CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Students’ Industrial Work-experience Scheme (SIWES) is one of the

Industrial Training Fund (ITF) programmes which was introduced in 1974 due to

the inability of engineering and technology students in Nigeria universities and

polytechnics to meet the practical aspects of their training. That is, the needs to

enable students match their theoretical school knowledge with the practical aspect

of their training in industry. The Training lasts for six months. According to

Ekpenyong (2011), one of the principles underlying any industrial work experience

scheme for students in institutions of learning is the desire to marry the practical

with the theoretical learning which characterizes conventional classroom situations

with a view to striking a balance between theory and practice. The author stressed

further that it was in realization of this that the ITF when it was established, set out

to study the extent to which the theoretical knowledge that students in engineering

technology and other allied fields in

Nigerian institutions offering technology based courses related to the kind of work

experience expected of them by employers.

The result of the ITF survey showed a great disparity between students’

knowledge and their ability to apply it in relevant jobs. In order to bridge the gap

between the two, the ITF in 1974 established a co-operative internship programme,
1
which enabled students of technology to spend some part of their courses for

relevant on the-job practical experiences in appropriate areas of the Nigerian

industry (Ekpenyong, 2011). The author further stressed that the internship

programme, SIWES, can therefore be seen as that which is intended to give

Nigerian students studying occupationally related courses experience that would

supplement their theoretical learning as a well of equipping the students with the

needed skills to function in the world of work. This need to combine theoretical

knowledge with practical skills in order to produce results in the form of goods and

services or to be productive is the essence and rationale for industrial training, and

a basic requirement for the award of a degree certificate.

1.2 Brief history of SIWES

In recognition of the shortcomings and weakness in the formation of SET

graduates, particularly with respect to acquisition of relevant production skills

(RPSs), the Industrial Training Fund (which was itself established in 1971 by

decree 47) initiated the Students’ Industrial Work-experience Scheme (SIWES) in

1973. The scheme was designed to expose students to the industrial environment

and enable them develop occupational competencies so that they can readily

contribute their quota to national economic and technological development after

graduation.

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Consequently, SIWES is a planned and structured programme based on stated and

specific career objectives which are geared toward developing the occupational

competencies of participants. In spite of the challenges faced by SIWES in the four

decades of its existence, the Scheme has not only raised consciousness and

increased awareness about the need for training of SET students, but has also

helped in the formation of skilled and competent indigenous manpower which has

been manning and managing the technological resources and industrial sectors of

the economy. Participation in SIWES has become a necessary condition for the

award of degrees and diplomas to students graduating from higher institutions in

Nigeria. It is therefore, not in doubt that SIWES is a veritable means or tool for

National Economic Development.

The main thrust of ITF programmes and services is to stimulate human

performance, improve productivity, and induce value-added production in industry

and commerce. Through its SIWES and Vocational and Apprentice Training

Programmes, the Fund also builds capacity for graduates and youth self-

employment, in the context of Small Scale Industrialization, in the economy. The

Industrial Training Fund is a grade ‘A’ parasternal operating under the aegis of the

Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment. It has been operating for 42

years as a specialist agency that promotes and encourages the acquisition of

industrial and commercial skills required for national economic development.

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1.2.1 Vision Statement To be the prime Skills Training Development

Organization in Nigeria and one of the best in the world.

1.2.2 Mission Statement To set and regulate standards and offer direct training

intervention in industrial and commercial skills training and development, using a

corps of highly competent professional staff, modern techniques and technology.

1.3 AIM OF SIWES

The effort is aimed at helping/training students in the Nigerian tertiary institutions

the practical aspect of their field of study by exposing students to machines and

equipment, professional work methods and ways of safeguarding the work areas

and workers in industries and other organizations.

1.4 Objectives of SIWES

The Industrial Training Fund’s policy Document No. 1 of 1973 which established

SIWES outlined the objectives of the scheme. The objectives are to:

1) It provides an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire

industrial skills and experience during their course of study.

2) It exposes Students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and

machinery that may not be available in their institutions.

3) It makes the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhances

students’ contact for later job placements and a chance to evaluate companies for

which they might wish to work.

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4) It provides students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge

in real work and industrial situations, there by bridging the gap between theory and

practice.

