable for designers to go through the researching phase

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themselves to build a better understanding of the audience they’re designing for

(and how to make it work for you).

The research phase of the design process often involves things like:

• Looking at competitor designs

• Look at what the intended audience is engaging with on channels like social

media

• Look for trends on free stock sites like Freepik or illustAC

• Taking all of the knowledge they’ve learned and applying it to the project at

hand

Designers may also want to create a mood board or collection of comparable

designs at this stage in order to get their ideas flowing. More on that below!

3. Brainstorm your design ideas

Before a designer goes full-throttle into a project, have them brainstorm some ideas

and present them to you. This will minimize any frustration throughout the creative

process. Don’t forget to outline this step in your creative brief!

If the project owner (who created the brief) has really strong ideas on how the final

designs should look, it’s best for them to add in any relevant links or inspiration

into the brief for optimal clarity.

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Once the designer presents 3-5 ideas from their brainstorming and ideation phase,

decide on which one you want to move forward with. This will make for a smooth

graphic design workflow process that gets you the best results, fast.

4. Review stage

When determining your milestones in your creative brief, be sure to check in with

designers throughout the design process. The 10/50/99 feedback process ensures

that you’re checking in at the most crucial parts of a project, allowing you to give

the right feedback at the right time:

• 10% done — A skeleton, outline or wireframe of the final design. At this

stage, you can give feedback on the vision and direction that the work is headed in.

• 50% done — The core components are coming together. The direction is no

longer at debate so leave that feedback at the door. Instead, focus on whether or not

the vision you determined is being visualized in the design.

• 99% done — The nitty-gritty design tweaks. Finally! You can start tweaking

things like spacing, colors, you name it.

Often, people will break these review rules and start giving feedback on things like

color choice or fonts at a stage where the designer has only outlined a skeleton.

This is not only frustrating for the designer, it’s unproductive! Make sure to follow

the above design review stages to keep your projects moving along smoothly.

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5. Present the final product

The design is complete. It’s time to get the final files (and invoice if working with

an external design resource) and put the designs into action. If you want to go the

extra mile, ask your designer for feedback on how they found the process, what

they feel could be improved or tweaked and then iterate your process. Over time,

you’ll be able to scale your design process effectively.

For other graphic design process examples, check out Filestage and Teksun’s

processes.

2.6 Applications

From road signs to technical schematics, from interoffice memorandums to

reference manuals, graphic design enhances the transfer of knowledge. Readability

is enhanced by improving the visual presentation of text. Design can also aid in

selling a product or idea through effective visual communication. It is applied to

products and elements of company identity like logos, colours, packaging and text.

Together these are defined as branding. Branding has become increasingly

important in the range of services offered by many graphic designers, alongside

corporate identity. Graphic designers will often form part of a team working on

corporate identity and branding projects. Other members of that team can include

marketing professionals, communications consultants and commercial writers.

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Graphic design is applied in the entertainment industry in decoration, scenery, and

visual story telling. Other examples of design for entertainment purposes include

novels, comic books, DVD covers and opening credits and closing credits in film.

This could also include artwork used for T-shirts and other items screen-printed for

sale.

From scientific journals to news reporting, the presentation of opinion and facts is

often improved with graphics and thoughtful compositions of visual information –

known as information design. Newspapers, magazines, blogs, television and film

documentaries may use graphic design to inform and entertain. With the advent of

the web, information designers with experience in interactive tools such as Adobe

Flash are increasingly being used to illustrate the background to news stories.

2.7 Photo editing

Photo editing (also called post-processing or postproduction) is the process in

digital photography of making adjustments to photographs in a photo editing

program. It's digital photography's version of a darkroom, where photos can be

tweaked after photography shoot.

2.8 Steps in photo editing

1. Crop and Clean Up Your Images

Straighten images: It’s always better to pay attention to be sure your horizon is

horizontal when you shoot, but straightening is also an easy first editing step.

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Crop images: It’s best to crop to improve minor compositional details, like

distracting elements at the edge of the frame or repositioning your subject slightly.

Spot-clean images: The outdoors is a dusty place and nature’s gritty elements have a

way of finding their way onto your camera lens, and then onto your photos. (Using a

lens brush regularly in the field cuts down on this.)

Most editing programs have a spot-removing tool. The name varies: “clone

stamping” and “spot healing” are two variations. Programs also let you change your

view of a photo to highlight the location of spots. Work your way methodically

around your photo until you have a spot-free image.

2. Adjust the White Balance

White balance relates to color levels, not exposure levels. If your image has an

overall color tone that you find displeasing or unnatural, you can adjust white balance

to fix it. Note that JPG files, because they capture far less digital data than RAW

files, offer a minimal amount of white balance adjustment during editing.

Most editing programs let you pick from preset modes like “flash,” “daylight” or

“cloudy” to better calibrate the image for the lighting conditions when it was shot. In

addition, many have both a “temperature” and a “tint” slider that you can fiddle with

to fine-tune the overall lighting cast on an image.

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3. Adjust Exposure and Contrast

Adjusting exposure: This is the process of making the photo exactly as bright or

dark as you want. Note that “noise” (a mottled look) can sometimes be introduced

when you crank up the brightness. That’s why it’s always better to get the correct

exposure (one that’s sufficiently bright) when you first take the photo.

