Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.1 Introduction
Nigeria in 1973 is an accepted skill training program which forms part of the
approved minimum academic standard in the various degree programs for all
methods and techniques in handling equipment and Machinery that may not
thereby bridging the gap between university work and actual practices.
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme started in 1974 with the
establishment of the ITF in 1971. During the formative years, ITF solely
funded the scheme. As the financial burden became too heavy and
was then handed over to both the National Universities Commission (NUC)
1984 was enacted. Part of the provisions of the decree states that; “All
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students of specialized engineering, technology, business, applied science or
technology practice.
maintenance culture.
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course which consequentially improves academic performance?
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CHAPTER TWO
director Dr. Okei C. Friday as a chemical company and consulting firm. The
Rumuekini , Port Harcourt , Rivers state and 54 summit road (Jondora plaza)
Over these years the company has maintained its integrity in the sales and
enlisted the company as one of the marketing companies; for the marketing
of chemicals in Nigeria.
analyst/analytical laboratory in line with IPAN decree 100 of 1992 for the
polyurethane materials etc .the analytical laboratory has the wet chemistry,
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laboratory currently carries out a lot of collaboratives research and Analysis
The company has developed products for over 200 companies and has
assisted them in registering over 1000 products with NAFDAC and SON.
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CHAPTER THREE
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3.1 Knowledge acquisition and skill development
Knowledge acquisition refers to the knowledge that a firm can try to obtain
from external sources. External knowledge sources are important and one
should therefore take a holistic view of the value chain. The knowledge
expertise into the expert system, and to refine it later as and when required.
stages:
way.
an executable form (e.g. production rules) that the inference engine can
process.
The chapter entails the skill and knowledge acquired during the course
out in the laboratory and in the course of the skills lots of knowledge was
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gained by the trainee. The trainee was also exposed to various apparatus and
a. The Bottles: There are four (4) bottles on the HPLC machine labeled A-
D each of the bottles has tubes connected to other parts of the machine.
The tubes run into the degasser. The bottles are used in running the
machine to carry out the test. Thus the bottles contained the mobile
phase.
b. The Degasser: This component helps to remove air bottles that is coming
c. Quantenary Pumps: The pumps samples the mobile phase through the
injector port i.e. the degassed solvent coming from the degasser is
the samples to be analysed to the colume. Also present here is the punch
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valve that helps to further degas the solvent if the degasser does not
d. The Column: This is where the actual separation takes place. It is a long
is injected.
Principle
This machine works with the principle of separation technique where the
3.4 Spectrophotometer
and biochemistry for qualitative analysis (chemical Assay test) and for
red.
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3.4.1 Essential Components of the Spectrophotometer
a. Light source.
body.
f. Photocell: The photocell detects the sample in the solution and makes its
The spectrometer works with the principle of light ray passing through a
absorbed so that the intensity of the transmitted light I is less than Io i.e. the
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passing through a transparent medium is directly proportion to the
concentration © of the medium and the length of the light path (L).
Where
A = The absorbance
The facilities and equipment found in the laboratory are of various class
ranging from protective equipment which include; lab coat, goggles, hand
category we have various equipment use for analytical work like the
unit, fire extinguisher etc these various equipment are very useful and are
readily available in the laboratory for the safety running of the laboratory
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Figure 2: Electronic balance Figure 3: Beakers
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Beakers: It is a simple container used for storing, mixing and heating
liquids, it is cylindrical in shape, with a flat bottom and a small spout to aid
pouring.
Test tube rack: It is used to hold upright multiple test tube at the same time,
level of accident and hazards in the laboratory, these safety measures include
the following;
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1. Always keep your laboratory clean and make sure the gang ways are
3. Always empty all dustbins in the lab at least once a day. Ensure to throw
stopper back any used bottle of chemicals immediately after use to avoid
7. Gas pipelines should be regularly checked for leakage with soapy water
stores.
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3.6 Specific work done
Solutions are often used in the laboratory for various chemical analysis and
as molar solution and while those prepared in normality are normal solutions
and these are used in carrying out precise analytical analysis. Solution when
the same as the molecular weight, then a molar solution is identical with a
normal solution and they are expressed in mole (e.g. 1M, 0.5M).