5) The programme teaches the students on how to interact effectively with other

workers and supervisors under various conditions in the organization

5
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Location and history of establishment

Kemnoulli Nigeria Limited (KNL) was incorporated in February 1997. KNL is an

Inspections, Environmental consultants, Oil Field/Pipeline/Engineering QAQC and

Laboratory Testing service company based at the above stated address in Oil rich

Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The management and staff are among the best

in their fields, and have well over sixty years experience in varied sections of the

oil and gas industry.

Kemnoulli Nigeria Limited is an indigenous company providing services in

Nigeria. We are based in Port Harcourt, the Hub of the Petroleum Industry in

Nigeria, with offices in Port Harcourt and Lagos. We Provide Services in

Environmental Management and Consulting, Waste management, Oil Spill

Response and Remediation, Laboratory Testing, Water and Wastewater Treatment.

2.2 Their Services Include:

• Environmental / Pollution Control and Management

• Environmental Consultancy and Studies

• Oil Spill Cleanup and Remediation

• Laboratory analysis and Testing services

• Inspections and QAQC services.

• Engineering measurement and Calibration Services

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• Production monitoring and management services

• General cargo survey, Physical Inspections and Damage surveys

• Manpower and Technical Labour supplies.

• Marine Bulk oil surveys, shipping superintendent and Ware-housing.

• Draft survey and bulk cargo superintendence

7
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Waste Management

The term waste management means the management from collection of waste to

the final stage of disposal. The complete process includes collection, transport,

disposal, recycling, monitoring, and regulating along with the legal aspects that

enable waste management. It includes all types of waste right from the household

waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, sludge, health care waste and waste due

to commercialization. The methods of waste management for different kinds of

waste vary. Waste management is essential for the healthy functioning of human

and environment.

There are different concepts of waste management and some of the general

concepts are as follows:

3.2 Waste Hierarchy

The hierarchical process of waste management includes reducing, reusing and

recycling of waste. The most favorable in the waste hierarchy is to reduce i.e. to

avoid the consumption and source reduction followed by reuse and recycle. Let’s

have a look at all three approaches of waste hierarchy in detail below:

Reduce: The most preferred approach is not to create waste i.e. to avoid over

consumption of goods and services, using eco-friendly products and saving energy.

It also includes source reduction by reducing the inputs that go in the production
8
process, production of durable goods, energy conservation and use of eco-friendly

technology, hybrid transport, etc. It includes energy efficient production,

packaging reduction and use of renewable energy sources.

Reuse: Reuse is another useful approach to reduce waste. This includes reusing

packaging systems which can help in reducing disposable waste. Reuse also

includes using second hand products.

Recycling: In this process, the used products are recycled into raw materials that

can be used in the production of new products. Recycling of the products provides

raw materials that are energy efficient, cost effective and less polluting. This also

avoids the consumption of new raw materials.

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3.3 Methods of waste disposal

3.3.1 Landfill

This method involves burying off the waste and this is the most common practice

for the disposal of waste around the Globe. These landfills are quite often

conventional with deserted and vacant locations around the cities. In case, landfills

or borrow pits are designed carefully they can serve as economical and quite

sanitized method for waste dumping. However, not much effectively designed and

older landfills can cost a big amount to the government not just in terms of money

but also in the environmental and health issues. Apart from the general poorly

designed landfill’s common problems like wind-blown debris and generation of

liquid, it can also cause production of gas, which is extremely hazardous. This gas

can be a reason for production of odor, killing surface vegetation and greenhouse

effects.

The characteristic, which is must for an up to date landfill, is inclusion of clay or

leachate lining. The waste that is deposited is generally compressed for increasing

the density and stability and later it is covered to have it prevented from vermin.

One thing, which is addition to modern landfills, is the “gas extraction system”

installation. This system is included to have the gas extracted from the borrow pit.

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3.3.2 Incineration:

This is the dumping off method, which involves combustion for waste materials.

This sort of dumping off for waste materials through incineration and temperature

is known as “thermal treatment”. This method is utilized to convert waste materials

in to gas, heat, ash and steam.

Incineration is conducted on both individual and industrial scale. This method is

used for disposing off all sorts of matters. This generally is the most recognized

practical method for disposing off perilous material. This however, is the conflict-

ridden method for it causes the emission of perilous gases.

Incineration is a common practice in Japan because of scarcity of land, which

facilitates through not requiring landfill for waste dumping. Two widely used

terms, which are facilitating burning of waste material in furnace and boiler for

generation of heat, electricity and steam, are (Waste-to-energy) WtW and (energy-

from-waste) EfW.

