CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Student industrial work experience scheme (Siwes) is a concept that was set out to involve local

industrials. It is a means of improving the quality of skilled man-power in Nigeria through

practical experience of what has been theoretically taught in various tertiary institution in the

country.

SIWES IS internationally PRACTICED,

 It is called SIWES in Nigeria

 It is called Co-operative education in united state

 It is called sandwich education in United Kingdom and student Industrial training in Asia.

BACKGROUND OF SIWES

The growing concern among our industrialist that are graduates of our institution of high learning

lacks adequate practical background studies formation of student preparatory for employment in

industries led to formation of student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) by ITF in

1993/94.

If ITF has one of its key functions to work as cooperative entity with industry and commerce

were student in institution of high learning can undertake mid- career work experience

attachment in industrial which are compactible with student area of study.

BODY INVOLVE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SIWES

The bodies involved are: Federal Government, industrial Fund (ITF).

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Supervising agencies are: National university commission (NUJ)

National board for technical education (NBTE) and

National council for colleges of education (NCE)

The function of these agencies above include among others to:

 Ensure adequate funding of the scheme

 Establish SIWES and accredit siwes unit in the approved institutions.

 Formulate policies and quidance for participating bodies and institution as well as

appointing siwes co-ordinators and support staff

 Supervise student at the place of their attachment and sign their logbook and ITF forms.

 Ensure payment allowance for student and supervisors.

Therfore, the success or otherwise of Siwes depends on the efficiency of the ministries, ITF,

institutions employers of labour and the general public involved in articulation and management

of programme.

This, the evaluation of siwes in meeting up with the needs for the establichment of the

programme is necessary.

MEANING OF SIWES

The four month supervised industrial Attachment is referred to as Student industrial work

experience Scheme (SIWES). It is a post ND1 industrial training programme. It applies to all

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institutions (Universities, Polytechnic and colleges of Education) offering course leading to the

award of B.sc degree and National Diploma (ND) in Technology based and allied course.

OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The scheme is aimed at the following:

 To provide the students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work

situation thereby bridging the gap between college work and actual practice.

 To assess the students interest in and suitability for the occupation they have chosen.

 To expose the students to work methods not taught in the institutions and provide access

to the production equipment not normally available in the college environment.

 To make the transition from school to the world of work easier and to enhance the

students contact for later job placement.

 To enhance industry’s satisfaction with certificate from institutions of higher learning.

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 CHAPTER TWO

INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY

Laboratory is a room/ building that is set up for diagnosis analysis. There are different

department in laboratory in which different diagnosis is been carried out according to their

functions.

TYPES OF MEDICAL LABORATOR

 SEROLOGY SECTION

 HAEMATOLOGY

 CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY

 MICROBIOLOGY

SERELOGY SECTION: Serology reaction are the test that are carried out which involves the

use of serum.

SERUM: is a liquid that is injected into some one’s blood to protect them against a poison or

disease. It is the watery pale yellow part of blood serology also deals with the study of the srum

characteristics and properties.

Serology tests mainly carried out include:

 HIV Screening

 VDRL ( veneral disease Research Laboratory)

 Hepatitis B.

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HAEMATOLOGY SECTION

Heamatology is the study of the composition, formulation, function and disease in blood. It could

also be referred to as the study of all the cellular elements of blood, both in health and disease

conditions.

In clinical set up, a heamatology laboratory is concerned with the abnormalities of the constitutes

of blood, the plasma and the blood cell. Blood sometimes referred to as s the river of life is a

vital significant nourishment to all body organs, tissue and removes waste materials, it is pumped

from the heart, through a network of blood vessels collectively called, the circulatory system.

It is made up of two part: 45% formed element and the 55% liquid called plasma the formed

element are erythrocytes, or red cell, levkocytes or white blood cells, and platelets, which are

suspended in the plasma.

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CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY SECTIONAL

Chemical chemistry, also known as chemical pathology, or diagnostic chemistry, is the study of

physiology and biochemistry applied to medical practice. It is a division of laboratory science

that deals with detection and measurement of the biochemical constituents of the body fluids and

their excretion.

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MICRO BIOLOGY SECTION

Microbiology is study of the lowest form of organizing which are but single cells known as

unicellular organizing performing all the creativities associated with lifer this unicellular

organizing cannot be seen with naked eye and so, are studied with the aid of microscope.

The study of microbiology is classified into the study of bacteria(bacteriology ) fungi

(mycology), virus (virology) and protozoa ( protozoology).

In tropical countries, the microbiology is one of the most active areas of pathology department

because the infectious diseases account for majority of human bringing immunity in the host or

fatal, when the pathogen is able to defy the hosts defensive mechanizing, disease symptoms,

recognized by the physician through medical diagnostic techniques in the microbiology

laboratory provide confirmed diagnosis for effective efficient and correct treatment.