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Percentage (%): Percentage solution is an approximate solution and are
was transferred into a 1000 ml volumetric flask and then made up to mark
solutions prepared before they are used to carry out chemical analysis. In the
Primary Standard: It is the solution that the strength is known and the
concentration cannot deteriorate with time. e.g. H 2SO4, Iodine, HCl, arsenic
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Secondary standard: These are solutions that tend to loses their strength
with time using such solution requires one to standard the solution using a
The value of the factor should be within the range of 0.9 – 1 to know
99.9% purity. The crystals are of constant composition and thus suitable as a
primary standard. The acid has one replaceable hydrogen and titrates as a
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Method: About 3 g of sulphamic acid was weighed and dissolved in about
standing as the primary standard methyl orange (2 drops) was used as the
indicator. The end point is the appearance of a deep orange colour just prior
to full yellow colour. The procedure was repeated twice and average was
indicator (5 – 10 drops). The end – point is the first pink colour to persist for
was also calculated. The methyl orange and the phenolphthalein factors of
There are several methods used to extract active ingredient from plants
2. Soxhlet extractor
3. Percolation method
Cold Maceration Method: The plant was soaked in a suitable solvent either
water or ethanol at 20°C for 3 days then sieved to get the liquid active
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ingredient. The method was used to extract the active ingredient from lemon
Soxhlet Extraction: The sample was poured into the thimble the suitable
solvent which can be ethanol, methanol etc was poured into the dual purpose
flask, the whole setup was connected to a condenser which was connected to
inlet and outlet pipe, On heating, the solvent extract the active ingredient
from the sample, the condenser takes the vapour back to the dual purpose
flask (receiving flask). The process continues until the solvent in the sample
turn colourless. The extracted solvent is taken to the drying oven to dry.
sample with a suitable solvent which can be water or ethanol, allowed to boil
then mill out the juice which bond with the active ingredient.
Rotary Evaporator
Rotary evaporator is a device used for the efficient and gentle removal of
condenser, receiver flask an external vacuum pump, distillation flask and the
water bath.
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3.6.4 Phytochemical screening
soxhlet extraction method, below are the various test carried out and their
procedure;
Test for Taninns:Few drops of 0.1% ferric chloride was added to 1ml of
Test for Saponin:2ml of the extracts was reacted with 3ml of distilled water
and shaken vigorously for a stable persistent froth. The frothing was mixed
with 3 drops of olive oil and shaken vigorously, then observed for the
Test of Flavonoids: About 2ml of extracts was treated with few drops of
presence of flavonoids.
Test for Steroids:2ml of acetic anhydride was added to 2ml extract of each
sample followed by careful addition of 2ml H 2SO4. The colour changed from
mixed with 2ml of chloroform, and 2ml concentrated H 2SO4 was carefully
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added to form a layer. A reddish brown coloration at the interface was
extracts was treated with 2ml of glacial acetic acid containing one drop of
brown ring, in the acetic acid layer, indicates the positive presence of
glycoside.
Test for Alkaloids:2ml of the extract was stirred with 2ml of 1% aqueous
HCl on a steam bath and filtered while hot. Distilled water was added to the
residue and 1ml of the filtrate was treated with a few drops of either Mayer’s
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Secondary metabolites Observation Inference
Tannins Blue black colour Present
Saponnins Persistent forming Present
Alkaloids Faint cream colour Suspected
Flavonoids Red colour Absent
Cardiac glycoside Red ring at the interface Present
Steroids Green colour Present
Terpenoids Reddsh brown at the present
interface
Chromatography, which owes its rapid growth during the past three decades
separation tool, is one of the most valuable techniques for the separation,
for extraction and the solvent in the TLC tank. The eluting powers of various
solvents, i.e. their ability to remove a given substance down a column are
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tetrachloride, toluene dichloromethane, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethyl
acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water. In the case of using three (3)
or more different solvents for extraction, the least polar solvent is allowed to
Method: The column was first packed with silica gel of mash size 60 – 120
and then a ball of cotton wool inserted into the column on this the sample
extract was placed and solvent which served as the mobile phase (methanol,
n-hexane and chloroform) were introduced into the column starting with the
least polar solvent, on elucidating the fractions were collected and rendered
to phytochemical screening and check for the metabolite present the ones
with sample metabolites were bucked together while those having more than
one constitute were tagged as not pure and then discarded, the pure fractions
were further sent for TLC analysis for ascertain its purity.
Method: Exactly 2.5 g of plant sample dried and grounded leaves was
weighed and 100 ml of 10% acetic acid in ethanol was added to the sample
placed in a conical flasks and it was allowed to stand for 4 hours after which
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it was filtered. About 50 ml of the filtrate was taken and heated to 25 ml and
precipitate was filtered, dried and weighed and the result gotten was
recorded. Then the amount of alkaloid present in the sample was then
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Conclusion
which this programme was created has indeed being achieved, knowledge
gained during the period of attachment will be of great use to me. I was
expose to various practical analysis carried out the laboratory and also
4.2 Recommendation
should come together and fashion out a modality that will ensure smooth
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students attached to the organization are properly supervised to ensure that
what they are doing is in line with the objectives of the SIWES exercise.
Financial support: The saying that money answers all things is not an
finance to achieve it. Finance always posed a lot challenges towards proper
lack of finance hinders students from going to their place of work earlier or
going to the right place for development of knowledge in their field of study.
The establishment are expected to at least give the students transport fair
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