The burning procedure in this method for waste disposal is never perfect so, fear

for gas pollutants is mounting. Special concerns have been focused over some

extremely importunate organics as dioxins. These organic products are created

with the incinerator and they are causations for serious consequences affecting

environment.

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Labeled diagram of an incinerator

3.4 Medical Waste

Medical waste is any kind of waste that contains infectious material (or material

that’s potentially infectious). This definition includes waste generated by

healthcare facilities like physician’s offices, hospitals, dental practices,

laboratories, medical research facilities, and veterinary clinics.

Medical waste can contain bodily fluids like blood or other contaminants. The

1988 Medical Waste Tracking Act defines is as waste generated during medical

research, testing, diagnosis, immunization, or treatment of either human beings or

animals. Some examples are culture dishes, glassware, bandages, gloves, discarded

sharps like needles or scalpels, swabs, and tissue.

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3.4.1 Different Names for Medical Waste

Medical waste goes by several names that all have the same basic definition. All of

the terms below refer to waste created during the healthcare process that’s either

contaminated or potentially contaminated by infectious material.

i. Medical Waste

ii. Biomedical Waste

iii. Clinical Waste

iv. Biohazardous Waste

v. Regulated Medical Waste (RMW)

vi. Infectious Medical Waste

vii. Healthcare waste

The terms are used interchangeably, but there’s a distinction between general

healthcare waste and hazardous medical waste. The WHO categorizes sharps,

human tissue, fluids, and contaminated supplies as “biohazardous,” and non-

contaminated equipment and animal tissue as “general medical waste.”

In fact, office paper, sweeping waste, and kitchen waste from healthcare facilities

is still technically medical waste, though it’s not regulated and not hazardous in

nature.

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3.5 Types of Medical Waste

The term “medical waste” can cover a wide variety of different byproducts of the

healthcare industry. The broadest definition can include office paper and hospital

sweeping waste. The list below displays the most common waste categories as

identified by the WHO.

Sharps: This kind of waste includes anything that can pierce the skin, including

needles, scalpels, lancets, broken glass, razors, ampules, staples, wires, and trocars.

Infectious Waste. Anything infectious or potentially infectious goes in this

category, including swabs, tissues, excreta, equipment, and lab cultures.

Radioactive: This kind of waste generally means unused radiotherapy liquid or lab

research liquid. It can also consist of any glassware or other supplies contaminated

with this liquid.

Pathological: Human fluids, tissue, blood, body parts, bodily fluids, and

contaminated animal carcasses come under this waste category.

Pharmaceuticals: This grouping includes all unused, expired, and/or

contaminated vaccines and drugs. It also encompasses antibiotics, injectables, and

pills.

Chemical: These are disinfectants, solvents used for laboratory purposes, batteries,

and heavy metals from medical equipment such as mercury from broken

thermometers.
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Genotoxic Waste: This is a highly hazardous form of medical waste that’s

carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic. It can include cytotoxic drugs intended for

use in cancer treatment.

General Non-Regulated Medical Waste: Also called non-hazardous waste, this

type doesn’t pose any particular chemical, biological, physical, or radioactive

3.6 Medical waste treatment methods

No matter where medical waste is processed, it’s ultimately treated by incineration,

autoclaving, microwave, biological, or chemical treatment. Incineration, once by

far the most popular method, has decreased in usage since the 1990’s, as regulation

has forced other methods to come online.

INCINERATION: Before 1997, over 90% of all infectious medical waste was

disposed of by incineration. Changes to EPA regulations have led providers to seek

other disposal means. This is still the only method used on pathological waste, for

example body parts and recognizable tissues.

AUTOCLAVE: Steam sterilization renders biohazardous waste non-infectious.

After it’s been sterilized, the waste can be disposed of normally in solid waste

landfills, or it can be incinerated under less-stringent regulation.

MICROWAVE: Another way to render hazardous healthcare waste non-

hazardous is to microwave it with high-powered equipment. As with autoclaving,

15
this method opens up the waste to normal landfill disposal or incineration

afterward.

CHEMICAL: Some kinds of chemical waste may be neutralized by applying

reactive chemicals that render it inert. This is generally reserved for waste that’s

chemical in nature.

BIOLOGICAL: This experimental method of treating biomedical waste uses

enzymes to neutralize hazardous, infectious organisms. It’s still under development

and rarely used in practice.