SPECIMEN

Successful isolation of pathogens depend on the procedure adopted for collection and receipt of

specimens e.g the type specimen, mode and time of collection and mode of transportation to the

laboratory adequate information on the patients health history including antimicrobial treatment

must be filled in the laboratory from accompanying the specimen.

Guide line on the collection of specimen for microbiology examination.

The laboratory, in most cases, has very little control on the collection of specimen for

microbiology investigations. Education and awareness of those involved to the collection and

transportation of the specimen to the laboratory, such as the physician the nursing staff, the

attendant, is extremely necessary.

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Guide line for specimen collection

A standing operational procedure on the collection of specimen must be given to the physician

and the nursing staff.

Specimen must be collected into stroller containers

Sample must be taking, without contain nation, from the actual site of infection.

(a) Care must be taken when taking smears from throat ulcers to prevent contamination with

saliva.

(b) Depths of wound and draining similes should be sampled without touching the skin.

(c) Sputum and saliva must be taken from the lower respiratory track.

(d) Mid-stream chrine sample from a female must be produced after adequate cleaning of the

perineum and other surrounding tissues.

- Adequate quality of the specimen must be collected whenever possible, direct smear

should be collected from the infected sites.

- Ensure the safety of other staff, and avoid acts that may be dangerous and hazardous, e.g

sputum, faces, and urine specimen must not be allowed to spill over and contaminate the external

surface of the containers.

- be careful when handling specimen collected in cotton-plugged containers, the cotton can

soak a little bit of the specimen.

- Sterilize material e.g wire loop and materials used for collection of specimen

immediately, afteulze.

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- Specimen should be dispatched and received in the laboratory as soon as possible and

treated immediately on receipt. This is especially recommended for Neustria magnitudes (CSF),

Bordetella peruses (throat swab) and Mycobacterium (urine and gastric washing). If there will be

a delay, the specimen must be refrigerated as soon as it is received.

N.B - Neustria species, the casual agent of bacterial meningitides and gonorrhea, and

hevemoplus cannot tolerate extreme cold temperature.

There should be no addition to preservatives or antiseptic to specimens for culture

The specimen should be labeled, indicating the patients full name (no initials), ward hospital

number, source of specimen, and date of collection an adequate filled laboratory must

accompany the specimen with detail indicating chemical history patients medication, especially

treatment with sulphanamides or any other antibiotics, other relevant infectors should be clearly

stated in the request form

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 CHAPTER THREE

WIDAL TEST

Principle: widal test is carried out detect bacteria causing typhoid fever

The bacterium that causes typhoid fever is called salmonella typing (cylices) latex glove, needle

and syringe, tile, swab, touniquet applause: widal kit, record book, bucket centrifuge, stirring

stick procedure,

Collect blood sample from the patient through the vein with the use of syringe and needle.

Pour the collected sample in a EDTA bottle.

Label or number sample bottle with the patients lab number or identify and put sample bottle in

side a centrifuge to get the serum by spinning for few minute .

After 5minutes remove the sample from the centrifuge.

Pipette serum on white file into ( eight places) there by putting fair into two row each.

Put a drop of antigen (different) in each of the drop of serums, the o antigen is put on the second

serum respectively.

Make use of stirring sting, and mix the serum together rock for limit to get accurate result:

Record result in recording back before giving out the result to patient.

HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN

Principle: it is a viral disease which can be contacted through blood or sweat of an infected

person. It is also hereditary.

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Material need: blood lancet, HBSAG strip, swab and record book, latex glove.

Procedure: allow kit components and specimen to room temperature prior for testing.

Remove test device from foil any place on the work bench which must be clean and dry.

Clean the patients finger trip with wet swab

Prick the finger with lancet

Draw whole blood specimen into the sample well surface

Add 3 drops of buffer to sample well surface

Wait a minimum of 5 minutes before reading result

Record the result in the record book before giving out result to patient.

Vdrl (VENERAL DISEASE RESEARCH LABORATORY)

Principle: VDRL test is done to diagnose a patient for sexually transmitted disease syphilis

which is caused by Trepomapallidunm (Hilite)

Material: vdrl KIT, LANCET, LATEX GLOVE, WET SWAB, RECORD BOOK

Procedure: Allow it component and specimen to room temperature prior to test.

 Remove test devices from foil polish and place on a flat try surface.

 Clean the patient’s finger tip with wet swab

 Prick the finger with lancet

 Draw hole blood specimen into the kit well surface

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 Add 2 drops of syphilis buffer on the sample we surface.