Adjusting contrast: Contrast is the range of dark to light tones. When it’s extra high,

you see a stark image, where all tones, regardless of color, are either very dark or

very light. When it’s extra low, you see a flat image where no elements in the frame

stand out. Typically, you want a middle contrast that avoids either of those extremes.

But if you prefer either of those effects, you can adjust the contrast to achieve that.

How to use the photo histogram: This graphic representation of the tonal range of a

photo helps you optimize final exposure levels during editing. You don’t always need

to look at the histogram, but it can be helpful when a shot has a large amount of dark

area or a large amount of light area. Many editing programs include it on the screen

where you adjust exposure, making it easy to reference. A well-exposed photo would

give you tones throughout the range from dark to light with more tones grouped in

the middle:

Your goal isn’t to always take photos with a histogram like the one above: Evenness

of the lighting on the subject largely determines that.

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When you have a spike on the left side of the histogram, though, that indicates your

photo has a lot of darker tones:

When you have a spike on the right side of the histogram, that indicates your photo

has a lot of lighter tones:

You can also eyeball exposure as you edit, but a histogram can be an incredibly

useful tool, especially if you get in the habit of looking at it regularly. Here’s an

example of the same two photos and their histograms after adjusting the exposure

during editing:

Note that a histogram can also be useful when you’re shooting photos. The backlit

LED screen on your camera can be hard to see and often makes images look brighter

than they truly are. If you look at the histogram on a tricky exposure, you can

then adjust exposure settings to get a fuller range of tones, as well as enough tones in

both the dark and light areas of the histogram. (Again, the closer you get to a good

exposure in the field, the less time you’ll spend editing for exposure later.)

4. Adjust Color Vibrancy and Saturation

Once white balance is adjusted, you can further refine colors in your photos with the

saturation and vibrancy controls. The distinction between the two is subtle:

Increasing vibrancy increases color intensity in neutral color tones and maintains

color intensity in the brighter colors. Increasing saturation makes all colors

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throughout the frame more intense. When bright colors pop, it can give the photo a

more dramatic look.

5. Adjust Sharpness

Sharpening an image gives it a crisper, cleaner look. Many programs offer multiple

sharpening tools. Begin by adjusting the overall amount of sharpness (on a scale

from 0 to 100). Start at 50 percent, then adjust the level up or down to get the

sharpness you prefer.

Experiment with your editing program's additional sharpening features to see the

effect each produces. One you might try is a “clarity” or “structure” tool. It makes the

edges of objects in the photo stand out more, giving the overall image a punchier

look.

You need to look closely at individual areas of the frame in order to evaluate the

effect of each sharpness adjustment. Having super-fine details won’t matter much for

social media posts, but it will make a big difference for any image you plan to

enlarge and print.

Note that sharpening an image can’t turn an out-of-focus shot into an in-focus shot.

No editing tool can do that. In addition, if you sharpen an image too much you can

create an unnatural halo effect around objects in the frame.

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6. Finalize and Share Your Photos

After you’ve done all of your editing, set your photos aside. Then come back later

and examine them to see if you’re happy with each one. If not, make additional

editing adjustments where needed.

Then, because RAW files are so large, you need to convert them to JPGs before you

email, post, share or print your edited photos. You should also save all of the final

edited versions of images alongside the original images they came from.

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 CHAPTER THREE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Summary and Conclusions

The whole experience gained during the attachment at ICT, FUTO was very

enlightening. The practical skills we were exposed to and the opportunity to relate

with typical situations relating to computer engineering industry. These

experiences have successfully broadened my understanding and interest in Graphic

design.

The training was worthwhile, has it accorded me the privilege of gaining insight

into job preparation as well as what it meant to carry out proper inspection and also

working condition under stress which in a way prepares undergraduates for the

outside world after school.

The program gave me the privilege to relate with senior professionals and other

students from different institutions and this experience made me appreciate the

nature, benefits, and intricacies of my chosen field of study both in the classroom

and in the society at large while also gives me the opportunity to put into practice

the theoretical knowledge acquired throughout my stay in school. The program has

given me the rare privilege of gaining practical knowledge and widened my

knowledge about the application of physics in the world.

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3.2 Problem Faced During SIWES Program

Some the problems experienced during the SIWES program. These are as stated

below.

1. Limited orientation before starting the program.

3.3 Recommendations

Based on the experience and knowledge acquired at the course of the SIWES

training, I hereby give the following recommendation based on my observations.

1. Proper orientation should be given to the students by the university before they

go on SIWES at least before mid-semester break of first semester.

2. The placement letter should be given to students early enough so as to avoid

attachment in irrelevant organization.

3. I recommend that substantial percent of the National budget should go into the

development, improvement and sustenance of the power sector.

4. Student should avoid prioritizing money over work and experience and should

develop a good attitude, good work ethics and be a good ambassador of the

university they are representing.

5. Institution and ITF should ensure that students are attached at relevant

establishment for effective training, experience and exposure related to their course

of study in the university.

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Atlas Copco. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.atlascopco.com

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2019, November 14). microprocessor.

Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/microprocessor

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021, June 25). EPROM. Encyclopedia

Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/EPROM

C. Tomlinson, Ed., Solder, Cyclopædia of useful arts & manufactures, Vol. 7,

George Virtue, London, 1852; pages 662-666, page 664 discusses soldering
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Composition of DC power supply. (2021, September 22). Retrieved from

https://www.globalspec.com

DC power supply.(2021, September 22). Retrieved from

https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/power-supply/dc-power-supply.html

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