3.7: Steps in management of medical waste

1. Waste minimization

This first step comes prior to the production of waste and aims at reducing as much

as possible the amount of HCW that will be produced by setting up an efficient

purchasing policy and having a good stock management, for example.

2. HCW generation

The point at which waste is produced.

3. Segregation and containerization

The correct segregation of waste at the point of generation relies on a clear

identification of the different categories of waste and the separate disposal of the

waste in accordance with the categorization chosen.

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Segregation must be done at the point of generation of the waste. To encourage

segregation at source, (reusable) containers or baskets with liners of the correct

size and thickness are placed as close to the point of generation as possible. They

should be properly colour-coded (yellow or red for infectious waste) and have the

international infectious waste symbol clearly marked.

When they are 3/4 full, the liners are closed with plastic cable ties or string and

placed into larger containers or liners at the intermediate storage areas. Suitable

latex gloves must always be used when handling infectious waste

4. Intermediate storage (in the HCF)

In order to avoid both the accumulation and decomposition of the waste, it must be

collected on a regular daily basis.

This area, where the larger containers are kept before removal to the central

storage area, should both be close to the wards and not accessible to unauthorized

people such as patients and visitors.

5. Internal transport (in the HCF)

Transport to the central storage area is usually performed using a wheelie bin or

trolley. Wheelie bins or trolley should be easy to load and unload, have no sharp

edges that could damage waste bags or containers and be easy to clean. Ideally,

they should be marked with the corresponding coding color.

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The transport of general waste must be carried out separately from the collection of

healthcare risk waste (HCRW) to avoid potential cross contamination or mixing of

these two main categories of waste. The collection should follow specific routes

through the HCF to reduce the passage of loaded carts through wards and other

clean areas.

6. Centralized storage (in the HCF)

The central storage area should be sized according to the volume of waste

generated as well as the frequency of collection. The facility should not be situated

near to food stores or food preparation areas and its access should always be

limited to authorized personnel. It should also be easy to clean, have good lighting

and ventilation, and be designed to prevent rodents, insects or birds from entering.

It should also be clearly separated from the central storage area used for HCGW in

order to avoid cross-contamination.

Storage time should not exceed 24-48 hours especially in countries that have a

warm and humid climate.

7. External transport

External transport should be done using dedicated vehicles. They shall be free of

sharp edges, easy to load and unload by hand, easy to clean / disinfect, and fully

enclosed to prevent any spillage in the hospital premises or on the road during

transportation.
18
The transportation should always be properly documented and all vehicles should

carry a consignment note from the point of collection to the treatment facility.

8. Treatment and final disposal

3.8 Color code for segregation

We generate wastes of different kinds - plastics, paper, food wastes, yard wastes,

and hazardous electronic and chemical wastes like paints, used batteries ….

Segregation of such wastes means separating them according to the kind for the

purpose of handling, processing and disposal. We segregate our waste through the

use of color code.

There are four color codes and each one indicates the type of waste material it

contains. The color codes are:

1. Yellow: It contains infectious waste, bandages, gauze, cotton or any other object

in contact with body fluids, human body parts, and placenta.

2. Red: It contains plastic waste such catheters, injection syringes, tubings, IV

bottle etc.

3. Blue: It contains all types of glass and broken glass articles and outdated and

discarded medicine

4. Black: This contains needles without syringes, blades, sharps and all metal

articles.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Sterilization

Sterilization refers to any process that eliminates, removes, kills, or deactivates all

forms of life and other biological agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spore

forms, prions, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present

in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a

compound such as biological culture media. Sterilization can be achieved through

various means, including: heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, and filtration.

Sterilization is distinct from disinfection, sanitization, and pasteurization, in that

sterilization kills, deactivates, or eliminates all forms of life and other biological

agents which are present.

4.2 Methods of sterilization

Mostly two types of method of Sterilization

1. Physical

2. Chemical

4.2.1 Physical method:

Physical method of sterilization is a very effective and useful method of

sterilization it is completely kill all types of microorganisms and there spores

Scrubbing, Sunlight, Dry heat, Filtration, Moist heat, Flaming, Radiation, Steam

under pressure.
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A. scrubbing: mostly done by sop and water it is mechanical process e.g. nurse

provide care in hospital and contact with contaminated material and after contact

with infected patient and material she always Wash hand. Scrubbing help to

control infection and communicable disease in hospital.