 Wait a minimum of 3-5 minute before reading result

 Record the result in the recording book before giving it out to the patient.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

ACID FAST BASCILLI

Principles: it used in detecting Mycobatarium

Tubaculosis and Mycobacteruim Leprae

They are also called acid fast bascilli

Tubaculosis: is a Mycobacterium, a small aerobic, non- motile bascillus

Symptoms: the classic symptoms of active T.B infection are

 A chronic cough with blood tunged sputum

 Fever

 Night sweat

 Weight Loss

Method of Detecting : Zeal Nelson staining ( A F B )

Reagent: A strong carbol fushin ( Basic dye)

 Mordant ( Heat)

 3 % Acid Alcohol

 Swab

 Fume cupboard

 Wire loop

 Microscope slide

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  Specumen ( Sputum)

Procedure: Fix the smear of the specimen over the glass slide, with the Bunsen flame.

 Pour strong carbol fuschin over smear and heat gently until fumes appear.

 Wash it off with ( h20) water

 Pour 3% acid alcohol, wait for one minute and keep on repeating this step until the

decolorizing, wash with water.

 After decolourization it gives a pink color

 Pour methylene blue wait for two minutes

 Wash again with water

 Allow it to air dry and examine under oil immersion lens.

Urinalysis

Principle: The test is done to detect the presence of glucose, bilirubin, urobilinogen, keton

protein blood, nitrate, specific gravity, ph value in urine.

Materials needed: urine specimen, Test trip.

Procedure: The specimen bottle is numbered in accordance to the patient’s laboratory number.

 Before carrying out the test, check the colour of the urine and appearance

 Insert the strip inside the urine not more than one minute.

 Remove the kit and check result immediately before writing the result.

 Record result in the recording book before giving out the result to patient.

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MALARIA PARASITE

Principle: To diagnose plasmodium specie in patient’s blood.

Procedure: Pick a grease free slide,

Make a smear i.e. a thick film

Dry in a dust free environment

 Place the slide in on a staining rock

 Dilute one drop of cuesta stain to nine part of distilled water

 Make one or two drops on the smear prepared

 Leave stain for 20 minutes

 Wash off with water immediately after 20 minute

 Stand the slide and allow draining

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 CHAPTER FIVE

GENOTYPE / SICKING TEST

Principles the test is used to check the genetic constituent of a patient i.e what a patient inherit

genetically from his / her parent materials needed: whole blood (1ml), electrophoresis machine,

electrophoresis tank, applicator, cellulose paper, genotype, control blood (AS/AC).

Procedures: put a drop of whole blood on a section of the tile and add 2 or 3 drops of water to it

them mix {this will lyse the red blood cells}

Applied method also on the control blood on another section for the tile

Use applicator to apply both bloods on the cellulose paper on a straight-line

Place the cellulose paper inside the electrophoresis and allow into work for 15minute

Bring it out and read the band displayed on it

Result: SINGLE BAND DOUBLEBAND DOUBLE WIDELY SEPERATION

AA AS AC

SICKLING TEST

After you might have done your genotype, you can also discover your sickling test.

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GENOTYPE SICKLING TEST

AA NEG

AS NEG

AC NEG

SS POS

CC POS

SC POS

BLOOD GROUP AND RHESUS FACTOR

Principle: this test is very important in blood transfusion and in the determination of rhesus

factor simple and delicate any mistake a murder.

Material needed: needle and syringe or blood lancet E.D.T.A, capillary tube, swab, anti seral AB

and D, tile, spreader.

Procedure: apply blood sample on a grease free white tile in 3 different places

Add a drop of anti sera AB and D respectively to each blood.

Each site is gently mixed and rocked we lookout for agglutination as this will determine the

group and rhesus factor.

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 Result blood group ANTI A B D

A+ POS + - +

B+ POS - + +

AB+POS + + +

O+POS - - +

A-NEG + - -

B-NEG - + -

AB-NEG + + -

O-NEG - - -

NOTE: + Means Agglutination

- Means no Agglutination

PACKED CELL VOLUME

Principle: this test is normally carried out in the laboratory to know` the account of blood present

in the body

MATERIAL NEEDED

Blood capillary tube, lancet, latex glove, hematocrit centrifuge, hematocrit reader, record book

Bunsen flame.

Procedures: clean the tip of the finger with swab, before pricking with the lancet.

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 - The blood sample is collected with a capillary tube to about 2/3 of the tube after

which one end of the tube is selected with Bunsen flame and place in the hematocrit

centrifuge for spinning for about 5 minutes.

- The reading is done at the point of white colour separating the packed cell from the

serum on a hematocrit reader.

- Then you subtract your reading by two to get the actual reading.

Result:

Normal range for men: 40% - 50%

Normal range for female: 35% - 45%

Normal range for infant: 45% - 70%

Normal range for pregnant woman: 30% - above.

Note: any blood level below 25% is normal.

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