B. Sunlight: sunlight is a enemy of microorganisms sunlight kill the all

microorganisms because sunlight dry the membrane of bacteria cell and not

transfer require nutrition for bacteria. We know light is the enemy of bacteria it

help to kill microorganism and control infection. Sunlight exposed bacteria and

killed rapidly and darkness is the favorite condition of microorganism.

Microorganism active growth and multiply in darkness. the sunlight is a natural

condition of bacterial or other microbes sterilization.

C. Dry heat: dry heat is the best method of killing microorganisms in without

cause any damages it is effective than sunlight and scrubbing. With dry heat

microorganism burned or death. The dry heat sterilization take long time and it is

done at a high temperature (120℃). dry heat sterilization is the especially

applicable to materials that are damaged by high pressure.

D. filtration: this method mostly used in the sterilization of laboratory material

and body fluid for culture medium e.g enzymes, blood, urine

E. Moist heat: It is used for soft and glass material, most heat sterilization

describes sterilization techniques that utilize hot air that is heavily laden with water
21
F. flaming: which material need sterilization pass into the flame red and hot. the

article passed over the flams without allowing them to become red hot.

G. Radiation: it is use the UV rays for sterilization because it is very penetration

and lethal

H. Steam under pressure: use to the autoclave and sterilized material. Autoclave

is the type of simple pressure cooker it is sterilized material through the steam it is

process of time and pressure combination.

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I. Drying - water is necessary for the all type of life bacteria or microorganism

cannot be grow without water because they cannot be absorb food material absence

of water so bacteria not grow without water.

J. Pasteurization - pasteurization is the process of making milk and milk products

and other food safe by microorganism by destroying all harmful organism like

tuberculosis, diphtheria ,brucella, salmonella, and sterptococcus are not destroyed

23
there are destroyed in disinfection method. The process of pasteurization employed

are either 63℃ for 30 minute. it is also called holder method so hold 30 mint or

72℃ for 10-15 second and instant cooling to 13℃ or below. Pasteurization milk is

not sterilized milk.

4.2.2 Chemical method-

Reduction of the number of pathogenic organism by application of chemical agent.

The different type of chemical use in this method.

i. Alcohols

ii. Phenol

iii. Chlorine

iv. Iodine

v. Oxidizing

A. Alcohols: 70% ethyl alcohol used for the disinfection of skin before surgery it

mostly used in general propose but it is not effective against bacterial spores. The

types of alcohol used in disinfection are ethanol (80%), propanol(60%), and

isopropanol (70%). Alcohols are quite effective against bacteria and fungi, less so

against viruses. They do not kill bacterial spores. Due to their rapid action and

good skin penetration, the main areas of application of alcohols are surgical and

hygienic disinfection of the skin and hands. One dis-advantage is that their effect is

not long-lasting (no depot effect). Alcohols denature proteins.

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B. phenol: It is common used for the disinfection of floor and toilet , 1% phenol

are killed some bacteria this is effective against bacteria, virus, fungi. The first to

use phenol (carbolic acid) in medical applications. Today, phenol derivatives

substituted with organic groups and/or halogens (alkylated, arylated, and

halogenated phenols), are widely used. One common feature of phenolic

substances is their weak performance against spores and viruses. Phenols denature

proteins. They bind to organic materials to a moderate degree only, making them

suitable for disinfection of excreted materials.

C. Chlorine: chlorine are commonly used for disinfection of drinking water,

swimming pools exits used for the wound irrigation and for HIV infected material

and hospital ward

D. Iodine: 2% iodine use for skin disinfection before surgery many travelers use

iodine based filters and/or chemicals for purification of water when traveling in

areas with contaminated water supplies and may therefore be at risk of excess

iodine intake. Aside from iodine impregnated resin filtration systems, tetraglycine

hydroperiodide tablets, tincture of iodine 2% and more commonly, chlorine-based

proprietary products are widely used to sterilize water for drinking, and usually

purchased by travelers without advice on how they should be used. A single

tetraglycine hydroperiodide tablet in a liter of water releases 8 mg of iodine in

comparison to the 10 mg/liter released from the iodinated resin pumps described
25
by Khan et al. Although the instructions for using iodine tincture are imprecise, the

normal recommendation is 5 drops per liter of water, increasing this to 12 drops

where Giardia cysts may be present. The lower of the two doses would yield about

2 mg/liter of free iodine per liter depending on the pipette used, although, because

of the potassium iodide present in the formulation, a total of 4 mg iodine would be

available for absorption.

E. Oxidizing: potassium permanganate used for washing wound and hydrogen

peroxide is used as mouth wash and gargle, cleaning and washing wound and ear

drop. Potassium permanganate is used for disinfection drinking water and for

washing fruit and vegetable. Hydrogen peroxide is used as mouth wash and gargle,

cleaning and disinfecting wounds and as ear drops.

4.3 Water analysis

The major aim of this process is to analyze the discharged effluent water released

from the plant through the underground channels into the aquatic water ways such

as the Romi River which subsequently drains into the Kaduna river, making sure

that this water do not contain in it toxic and harmful chemicals that could be

teratogenic or mutagenic to the aquatic and plant life that depend on these

waterways.

4.3.1 Equipment used

a. Total dissolve solvent meter (TDS).

26
 b. Dissolve oxygen (DO2).

c. Conductivity meter.

d. PH meter.

e. Thermometer.

f. Bucket.

These instruments are used daily to measure the temperature, dissolved oxygen,

total dissolved solids, conductivity and pH of the discharged water.

4.3.2 Procedure for water sampling analysis

1. Insert the meter into the water.

2. Switch on the meter.

3. Press the start button.

4. Check the pH and conductivity meter to ensure it is in good shape.

5. Read the number displayed on the equipment.

6. Record the readings in a book

Below is a table of result of water analysis taken on 15 th December, 2014 at point

A, B, C and D respectively.

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Table1: SHOWING VALUES OF WATER ANALYSIS TAKEN

SAMPLING SITE

PARAMETERS A B C D

PH 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.0

Temperature (°C)
26.0 25.9 25.8 26.7

Conductivity (s/m) 0.57 0.48 0.47 0.36

TDS (mg/l) 406 334 320 261

DO2 (mg/l) 3.47 2.80 3.98 4.32

Appearance Clear Clear Clear Clear

Odour Odourless Odourless Odourless Odourless

 Siemen per meter (m/s).

 Milligram per liter (mg/l).

From the result above, we can see that the water discharged at that time was

safe and could render no harm to organism in any way possible.

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4.4 Noise level detection

This is concerned with the monitoring of sound levels to ensure that it does not rise

to dangerous levels, and where it does, proper measures are taken to ensure that

those exposed to it are fully shielded.

Kemnoulli Nigeria Limited is an industry with heavy and powerful machines that

work nonstop due to the purpose they serve. As such, they generate much noise

that is very disturbing. Such machines involve power generators, steam generators,

turbines, boilers, generator pumps etc.

Noise is measured in decibel (dB). The Kemnoulli Nigeria Limited standard for

noise exposure is 85-90dB. High level of noise such as 100-120dB can cause

partial or total deafness. Workers are advice to take preventive methods or

minimize the time spent working in noisy environment.

4.4.1 How to measure noise level

1. Check the meter to ensure it is in good condition e.g. battery, key-set, part of

the meter etc.

2. Switch on the meter.

3. Change the scale reading to switch the background noise.

4. Change the meter reading to LA maximum or average level.

5. Press the start button.

6. Read the number displayed on the equipment.

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Below is a record of noise level as at 15 th December, 2014 from different locations

within the company.

Table2: MEASURED LEVEL OF NOISE

POINTS (LOCATION)
READINGS (dB)

T.G.4 LOCAL 111.8

Control Room 66.5

TG 2 89.8

Boiler 2 87.7

Boiler 3 87.4

Letdown A 104.6

Letdown B 107.6

75K01A 100.9

70PM01s 94.2

78P01/2 A/B 85.3

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AREA ONE

10P06 A/B 62.9

10P04 A/B 65.0

10P17 A/B 63.7

ROAD C 72.5

AREA TWO

11P05 A/B 86.1

11P04 A/B 92.2

12P51 91.2

AREA THREE

16P07 A/B 73.4

16P01 A/B 84.4

AREA FOUR

21P07 A/B 86.1

31
 27P01 A/B 66.6

22P01 A/B 61.6

23P11 A/B 89.8

AREA SIX

28K01 80.2

28P05 A/B 75.0

28P01 A/B 70.3

Fig3: NOISE METER

Major areas in Kemnoulli Nigeria Limited plant where noise monitoring is taken

with careful consideration includes:

1. Power plant unit(PPU)

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 2. Fluid catalytic cracking unit(FCCU)

3. Steam generator facility unit.

4. Area 1-6.

In areas where the noise level is above the set standard, the following precautions

is advised and in some cases enforced.

1. Removing or reducing hazardous noise.

2. Reducing the hour spent working in noisy areas.

3. Taking shift working in noise exposed areas.

4. Wearing safety hearing protector or ear plugs

4.4.2 Challenges

Often time we encounter worker who will refuse to use the above safety precaution

by holding on to the myths that the noise cannot affect their hearing. Some will

even admit that they know it the right thing to do but still don’t it.

4.5 Oil spill control

Pollution unit is responsible for the washing and cleaning of oil that accidentally or

unavoidably spills. This control is mediated as soon as the case is reported and a

work permit is issued so as to further escalation which could lead in casualties due

to fire outbreaks, corrosion, and/or accidents as a result of the spill.

4.5.1 Equipment and materials used

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The equipment and materials used depends on the nature and location of spill

(terrestrial/aquatic), but often include:

a) Oil booms

b) Skimmer

c) Broom/brush

d) Powder soap

e) Water pumps/generator

An example of a typical procedure for control following the report of an oil spill on

land (FFC area) would spreading the washing powdered soap over the spill area

entirely and allowing it to react for 30minutes or more, which afterwards is washed

into the underground channels provided. This is done almost on daily, especially

when the FCC plant is operating at full capacity. In some exceptional case, sand is

spread over the spill until it is completely concealed.

If the spill is however on a water surface, oil booms are utilized to separate oil and

water, while the latter is then skimmed off using skimmers.

4.6 Gas emission detection

This task is concerned with the detection and management of explosive and toxic

gasses inadvertently released into the atmosphere that can likely cause sudden
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explosion or great harm to the workers in the plant. These gases include ammonia,

benzene, carbon monoxide, ethane, methane, sulfur, hydrogen sulfide and

nitrogen.

This is done on a daily basis using detectors and specialize gas tubes listed below.

a) Dragger Pump

b) Nitrogen tube

c) Benzene tube

d) Sulfurs tube

4.6.1 Procedure for measuring gas emission

1. Check the pump for any leakage.

2. Check the tubes for any damages.

3. Break the two ends of the tube.

4. Insert one end as directed on the tubes.

5. Take the equipment to the point of emission or polluted area.

6. Squeeze the pump as recommended on the tube.

7. Observe any change on the container of the tube.

8. Were the changes stops, indicate the amount of the pollutant in the air.

4.7 Waste evacuation and cleaning

This involves the evacuation of waste materials like metal scraps, woods, plastics,

oils that mix with sand and other biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste.
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These waste products are usually taken to a dumpsite maintained by the plant, for

final evacuation by the concerned authority charged with waste disposal (KEPA)

4.7.1 Materials used

a) Fork lift

b) Wheelbarrow

c) Drums

d) Shovel

e) Rake

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Recommendation

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In the view of the relevance of the SIWES program, it is important that it is

sustained by the government through the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) as it

exposes the student to work tools, facilities and equipment that may not be

available in their respective institutions in relation to their course of study.

To this end, I recommend that the following under-listed points should be

implemented;

 There should be proper supervision of the students concerned by both the

ITF officials and the Institution-based supervisors.

 The program coordinator from the Industrial Training Fund in the various

states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) should ensure that students

concerned are placed in the relevant department in these organizations.

 Most of the government institutions should make it as a service to pay a

monthly stipend to the students.

 Proper placement of the students for such a programme by the industrial

training department of each institution through creating a strong alliance

with different companies.

 The companies should put in place all the necessary facilities needed to

enhance the knowledge of the students in industrial attachment.

5.2 Conclusion

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My twenty four weeks industrial attachment period in Kemnoulli Nigeria Limited

has been one of the most interesting, productive and instructive experience in my

life. Through this training, I have gained new insight and more comprehensive

understanding about the real industrial working conditions and practice. All these

valuable experience and knowledge that I have gained was not only attained

through direct involvement in the task but also through other aspects, such as work

observation, interacting with my colleagues and staff. From what I have

undergone, I am sure the industrial training program has achieved its primary

objective. As a result of the program I am confident to build my future career.

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